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Orestias (fish)

May 03, 2024

Orestias is a genus of pupfish. Older systematics classified them into the own family Orestiidae. They are found in lakes, rivers and springs in the Andean highlands of South America, and several species are considered threatened.[2] They are egg-laying fish that feed on small animals and plant matter.[3][4] The largest species can reach a total length of 27 cm (10.6 in), but most remain far smaller.[5][6] Their most characteristic feature is the absence of the ventral fin, although this is shared by a few other pupfish.[6] Despite their moderate to small size, they are important to local fisheries and a few species are farmed.[7]

Orestias
Orestias cuvieri
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cyprinodontiformes
Family: Cyprinodontidae
Genus: Orestias
Valenciennes, 1839
Type species
Orestias cuvieri
Valenciennes, 1846[1]

Several species are locally and colloquially known as carache. The name of the genus is a reference to Orestes, a Greek mythological character who Valenciennes described as the "nymph of the mountains".[8]

Range and habitat edit

 
Four Orestias (possibly O. luteus) and two Trichomycterus catfish caught in Lake Titicaca, the center of Orestias richness

Orestias is restricted to freshwater habitats at an altitude of 2,800–4,600 m (9,200–15,100 ft) in the Andes of central and southern Peru, western Bolivia, and northeastern Chile.[2] Although freshwater habitats at low and middle altitudes in the Andes are relatively rich in fish, few are found in the highest, with Orestias and the catfish Astroblepus and Trichomycterus being the primary—in many places only—native genera.[4][9] Of the 45 recognized species of Orestias, the majority are found in Lake Titicaca (including 23 endemics to its basin), with the remaining from other Altiplano lakes, rivers or springs.[2] In addition to differences in feeding, the many species in Lake Titicaca segregate by habitat preference, with some living among totora reeds, some among submerged macrophytes, some at the bottom in water too deep for macrophytes (deeper than 10 m or 33 ft), and some pelagically in the open water.[10] Orestias species found elsewhere than Lake Titicaca often have very small ranges.[2]

Behavior edit

Relatively little is known about the behavior of Orestias.[4]

They feed on small crustaceans (such as amphipods and cladocera), aquatic insects and larvae (such as chironomids), snails, small fish, fish eggs, algae, macrophyte seeds and plant detritus.[3][11][12] There are significant variations depending on exact species, especially in Lake Titicaca where there is a degree of niche differentiation, including some that mainly feed on zooplanktonic organisms, two (O. albus and O. cuvieri) that are particularly willing to take other fish, primarily smaller Orestias (fish eggs are regularly consumed by a wider range of species), several that mainly feed on small bottom- or plant-living organisms, and some that are generalists that will feed on a wide range of things,[3][4][10][12] sometimes varying depending on season.[11]

Females tend to grow larger than males. Although generally rather dull-coloured, breeding males may become partially yellow or orange. The eggs, up to a few hundred, are placed in shallow water among vegetation. Orestias appear to reach maturity when around one year old.[4]

Conservation and relationship to humans edit

Many species of the genus became rare in recent decades due to predation by, and competition with introduced fish species (especially rainbow trout and Argentinian silverside), pollution, overfishing and other human activities in their habitats.[13][14] In the 1960s, an expedition to Lake Titicaca led by Jacques Cousteau reported seeing many dead Orestias and when studied they were found to be infected by a disease introduced with the trout.[15]

The two largest species in the genus, the Titicaca orestias (O. cuvieri) at up to 22 cm (8.7 in) in standard length and 27 cm (10.6 in) in total length, and O. pentlandii up to 20 cm (7.9 in) and 23.5 cm (9.3 in) respectively,[5][6] have fared the worst. The Titicaca orestias was last seen in 1939 and is almost certainly extinct.[13] O. pentlandii is from the same lake and it may have disappeared in its native form.[14] It was still regarded as "only" vulnerable by the IUCN in 2009, but in 2014 the species was regarded as critically endangered in a review of Lake Titicaca fish.[13] In the 1990s, some were introduced to a small highland lake in Peru in an attempt of safeguarding the species, but over time they have changed (possibly due to genetic drift, inbreeding depression, or their new and different habitat) and now appear very different from the original O. pentlandii of Lake Titicaca.[16] The remaining Orestias of Lake Titicaca are also threatened to various degrees,[13][14] as are the three species in Lake Junin and its vicinity,[9] which in turn may threaten the Lake Junin giant frog that feeds on the fish and invertebrates.[17] Many Orestias found elsewhere are vulnerable because of their highly restricted ranges,[6] like O. ascotanensis where the entire habitat covers 18 km2 (7 sq mi) of Salar de Ascotán and O. chungarensis found only in Lake Chungará.[18][19]

Despite their moderate to small size, some species are important to local fisheries, but they are overfished, there are few regulations and limited enforcement of the rules that do exist.[14][16] In Lake Titicaca, the moderately sized O. agassizii and O. luteus (complexes) represent more than 90% of the total catches of native fish species,[7] but others like the small open-water ispi (O. forgeti and O. ispi) are also frequently caught.[20] The natives have now been greatly surpassed by fisheries for the non-native introduced trout and Argentinian silverside.[14] Because of pollution, studies have revealed levels of metals in Orestias of Lake Titicaca that exceed the internationally recommended safety thresholds for human consumption.[21] O. agassizii and O. luteus are also farmed and spawned in captivity; both to supply the food market and for release to support their vulnerable wild populations.[7][22]

Species and taxonomy edit

 
Three Orestias species showing some of the variations in shape in this genus

There are currently 45 recognized species in this genus,[5] divided depending on their relationships into four species complexes.[6] The genus is estimated to be 5 million years old, with a significant diversification occurring within the last one million years. Lüssen (2003) researched the phylogeny of several species including mtDNA sequence data; because hybridization is known to occur (Villwock 1964, Parenti 1984), mtDNA data cannot be relied upon on its own to resolve the evolution of this genus. For example, O. agassizii and O. luteus reach a similar maximum standard length of c. 17 cm (6.5 in),[21] but otherwise they are quite different. Despite this, hybrids between them are known.[7]

Agassizii species complex edit

Some species restricted to the Lake Titicaca basin (which includes the inflowing rivers and connected smaller lakes like Arapa, Lagunillas and Saracocha), and some restricted to other lakes, rivers and springs elsewhere in the Andean highlands. O. agassizii (often spelled agassii instead[23]) is the only member of the genus found both in the Lake Titicaca basin and elsewhere.[6]

Cuvieri species complex edit

All restricted to the Lake Titicaca basin.[6]

Gilsoni species complex edit

All restricted to the Lake Titicaca basin.[6]

Mulleri species complex edit

All restricted to the Lake Titicaca basin.[6]

References edit

  1. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Orestias". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d Vila, Morales, Scott, Poulin, Veliz, Harrod and Mendez (2013). Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of the genus Orestias (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) in the southern Chilean Altiplano: the relevance of ancient and recent divergence processes in speciation. Journal of Fish Biology 82, 927–943.
  3. ^ a b c Maldonado, E.; N. Hubert; P. Sagnes; B. De MÉrona (2009). "Morphology–diet relationships in four killifishes (Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae, Orestias) from Lake Titicaca". Journal of Fish Biology. 74 (3): 502–520. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02140.x.
  4. ^ a b c d e Vila, I.; R. Pardo; S. Scott (2007). "Freshwater fishes of the Altiplano". Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management. 10 (2): 201–211. doi:10.1080/14634980701351395.
  5. ^ a b c Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2012). Species of Orestias in FishBase. August 2012 version.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Parenti, Lynne R. (1984): A taxonomic revision of the Andean Killifish Genus Orestias (Cyprinodontiformes, Cyprinodontidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 178: 107-214. PDF fulltext
  7. ^ a b c d Esquer-Garrigos, Y.; B. Hugueny; C. Ibañez; C. Zepita; K. Koerner; J. Lambourdière; A. Couloux; P. Gaubert (2015). "Detecting natural hybridization between two vulnerable Andean pupfishes (Orestias agassizii and O. luteus) representative of the Altiplano endemic fisheries". Conservation Genetics. 16 (3): 717–727.
  8. ^ Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara (26 April 2019). "Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES: Families PANTANODONTIDAE, CYPRINODONTIDAE, PROFUNDULIDAE, GOODEIDAE, FUNDULIDAE and FLUVIPHYLACIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  9. ^ a b Chocano Arévalo, L. (2005). "Las zonas altoandinas peruanas y su ictiofauna endémica". Revista Digital Universitaria. 6 (8): 1–13.
  10. ^ a b c d Lauzanne, L. (1992). "Fish Fauna". In C. Dejoux; A. Iltis (eds.). Lake Titicaca: a synthesis of limnological knowledge. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 405–448. ISBN 0-7923-1663-0.
  11. ^ a b Loayza, E. (2019). "Seasonal and depth variations in diet composition and dietary overlap between three native killifish of an emblematic tropical-mountain lake: Lake Titicaca (Bolivia)". Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  12. ^ a b Monroy, M.; A. Maceda-Veiga; N. Caiola; A. De Sostoa (2014). "Trophic interactions between native and introduced fish species in a littoral fish community". Journal of Fish Biology. 85: 1693–1706. doi:10.1111/jfb.12529.
  13. ^ a b c d Luna, C.I.; B. Hugueny; Y.S. Esquer-Garrigos; C. Zepita; Y. Gutiérrez (2014). "Biodiversidad ictica en el Lago Titicaca". In M. Aguirre; X. Lazzaro; D. Point; M. Pouilly (eds.). Línea base de conocimientos sobre los recursos hidrológicos e hidrobiológicos en el sistema TDPS con enfoque en la cuenca del Lago Titicaca. IUCN. pp. 135–153. ISBN 978-99974-41-84-3.
  14. ^ a b c d e Bloudoff-Indelicato, M. (9 December 2015). "What Are North American Trout Doing in Lake Titicaca?". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  15. ^ Cousteau, J.; A. Landsburg (24 April 1969). "The Legend of Lake Titicaca". The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau. Episode 7.
  16. ^ a b "Los peces nativos del Titicaca, en peligro". Fundación Nuestra Mar. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  17. ^ Watson, A.S.; A.L. Fitzgerald; O.J. Damián Baldeón (2017). "Diet composition and prey selection of Telmatobius macrostomus, the Junín giant frog". Endangered Species Research. 32: 117–121. doi:10.3354/esr00785.
  18. ^ Cruz-Jofré, F.; P. Morales; I. Vila; Y. Esquer-Garrigos; B. Hugueny; P. Gaubert; E. Poulin; M.A. Méndez (2016). "Geographical isolation and genetic differentiation: the case of Orestias ascotanensis (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae), an Andean killifish inhabiting a highland salt pan". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 17 (4): 747–759. doi:10.1111/bij.12704.
  19. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2020). "Orestias chungarensis" in FishBase. January 2020 version.
  20. ^ McKittrick, E. (2018). "Saving the Scrotum Frog". Earth Island Journal. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  21. ^ a b Sostoa, A.; A. Maceda-Veiga; M. Monroy (2014). "Metal concentration in water, sediment and four fish species from Lake Titicaca reveals a large-scale environmental concern". Biological Science of the Total Environment. 487: 233–244. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.134.
  22. ^ UNDP (5 March 2019). "Prosper under the sun: Faced with the ever-increasing global demand for renewable energy, two Andean communities in Peru use solar energy to develop sustainable businesses". americalatinagenera.org. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  23. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species related to Orestias agassii". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  24. ^ Vila, I., Scott, S., Mendez, M.A., Valenzuela, F., Iturra, P. & Poulin, E. (2012): Orestias gloriae, a new species of cyprinodontid fish from saltpan spring of the southern high Andes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 22 (4) [2011]: 345-353.
  • Lüssen, Arne (2003): Zur Systematik, Phylogenie und Biogeographie chilenischer Arten der Gattung Orestias VALENCIENNES, 1839. Doctoral thesis, University of Hamburg, Germany. [in German]
  • Villwock, W. (1964): Vermeintliche Artbastarde in der Gattung Orestias (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, Kosswig-Festschrift: 285-291. [Article in German]
  • Villwock, W. (1972): Gefahren für die endemische Fischfauna durch Einbürgerungsversuche und Akklimatisation von Fremdfischen am Beispiel des Titicacas-Sees (Peru/Bolivien) und des Lanao-Sees (Mindanao/Philippinen). Verhandlungen des Internationalen Vereins für Limnologie 18: 1227-1234. [Article in German]

May 03, 2024
orestias, fish, orestias, genus, pupfish, older, systematics, classified, them, into, family, orestiidae, they, found, lakes, rivers, springs, andean, highlands, south, america, several, species, considered, threatened, they, laying, fish, that, feed, small, a. Orestias is a genus of pupfish Older systematics classified them into the own family Orestiidae They are found in lakes rivers and springs in the Andean highlands of South America and several species are considered threatened 2 They are egg laying fish that feed on small animals and plant matter 3 4 The largest species can reach a total length of 27 cm 10 6 in but most remain far smaller 5 6 Their most characteristic feature is the absence of the ventral fin although this is shared by a few other pupfish 6 Despite their moderate to small size they are important to local fisheries and a few species are farmed 7 Orestias Orestias cuvieri Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Order Cyprinodontiformes Family Cyprinodontidae Genus OrestiasValenciennes 1839 Type species Orestias cuvieriValenciennes 1846 1 Several species are locally and colloquially known as carache The name of the genus is a reference to Orestes a Greek mythological character who Valenciennes described as the nymph of the mountains 8 Contents 1 Range and habitat 2 Behavior 3 Conservation and relationship to humans 4 Species and taxonomy 4 1 Agassizii species complex 4 2 Cuvieri species complex 4 3 Gilsoni species complex 4 4 Mulleri species complex 5 ReferencesRange and habitat edit nbsp Four Orestias possibly O luteus and two Trichomycterus catfish caught in Lake Titicaca the center of Orestias richness Orestias is restricted to freshwater habitats at an altitude of 2 800 4 600 m 9 200 15 100 ft in the Andes of central and southern Peru western Bolivia and northeastern Chile 2 Although freshwater habitats at low and middle altitudes in the Andes are relatively rich in fish few are found in the highest with Orestias and the catfish Astroblepus and Trichomycterus being the primary in many places only native genera 4 9 Of the 45 recognized species of Orestias the majority are found in Lake Titicaca including 23 endemics to its basin with the remaining from other Altiplano lakes rivers or springs 2 In addition to differences in feeding the many species in Lake Titicaca segregate by habitat preference with some living among totora reeds some among submerged macrophytes some at the bottom in water too deep for macrophytes deeper than 10 m or 33 ft and some pelagically in the open water 10 Orestias species found elsewhere than Lake Titicaca often have very small ranges 2 Behavior editRelatively little is known about the behavior of Orestias 4 They feed on small crustaceans such as amphipods and cladocera aquatic insects and larvae such as chironomids snails small fish fish eggs algae macrophyte seeds and plant detritus 3 11 12 There are significant variations depending on exact species especially in Lake Titicaca where there is a degree of niche differentiation including some that mainly feed on zooplanktonic organisms two O albus and O cuvieri that are particularly willing to take other fish primarily smaller Orestias fish eggs are regularly consumed by a wider range of species several that mainly feed on small bottom or plant living organisms and some that are generalists that will feed on a wide range of things 3 4 10 12 sometimes varying depending on season 11 Females tend to grow larger than males Although generally rather dull coloured breeding males may become partially yellow or orange The eggs up to a few hundred are placed in shallow water among vegetation Orestias appear to reach maturity when around one year old 4 Conservation and relationship to humans editMany species of the genus became rare in recent decades due to predation by and competition with introduced fish species especially rainbow trout and Argentinian silverside pollution overfishing and other human activities in their habitats 13 14 In the 1960s an expedition to Lake Titicaca led by Jacques Cousteau reported seeing many dead Orestias and when studied they were found to be infected by a disease introduced with the trout 15 The two largest species in the genus the Titicaca orestias O cuvieri at up to 22 cm 8 7 in in standard length and 27 cm 10 6 in in total length and O pentlandii up to 20 cm 7 9 in and 23 5 cm 9 3 in respectively 5 6 have fared the worst The Titicaca orestias was last seen in 1939 and is almost certainly extinct 13 O pentlandii is from the same lake and it may have disappeared in its native form 14 It was still regarded as only vulnerable by the IUCN in 2009 but in 2014 the species was regarded as critically endangered in a review of Lake Titicaca fish 13 In the 1990s some were introduced to a small highland lake in Peru in an attempt of safeguarding the species but over time they have changed possibly due to genetic drift inbreeding depression or their new and different habitat and now appear very different from the original O pentlandii of Lake Titicaca 16 The remaining Orestias of Lake Titicaca are also threatened to various degrees 13 14 as are the three species in Lake Junin and its vicinity 9 which in turn may threaten the Lake Junin giant frog that feeds on the fish and invertebrates 17 Many Orestias found elsewhere are vulnerable because of their highly restricted ranges 6 like O ascotanensis where the entire habitat covers 18 km2 7 sq mi of Salar de Ascotan and O chungarensis found only in Lake Chungara 18 19 Despite their moderate to small size some species are important to local fisheries but they are overfished there are few regulations and limited enforcement of the rules that do exist 14 16 In Lake Titicaca the moderately sized O agassizii and O luteus complexes represent more than 90 of the total catches of native fish species 7 but others like the small open water ispi O forgeti and O ispi are also frequently caught 20 The natives have now been greatly surpassed by fisheries for the non native introduced trout and Argentinian silverside 14 Because of pollution studies have revealed levels of metals in Orestias of Lake Titicaca that exceed the internationally recommended safety thresholds for human consumption 21 O agassizii and O luteus are also farmed and spawned in captivity both to supply the food market and for release to support their vulnerable wild populations 7 22 Species and taxonomy edit nbsp Three Orestias species showing some of the variations in shape in this genus There are currently 45 recognized species in this genus 5 divided depending on their relationships into four species complexes 6 The genus is estimated to be 5 million years old with a significant diversification occurring within the last one million years Lussen 2003 researched the phylogeny of several species including mtDNA sequence data because hybridization is known to occur Villwock 1964 Parenti 1984 mtDNA data cannot be relied upon on its own to resolve the evolution of this genus For example O agassizii and O luteus reach a similar maximum standard length of c 17 cm 6 5 in 21 but otherwise they are quite different Despite this hybrids between them are known 7 Agassizii species complex edit Some species restricted to the Lake Titicaca basin which includes the inflowing rivers and connected smaller lakes like Arapa Lagunillas and Saracocha and some restricted to other lakes rivers and springs elsewhere in the Andean highlands O agassizii often spelled agassii instead 23 is the only member of the genus found both in the Lake Titicaca basin and elsewhere 6 Orestias agassizii Valenciennes 1846 Carache Negro Orestias albus Valenciennes 1846 Carache Amarillo Orestias ascotanensis Parenti 1984 Orestias chungarensis Vila amp M Pinto 1987 Orestias ctenolepis Parenti 1984 Orestias elegans Garman 1895 Orestias empyraeus W R Allen 1942 Orestias frontosus Cope 1876 Orestias gloriae Vila S Scott Mendez Valenzuela Iturra amp Poulin 2012 24 Orestias gymnotus Parenti 1984 Orestias hardini Parenti 1984 Orestias jussiei Valenciennes 1846 Carache Amarillo Orestias lastarriae Philippi Krumweide 1876 Orestias laucaensis Arratia 1982 Orestias luteus Valenciennes 1846 Carache Amarillo Orestias multiporis Parenti 1984 Orestias mundus Parenti 1984 Orestias olivaceus Garman 1895 Orestias parinacotensis Arratia 1982 Orestias piacotensis Vila 2006 Orestias polonorum Tchernavin 1944 Orestias puni Tchernavin 1944 likely a synonym of O jussiei 10 Orestias richersoni Parenti 1984 Orestias silustani W R Allen 1942 Orestias tschudii Castelnau 1855 Orestias ututo Parenti 1984 Cuvieri species complex edit All restricted to the Lake Titicaca basin 6 Orestias cuvieri Valenciennes 1846 Titicaca Orestias Amanto likely extinct mid 20th century Orestias forgeti Lauzanne 1981 Ispi Orestias ispi Lauzanne 1981 Ispi Orestias pentlandii Valenciennes 1846 Boga Gilsoni species complex edit All restricted to the Lake Titicaca basin 6 Orestias gilsoni Tchernavin 1944 Orestias imarpe Parenti 1984 Orestias minimus Tchernavin 1944 Orestias minutus Tchernavin 1944 likely a synonym of O minimus 10 Orestias mooni Tchernavin 1944 Orestias robustus Parenti 1984 Orestias taquiri Tchernavin 1944 Orestias tchernavini Lauzanne 1981 Orestias tomcooni Parenti 1984 Orestias uruni Tchernavin 1944 Mulleri species complex edit All restricted to the Lake Titicaca basin 6 Orestias crawfordi Tchernavin 1944 Orestias gracilis Parenti 1984 Orestias incae Garman 1895 Orestias mulleri Valenciennes 1846 Orestias tutini Tchernavin 1944References edit Eschmeyer William N Fricke Ron amp van der Laan Richard eds Orestias Catalog of Fishes California Academy of Sciences Retrieved 20 October 2019 a b c d Vila Morales Scott Poulin Veliz Harrod and Mendez 2013 Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of the genus Orestias Teleostei Cyprinodontidae in the southern Chilean Altiplano the relevance of ancient and recent divergence processes in speciation Journal of Fish Biology 82 927 943 a b c Maldonado E N Hubert P Sagnes B De MErona 2009 Morphology diet relationships in four killifishes Teleostei Cyprinodontidae Orestias from Lake Titicaca Journal of Fish Biology 74 3 502 520 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8649 2008 02140 x a b c d e Vila I R Pardo S Scott 2007 Freshwater fishes of the Altiplano Aquatic Ecosystem Health amp Management 10 2 201 211 doi 10 1080 14634980701351395 a b c Froese Rainer and Pauly Daniel eds 2012 Species of Orestias in FishBase August 2012 version a b c d e f g h i Parenti Lynne R 1984 A taxonomic revision of the Andean Killifish Genus Orestias Cyprinodontiformes Cyprinodontidae Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 178 107 214 PDF fulltext a b c d Esquer Garrigos Y B Hugueny C Ibanez C Zepita K Koerner J Lambourdiere A Couloux P Gaubert 2015 Detecting natural hybridization between two vulnerable Andean pupfishes Orestias agassizii and O luteus representative of the Altiplano endemic fisheries Conservation Genetics 16 3 717 727 Christopher Scharpf Kenneth J Lazara 26 April 2019 Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES Families PANTANODONTIDAE CYPRINODONTIDAE PROFUNDULIDAE GOODEIDAE FUNDULIDAE and FLUVIPHYLACIDAE The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J Lazara Retrieved 20 October 2019 a b Chocano Arevalo L 2005 Las zonas altoandinas peruanas y su ictiofauna endemica Revista Digital Universitaria 6 8 1 13 a b c d Lauzanne L 1992 Fish Fauna In C Dejoux A Iltis eds Lake Titicaca a synthesis of limnological knowledge Kluwer Academic Publishers pp 405 448 ISBN 0 7923 1663 0 a b Loayza E 2019 Seasonal and depth variations in diet composition and dietary overlap between three native killifish of an emblematic tropical mountain lake Lake Titicaca Bolivia Retrieved 18 January 2020 a b Monroy M A Maceda Veiga N Caiola A De Sostoa 2014 Trophic interactions between native and introduced fish species in a littoral fish community Journal of Fish Biology 85 1693 1706 doi 10 1111 jfb 12529 a b c d Luna C I B Hugueny Y S Esquer Garrigos C Zepita Y Gutierrez 2014 Biodiversidad ictica en el Lago Titicaca In M Aguirre X Lazzaro D Point M Pouilly eds Linea base de conocimientos sobre los recursos hidrologicos e hidrobiologicos en el sistema TDPS con enfoque en la cuenca del Lago Titicaca IUCN pp 135 153 ISBN 978 99974 41 84 3 a b c d e Bloudoff Indelicato M 9 December 2015 What Are North American Trout Doing in Lake Titicaca Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved 18 January 2020 Cousteau J A Landsburg 24 April 1969 The Legend of Lake Titicaca The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau Episode 7 a b Los peces nativos del Titicaca en peligro Fundacion Nuestra Mar 3 March 2010 Retrieved 18 January 2020 Watson A S A L Fitzgerald O J Damian Baldeon 2017 Diet composition and prey selection of Telmatobius macrostomus the Junin giant frog Endangered Species Research 32 117 121 doi 10 3354 esr00785 Cruz Jofre F P Morales I Vila Y Esquer Garrigos B Hugueny P Gaubert E Poulin M A Mendez 2016 Geographical isolation and genetic differentiation the case of Orestias ascotanensis Teleostei Cyprinodontidae an Andean killifish inhabiting a highland salt pan Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 17 4 747 759 doi 10 1111 bij 12704 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2020 Orestias chungarensis in FishBase January 2020 version McKittrick E 2018 Saving the Scrotum Frog Earth Island Journal Retrieved 27 January 2020 a b Sostoa A A Maceda Veiga M Monroy 2014 Metal concentration in water sediment and four fish species from Lake Titicaca reveals a large scale environmental concern Biological Science of the Total Environment 487 233 244 doi 10 1016 j scitotenv 2014 03 134 UNDP 5 March 2019 Prosper under the sun Faced with the ever increasing global demand for renewable energy two Andean communities in Peru use solar energy to develop sustainable businesses americalatinagenera org Retrieved 18 January 2020 Eschmeyer William N Fricke Ron amp van der Laan Richard eds Species related to Orestias agassii Catalog of Fishes California Academy of Sciences Retrieved 18 January 2020 Vila I Scott S Mendez M A Valenzuela F Iturra P amp Poulin E 2012 Orestias gloriae a new species of cyprinodontid fish from saltpan spring of the southern high Andes Teleostei Cyprinodontidae Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 22 4 2011 345 353 Lussen Arne 2003 Zur Systematik Phylogenie und Biogeographie chilenischer Arten der Gattung Orestias VALENCIENNES 1839 Doctoral thesis University of Hamburg Germany in German PDF fulltext Villwock W 1964 Vermeintliche Artbastarde in der Gattung Orestias Pisces Cyprinodontidae Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut Kosswig Festschrift 285 291 Article in German Villwock W 1972 Gefahren fur die endemische Fischfauna durch Einburgerungsversuche und Akklimatisation von Fremdfischen am Beispiel des Titicacas Sees Peru Bolivien und des Lanao Sees Mindanao Philippinen Verhandlungen des Internationalen Vereins fur Limnologie 18 1227 1234 Article in German Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Orestias fish amp oldid 1148467283, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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