Order of battle of the Indonesian National Armed Forces as of January 1946
The following is an order of battle of the Indonesian National Armed Forces as of 8 January 1946, after the then People's Security Armed Forces (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat) was transformed into the People's Safety Armed Forces (Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat) by Presidential Resolution #2/1946.
Formation of the People's Security Armed Forces
The INAF traces its origins to the 5 October 1945 declaration of the formation of an active national armed forces for the republic by no less than the first Vice President of Indonesia, Mohammad Hatta, acting on behalf of then president Sukarno, on the basis of the People's Security Agency (Badan Keamanan Rakyat) created just days after independence as a paramilitary gendarmerie for the infant republic, originally planned as a national army. [1][2] The job of activating a national military fell on the hands of ex-Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Major Oerip Soemohardjo, who was appointed the first Commander of the Armed Forces ad interim, pending any word from Soeprijadi, who would be appointed the first commander of the armed services. Many of the first generation enlisted personnel and NCOs served either with the Defenders of the Homeland (Pembela Tanah Air, or PETA) or the Japanese-sponsored Heiho, both during the period of Japanese occupation, reinforced by youthful pemuda or revolutionaries later on, while many of its officer corps who served in either of the two were trained as cadets of the RNEIA in the Koninklijke Militaire Academie in Breda, The Netherlands and were commissioned into that force.[1] [3] However, these officers were poorly received by Indonesian nationalists, who viewed them as mercenaries for having served in the Dutch forces. Although Oerip set out a command structure, in reality the army's hierarchy was provisional and depended heavily on the strength of local units.[4]
On 14 October, General Oerip officially received his interim appointment and left immediately for Jakarta. In a cabinet meeting the following day,[5] he was ordered to build a national armed forces headquartered in Yogyakarta, in preparation for an expected assault by Dutch troops coming to reclaim the Indies.[6] Urip had originally suggested using Purwokerto for his headquarters, but ultimately Yogyakarta was chosen as it had better facilities and guaranteed support from the local ruler.[7] He departed for Yogyakarta on 16 October, and arrived the following day. He first established the general headquarters in a room at Hotel Merdeka, which he used until the Sultan of Yogyakarta Hamengkubuwono IX donated land and a building to be utilized as the General Headquarters of the young armed forces. [8] On 20 October, when learning that Soeprijadi was declared missing [a] Imam Muhammad Suliyoadikusumo was appointed by the cabinet as ad interim Minister of Defence, later on the guerrilla leader Moestopo declared himself Minister of Defence. As such, Oerip had little oversight and felt pressured to quickly establish a stable command structure, while also began to form the a high command structure for the armed services, and later moved the general HQ to Purwokerto.[9]
On 2 November, the ground forces of the nascent INAF, the future Indonesian Army, were divided into four territorial corps, each led by a general officer. These were Didi Kartasasmita for western Java, Soeratman for central Java, Mohammad for eastern Java and Soehardjo Hardjowardojo for Sumatra.
Each of these sub-commanders was commissioned into the rank of major general.[10] Oerip also began appropriating weapons to different TKR commands. He took confiscated Japanese weapons from well-equipped forces and distributed them as needed.[11] However, the results were less successful than he had hoped. PETA had been organised locally during the Japanese occupation, and as such its members were unable to accept a centralised leadership.[12]
Appointment of Soedirman
On 12 November 1945, at the first general meeting of army leadership, Colonel Soedirman – the then commanding officer of the Fifth Division in Purwokerto, who had two years military experience and was 23 years younger than Urip – was elected Commanding General of the Armed Forces (Panglima Besar) following two deadlocked votes.[13] In the third round, General Oerip had 21 votes to Soedirman's 22. Divisional commanders from Sumatera, who had voted unanimously, swayed the vote in Sudirman's favour;[14] Urip had lost votes because some of the division leaders distrusted his history with the KNIL and the oath he had taken to the Dutch motherland upon graduation.[15] Although Soedirman was surprised at his selection and offered to surrender the leadership position to Oerip, the meeting did not allow it; he himself was glad to no longer be in charge of the armed forces. Soedirman kept Oerip, by then a lieutenant general, to serve as chief of staff of the armed forces.[16] While Soedirman remained unconfirmed, Urip remained de jure commander; however, the Indonesian journalist Salim Said writes that his orders were at times unintelligible owing to Urip's poor command of Indonesian and often ignored unless approved by Soedirman.[b][17]
When General Soedirman was approved on 18 December, he began working to consolidate and unite the armed forces. Meanwhile, Oerip handled day-to-day organisational and technical issues.[18][16] Many of the details, such as company uniforms, he left to regional commanders.[c] However, to deal with more important issues, such as establishing a military police and preventing enemy paratroopers from landing, he passed edicts that applied nationally.[16]Together, Soedirman and Oerip were instrumental to unite the differences between armed forces personnel who served in both sides of the Second World War and were now united under one armed service.
One of Oerip's final orders as Commander of the Armed Forces was to create a national navy, to that effort the Indonesian Navy (then the People's Security Navy or TKR Laut) was officially established, with HQ in Yogyakarta, on 15 November 1945. Mas Pardi, Mohammad Nazir, Soemarno, RE Martadinata, and R Soeardi of the armed forces general staff were all instrumental in its formation, Pardi would later be named the first Chief of Staff of the Navy with effect from 1 December 1945. [19] By New Year's Eve 1945, the Navy was divided into four fleet divisions and was starting its naval bases in the republican territories in Sumatra with access to the sea.
Order of battle of the armed forces as of 8 January 1946
Source: [20]
Supreme General Command
- President of Indonesia: Sukarno
- Vice President of Indonesia: Mohammad Hatta
- Prime Minister of Indonesia: Sutan Sjahrir
- Minister of Defence of the Republic: Amir Sjarifoeddin
- Commanding General of the People's Safety Armed Forces: Gen Soedirman
- Chief of the General Staff: Lt Gen Oerip Soemohardjo
- Chief of Staff of the Navy: Rear Adm Mas Pardi
Territorial Corps
| Territorial Corps | Commanding general | Area of responsibility |
|---|---|---|
| West Java Corps | Maj Gen Didi Kartasasmita | West Java (including present day Banten and Jakarta) |
| Central Java Corps | Maj Gen Soedibjo Maj Gen Soerachmat | Central Java (including present day Yogyakarta Special Region) |
| East Java Corps | Maj Gen Mustopo Maj Gen Muhammad Mangundiprodjo | East Java |
| Sumatra Corps | Maj Gen Suhardjo Hardjowardojo | Sumatra |
| Army divisions under territorial commands | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Name | HQ located in | Officer commanding | Under Territorial Corps |
| 1st Infantry Division | Serang | Col K.H. Syam'un | West Java |
| 2nd Division | Linggardjati | Col Asikin | West Java |
| 3rd Infantry Division | Bandung | Col Arudji Kartawinata Col A.H. Nasution | West Java |
| 4th Division | Salatiga | Maj. Gen G.P.H. Djatikoesoemo | Central Java |
| 5th Infantry Division | Purwokerto | Col Sutirto | Central Java |
| 9th Division | Yogyakarta | Maj Gen R.P. Sudarsono | Central Java |
| 10th Infantry Division | Surakarta | Col Sutarto | Central Java |
| 6th Division | Kediri | Col Sudiro | East Java |
| 7th Division | Modjokerto | Maj Gen Jonosewojo Col Sungkono | East Java |
| 8th Division | Malang | Maj Gen Imam Sudja'i | East Java |
| 1st Sumatra Division | Lahat | Col Maludin Simbolon Col Barlian | Sumatra |
| 2nd Sumatra Infantry Division | Palembang | Col M. Nuh Col Hasan Kasim Kolonel Bambang Utojo | Sumatra |
| 3rd Sumatra Division | Bukittinggi | Col Dahlan Djambek | Sumatra |
| 4th Sumatra Division | Medan | Col Achmad Tahir Col Hotman Sitompul | Sumatra |
| 5th Sumatra Division | Bireuen | Col Sjamaun Gaharu | Sumatra |
| 6th Sumatra Division | Sibolga | Col Mohammad Dien gelar Sinartang | Sumatra |
| Under other branches | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Name | HQ located | Officer commanding | Subordinated to |
| TKRL West Java Fleet | Cirebon | Rear Adm Adam | HQ Indonesian Navy |
| TKRL Central Java Fleet | Purworedjo | Rear Adm M. Nazir | HQ Indonesian Navy |
| TKRL East Java Fleet | Surabaya | Rear Adm A.R. Aris | HQ Indonesian Navy |
General Directorate of Aviation of the General Staff of the Armed Forces
- Chief of Military Aviation: AVM Soerjadi Soerjadarma
- Deputy Chief of Military Aviation: Group Captain Soekarmen Martodisoemo
References
Notes
- ^ The historian Amrin Imran suggests that Soeprijadi's appointment may have been a way to see if he was still alive; it may have been thought that he would have certainly contacted the government in Jakarta to take over this post if he were.[9]
- ^ Urip was fluent in Dutch and Javanese, but had a poor command of Indonesian, which had gained mainstream currency in the early 20th century.[17]
- ^ At the time, the Indonesian National Armed Forces did not have the resources to enforce a standard uniform nationwide.[16]
Citations
- ^ a b Anderson 2005, pp. 103–106.
- ^ Imran 1983, p. 63.
- ^ Anderson 2005, pp. 235–237.
- ^ Anderson 2005, p. 240.
- ^ Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, pp. 99–100.
- ^ Anderson 2005, pp. 232–234.
- ^ Said 1991, p. 28.
- ^ Imran 1983, pp. 67–68.
- ^ a b Imran 1983, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Soemohardjo-Soebroto 1973, p. 101.
- ^ Sardiman 2008, p. 126.
- ^ Said 1991, p. 31.
- ^ Nasution 2011, p. 196.
- ^ Sardiman 2008, p. 132.
- ^ Sardiman 2008, p. 133.
- ^ a b c d Imran 1983, pp. 74–79.
- ^ a b Said 1991, p. 50.
- ^ Anderson 2005, p. 245.
- ^ Sejarah TNI jilid I 2000, p. 25.
- ^ Sejarah TNI jilid I 2000, pp. 18–25.
Bibliography
- Anderson, Benedict Richard O'Gorman (2005). Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944–1946. Jakarta: Equinox. ISBN 978-979-3780-14-6.
- Imran, Amrin (1983). Urip Sumohardjo (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture. OCLC 10945069.
- Soemohardjo-Soebroto, Rohmah (1973). Oerip Soemohardjo : Letnen Jenderal TNI (22 Februari 1893 – 17 November 1948) [Oerip Soemohardjo : Lieutenant General of the TNI (22 February 1893 – 17 November 1948)] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gunung Agung. OCLC 13266021.
- Markas Besar TNI (2000). Sejarah TNI Jilid I (1945-1949). Jakarta: Pusat Sejarah Dan Tradisi TNI. ISBN 979-9421-00-4. 979-9421-01-2.
- Said, Salim (1991). Genesis of Power: General Sudirman and the Indonesian Military in Politics, 1945–49. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-3035-90-4.