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Order of battle at the Battle of the Hyères Islands

April 16, 2024

The Order of battle at the Battle of the Hyères Islands recounts the British Royal Navy and French Navy fleets which participated in a campaign off the Îles d'Hyères during the French Revolutionary Wars. The Battle of the Hyères Islands was an engagement fought for control of the Ligurian Sea, the waters off the Southern French and Northwestern Italian coasts, where British and French forces had clashed since the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793. The battle was an uneven contest, the French, led by Vice-admiral Pierre Martin unwilling to face the larger British fleet under Admiral William Hotham, but losing one ship of the line to British fire as they attempted to escape.

The British had been dominant in the Mediterranean since the destruction of half of the French Mediterranean Fleet at the conclusion of the Siege of Toulon in December 1793.[1] As the French strove to repair and rebuilt their shattered fleet, the British turned to securing the island of Corsica, through an invasion in 1794.[2] The only French naval operation of the year, a cruise by Martin in June, was forced to shelter in the anchorage at Gourjean Bay to avoid destruction.[3] In March 1795 the French had enough serviceable ships to take to sea once more, sailing in the Gulf of Genoa and capturing the damaged HMS Berwick at the action of 8 March 1795.[4] A few days later Hotham's fleet caught the French and Martin lost two ships at the ensuing Battle of Genoa.[5] During the spring both fleets gained reinforcements from the Atlantic, and in June Martin sailed once more.[6]

Hotham was not initially concerned by French movements, but on 7 July a squadron under Captain Horatio Nelson was chased by the French and Nelson led Martin directly to Hotham's anchorage at San Fiorenzo.[7] Hotham delayed departure but eventually gave chase, pursuing Martin's smaller fleet across the Ligurian Sea. On 13 July off the Îles d'Hyères, the leading British ships caught the trailing French ships and a short battle followed during which the French ship of the line Alcide was isolated, captured and subsequently destroyed by fire.[8] Martin retreated to Fréjus while Hotham, his flagship trailing 8 nautical miles (15 km) behind the action, ordered his ships to pull back.[9] This decision was criticised by his officers at the time and by subsequent historians,[10] and his failure to inflict a decisive defeat on the French at this engagement is often cited as crucial in the forced evacuation of the Mediterranean by all British forces the following year.[11]

Hotham's fleet edit

Note that as carronades were not traditionally taken into consideration when calculating a ship's rate,[12] these ships may have been carrying more guns than indicated below.

  •   British Royal Navy
  •   Navy of the Kingdom of Naples
  •   Ships in this colour were destroyed or captured during the campaign
Admiral William Hotham's Fleet
Ship Rate Guns Fleet Commander Casualties Notes
Killed Wounded Total
HMS Britannia First rate 100   Admiral William Hotham
Captain John Holloway 		0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Victory First rate 100   Rear-Admiral Robert Mann
Captain John Knight 		5 15 20 Heavy engaged. Damage to rigging and sails.
HMS Princess Royal Second rate 98   Vice-Admiral Samuel Goodall
Captain John Child Purvis 		0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS St George Second rate 98   Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde Parker
Captain Thomas Foley 		0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Windsor Castle Second rate 98   Rear-Admiral Robert Linzee
Captain John Gore 		0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Blenheim Second rate 98   Captain John Bazely 2 2 4 Lightly engaged.
HMS Gibraltar Third rate 80   Captain John Pakenham 0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Captain Third rate 74   Captain Samuel Reeve 1 0 1 Lightly engaged.
HMS Fortitude Third rate 74   Captain William Young 0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Bombay Castle Third rate 74   Captain Charles Chamberlayne 0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Saturn Third rate 74   Captain James Douglas 0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Cumberland Third rate 74   Captain Bartholomew Rowley 0 0 0 Heavily engaged. Damage to rigging and sails.
HMS Terrible Third rate 74   Captain George Campbell 0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Defence Third rate 74   Captain Thomas Wells 1 6 7 Lightly engaged.
HMS Egmont Third rate 74   Captain John Sutton 0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Culloden Third rate 74   Captain Thomas Troubridge 2 5 7 Heavily engaged. Damage to rigging and sails.
HMS Bedford Third rate 74   Captain Davidge Gould 0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Courageux Third rate 74   Captain Benjamin Hallowell 0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Audacious Third rate 74   Captain William Shield 0 0 0 Not engaged.
Guiscardo Third rate 74   0 0 0 Not engaged.
Samnito Third rate 74   0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Agamemnon Third rate 64   Captain Horatio Nelson 0 0 0 Lightly engaged.
HMS Diadem Third rate 64   Captain Charles Tyler 0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Meleager Fifth rate 32   Captain George Cockburn 0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Cyclops Fifth rate 28   Captain William Hotham 0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Ariadne Sixth rate 24   Captain Robert Plampin 0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Comet Brig 14   0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Eclair Brig 20   0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Fleche Brig 14   Commander Thomas Boys 0 0 0 Not engaged.
HMS Resolution Cutter 14   Lieutenant Edward H. Columbine 0 0 0 Not engaged.
Total casualties: 11 killed, 27 wounded
Sources: James, p. 267–271

Martin's fleet edit

Note that the number of guns refers to the official complement, traditionally taken into consideration when calculating a ship's rate,[12] and that these ships may have been carrying more guns than indicated below, although obusiers were not carried on French ships in this battle.[13] Officers killed in action are marked with a  † symbol.

  •   Ships in this colour were destroyed during the campaign
Vice-amiral Martin's fleet
Ship Rate Guns Fleet Commander Casualties Notes
Killed Wounded Total
Sans Culotte First rate 120   Vice-amiral Pierre Martin
Captain Lapalisse
Représentant Joseph Niou 		None Not engaged.
Tonnant Third rate 80   Contre-amiral Jean-Louis Delmotte [fr]
Captain Julien Cosmao-Kerjulien 		None Not engaged.
Victoire Third rate 80   Captain Daniel Savary None Not engaged.
Généreux Third rate 74   Captain Louis Unknown Heavily engaged.
Heureux Third rate 74   Captain Charles Lacaille None Not engaged.
Barra Third rate 74   Captain André Maureau None Not engaged.
Guerrier Third rate 74   Captain Louis Infernet None Sent back to Toulon before the action.
Mercure Third rate 74   Captain Catteford None Sent back to Toulon before the action.
Alcide * Third rate 74   Captain Leblond Saint-Hylaire  † c. 300 killed Heavily engaged, badly damaged and captured. Caught fire after the action with heavy loss of life.
Timoléon Third rate 74   Captain Charbonnier None Not engaged.
Duquesne Third rate 74   Captain Zacharie Allemand None Not engaged.
Peuple Souverain Third rate 74   Captain Lindet-Lalonde None Not engaged.
Berwick Third rate 74   Captain Dumanoir le Pelley Unknown Heavily engaged.
Jemmapes Third rate 74   Contre-amiral Jean François Renaudin
Captain Laffon 		None Not engaged.
Tyrannicide Third rate 74   Captain Alain Joseph Dordelin Unknown Heavily engaged.
Jupiter Third rate 74   Captain Joseph de Richery None Not engaged.
Révolution Third rate 74   Captain Fay None Not engaged.
Aquilon Third rate 74   Captain Laterre Unknown Heavily engaged.
Républicain Third rate 74   Captain Honoré Ganteaume None Not engaged.
Junon Frigate 32   Lieutenant Amand Leduc None Not engaged.
Friponne Frigate 36   Lieutenant Villeneuve None Not engaged.
Alceste Frigate 32   Lieutenant Jean Joseph Hubert None Not engaged.
Sérieuse Frigate 32   Lieutenant Saunier[14] None Not engaged.
Justice Frigate 40   Captain Jacques Dalbarade None Not engaged.
Embuscade Frigate 40   Lieutenant Maxime Émeriau None Not engaged.
Félicité Frigate 32   Lieutenant Lecour None Not engaged.
Brune Corvette 20   Ensign Louis Gabriel Deniéport[15] None Not engaged.
Badine Brig 20   Lieutenant Testu[16] None Not engaged.
Alerte Brig 10   Le Mèle None Not engaged.
Hazard Brig 18   Dumay None Not engaged.
Scout Brig 18   Dumeny None Not engaged.
Total casualties: c. 300 killed
Sources: Troude, pp. 432–436

References edit

  1. ^ Gardiner, p.105
  2. ^ Ireland, p.145
  3. ^ Troude, p.368
  4. ^ Clowes, p.267
  5. ^ Bennett, p.89
  6. ^ James, p.266
  7. ^ Clowes, p.274
  8. ^ James, p.271
  9. ^ Mostert, p.163
  10. ^ Bradford, p.118
  11. ^ Mostert, p.164
  12. ^ a b James, p. 32
  13. ^ James, p. 262
  14. ^ Fonds Marine, p.137
  15. ^ Roche, p.88
  16. ^ Fonds Marine, p.132

Bibliography edit

  • Bennett, Geoffrey (2002) [1972]. Nelson the Commander. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-141391-29-4.
  • Bradford, Ernle (1999) [1977]. Nelson: The Essential Hero. Ware: Wordsworth Military Library. ISBN 1-84022-202-6.
  • Clowes, William Laird (1997) [1900]. The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume III. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-012-4.
  • Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) [1996]. Fleet Battle and Blockade. London: Caxton Editions. ISBN 1-84067-363-X.
  • Ireland, Bernard (2005). The Fall of Toulon: The Last Opportunity the Defeat the French Revolution. Cassell. ISBN 0-3043-6726-5.
  • James, William (2002) [1827]. The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 1, 1793–1796. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-905-0.
  • Mostert, Noel (2007). The Line upon a Wind: The Greatest War Fought at Sea Under Sail 1793 – 1815. Vintage Books. ISBN 9-78071-260-9272.
  • Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922. (1671-1870)
  • Troude, Onésime-Joachim (1867). Batailles navales de la France (in French). Vol. 2. Challamel ainé. pp. 424–431.

April 16, 2024
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The Order of battle at the Battle of the Hyeres Islands recounts the British Royal Navy and French Navy fleets which participated in a campaign off the Iles d Hyeres during the French Revolutionary Wars The Battle of the Hyeres Islands was an engagement fought for control of the Ligurian Sea the waters off the Southern French and Northwestern Italian coasts where British and French forces had clashed since the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793 The battle was an uneven contest the French led by Vice admiral Pierre Martin unwilling to face the larger British fleet under Admiral William Hotham but losing one ship of the line to British fire as they attempted to escape The British had been dominant in the Mediterranean since the destruction of half of the French Mediterranean Fleet at the conclusion of the Siege of Toulon in December 1793 1 As the French strove to repair and rebuilt their shattered fleet the British turned to securing the island of Corsica through an invasion in 1794 2 The only French naval operation of the year a cruise by Martin in June was forced to shelter in the anchorage at Gourjean Bay to avoid destruction 3 In March 1795 the French had enough serviceable ships to take to sea once more sailing in the Gulf of Genoa and capturing the damaged HMS Berwick at the action of 8 March 1795 4 A few days later Hotham s fleet caught the French and Martin lost two ships at the ensuing Battle of Genoa 5 During the spring both fleets gained reinforcements from the Atlantic and in June Martin sailed once more 6 Hotham was not initially concerned by French movements but on 7 July a squadron under Captain Horatio Nelson was chased by the French and Nelson led Martin directly to Hotham s anchorage at San Fiorenzo 7 Hotham delayed departure but eventually gave chase pursuing Martin s smaller fleet across the Ligurian Sea On 13 July off the Iles d Hyeres the leading British ships caught the trailing French ships and a short battle followed during which the French ship of the line Alcide was isolated captured and subsequently destroyed by fire 8 Martin retreated to Frejus while Hotham his flagship trailing 8 nautical miles 15 km behind the action ordered his ships to pull back 9 This decision was criticised by his officers at the time and by subsequent historians 10 and his failure to inflict a decisive defeat on the French at this engagement is often cited as crucial in the forced evacuation of the Mediterranean by all British forces the following year 11 Contents 1 Hotham s fleet 2 Martin s fleet 3 References 4 BibliographyHotham s fleet editNote that as carronades were not traditionally taken into consideration when calculating a ship s rate 12 these ships may have been carrying more guns than indicated below nbsp British Royal Navy nbsp Navy of the Kingdom of Naples Ships in this colour were destroyed or captured during the campaignAdmiral William Hotham s FleetShip Rate Guns Fleet Commander Casualties NotesKilled Wounded TotalHMS Britannia First rate 100 nbsp Admiral William HothamCaptain John Holloway 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Victory First rate 100 nbsp Rear Admiral Robert MannCaptain John Knight 5 15 20 Heavy engaged Damage to rigging and sails HMS Princess Royal Second rate 98 nbsp Vice Admiral Samuel GoodallCaptain John Child Purvis 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS St George Second rate 98 nbsp Vice Admiral Sir Hyde ParkerCaptain Thomas Foley 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Windsor Castle Second rate 98 nbsp Rear Admiral Robert LinzeeCaptain John Gore 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Blenheim Second rate 98 nbsp Captain John Bazely 2 2 4 Lightly engaged HMS Gibraltar Third rate 80 nbsp Captain John Pakenham 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Captain Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Samuel Reeve 1 0 1 Lightly engaged HMS Fortitude Third rate 74 nbsp Captain William Young 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Bombay Castle Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Charles Chamberlayne 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Saturn Third rate 74 nbsp Captain James Douglas 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Cumberland Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Bartholomew Rowley 0 0 0 Heavily engaged Damage to rigging and sails HMS Terrible Third rate 74 nbsp Captain George Campbell 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Defence Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Thomas Wells 1 6 7 Lightly engaged HMS Egmont Third rate 74 nbsp Captain John Sutton 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Culloden Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Thomas Troubridge 2 5 7 Heavily engaged Damage to rigging and sails HMS Bedford Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Davidge Gould 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Courageux Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Benjamin Hallowell 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Audacious Third rate 74 nbsp Captain William Shield 0 0 0 Not engaged Guiscardo Third rate 74 nbsp 0 0 0 Not engaged Samnito Third rate 74 nbsp 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Agamemnon Third rate 64 nbsp Captain Horatio Nelson 0 0 0 Lightly engaged HMS Diadem Third rate 64 nbsp Captain Charles Tyler 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Meleager Fifth rate 32 nbsp Captain George Cockburn 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Cyclops Fifth rate 28 nbsp Captain William Hotham 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Ariadne Sixth rate 24 nbsp Captain Robert Plampin 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Comet Brig 14 nbsp 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Eclair Brig 20 nbsp 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Fleche Brig 14 nbsp Commander Thomas Boys 0 0 0 Not engaged HMS Resolution Cutter 14 nbsp Lieutenant Edward H Columbine 0 0 0 Not engaged Total casualties 11 killed 27 woundedSources James p 267 271Martin s fleet editNote that the number of guns refers to the official complement traditionally taken into consideration when calculating a ship s rate 12 and that these ships may have been carrying more guns than indicated below althoughobusierswere not carried on French ships in this battle 13 Officers killed in action are marked with a symbol Ships in this colour were destroyed during the campaignVice amiral Martin s fleetShip Rate Guns Fleet Commander Casualties NotesKilled Wounded TotalSans Culotte First rate 120 nbsp Vice amiral Pierre MartinCaptain LapalisseRepresentant Joseph Niou None Not engaged Tonnant Third rate 80 nbsp Contre amiral Jean Louis Delmotte fr Captain Julien Cosmao Kerjulien None Not engaged Victoire Third rate 80 nbsp Captain Daniel Savary None Not engaged Genereux Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Louis Unknown Heavily engaged Heureux Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Charles Lacaille None Not engaged Barra Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Andre Maureau None Not engaged Guerrier Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Louis Infernet None Sent back to Toulon before the action Mercure Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Catteford None Sent back to Toulon before the action Alcide Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Leblond Saint Hylaire c 300 killed Heavily engaged badly damaged and captured Caught fire after the action with heavy loss of life Timoleon Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Charbonnier None Not engaged Duquesne Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Zacharie Allemand None Not engaged Peuple Souverain Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Lindet Lalonde None Not engaged Berwick Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Dumanoir le Pelley Unknown Heavily engaged Jemmapes Third rate 74 nbsp Contre amiral Jean Francois RenaudinCaptain Laffon None Not engaged Tyrannicide Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Alain Joseph Dordelin Unknown Heavily engaged Jupiter Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Joseph de Richery None Not engaged Revolution Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Fay None Not engaged Aquilon Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Laterre Unknown Heavily engaged Republicain Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Honore Ganteaume None Not engaged Junon Frigate 32 nbsp Lieutenant Amand Leduc None Not engaged Friponne Frigate 36 nbsp Lieutenant Villeneuve None Not engaged Alceste Frigate 32 nbsp Lieutenant Jean Joseph Hubert None Not engaged Serieuse Frigate 32 nbsp Lieutenant Saunier 14 None Not engaged Justice Frigate 40 nbsp Captain Jacques Dalbarade None Not engaged Embuscade Frigate 40 nbsp Lieutenant Maxime Emeriau None Not engaged Felicite Frigate 32 nbsp Lieutenant Lecour None Not engaged Brune Corvette 20 nbsp Ensign Louis Gabriel Denieport 15 None Not engaged Badine Brig 20 nbsp Lieutenant Testu 16 None Not engaged Alerte Brig 10 nbsp Le Mele None Not engaged Hazard Brig 18 nbsp Dumay None Not engaged Scout Brig 18 nbsp Dumeny None Not engaged Total casualties c 300 killedSources Troude pp 432 436References edit Gardiner p 105 Ireland p 145 Troude p 368 Clowes p 267 Bennett p 89 James p 266 Clowes p 274 James p 271 Mostert p 163 Bradford p 118 Mostert p 164 a b James p 32 James p 262 Fonds Marine p 137 Roche p 88 Fonds Marine p 132Bibliography editBennett Geoffrey 2002 1972 Nelson the Commander London Penguin ISBN 0 141391 29 4 Bradford Ernle 1999 1977 Nelson The Essential Hero Ware Wordsworth Military Library ISBN 1 84022 202 6 Clowes William Laird 1997 1900 The Royal Navy A History from the Earliest Times to 1900 Volume III London Chatham Publishing ISBN 1 86176 012 4 Gardiner Robert ed 2001 1996 Fleet Battle and Blockade London Caxton Editions ISBN 1 84067 363 X Ireland Bernard 2005 The Fall of Toulon The Last Opportunity the Defeat the French Revolution Cassell ISBN 0 3043 6726 5 James William 2002 1827 The Naval History of Great Britain Volume 1 1793 1796 London Conway Maritime Press ISBN 0 85177 905 0 Mostert Noel 2007 The Line upon a Wind The Greatest War Fought at Sea Under Sail 1793 1815 Vintage Books ISBN 9 78071 260 9272 Roche Jean Michel 2005 Dictionnaire des batiments de la flotte de guerre francaise de Colbert a nos jours Vol 1 Group Retozel Maury Millau ISBN 978 2 9525917 0 6 OCLC 165892922 1671 1870 Troude Onesime Joachim 1867 Batailles navales de la France in French Vol 2 Challamel aine pp 424 431 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Order of battle at the Battle of the Hyeres Islands amp oldid 1178269779, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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