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Orbiliaceae

February 15, 2024

The Orbiliaceae are a family of saprobic sac fungi in the order Orbiliales. The family, first described by John Axel Nannfeldt in 1932, contains 288 species in 12 genera.[1] Members of this family have a widespread distribution, but are more prevalent in temperate regions.[2] Some species in the Orbiliaceae are carnivorous fungi, and have evolved a number of specialized mechanisms to trap nematodes.

Orbiliaceae
Orbilia xanthostigma
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Subdivision: Pezizomycotina
Class: Orbiliomycetes
O.E. Erikss. & Baral
Order: Orbiliales
Baral, O.E. Erikss., G. Marson & E. Weber
Family: Orbiliaceae
Nannf. (1932)
Type genus
Orbilia
Fr. (1836)
Genera

Arthrobotrys
Brachyphoris
Dactylella
Dactylellina
Dicranidion
Duddingtonia
Dwayaangam
Gamsylella
Hyalorbilia
Monacrosporium
Orbilia
Pseudorbilia

A fungus of the genus Arthrobotrys, showing adhesive nets that it uses to trap nematodes.  Numbered ticks are 122 μm apart.

Description edit

Orbiliaceae do not have stromata, dense structural tissue that produces fruit bodies. They have small disc-shaped apothecia, that are typically convex, brightly colored or translucent.[2] Their ascospores are small (typically less than 10 x 1 μm), hyaline, and have an oval or ellipsoidal shape.[3] Species are usually found in wood on both wet and dry habitats.[2]Anamorph species are hyphomycetous.[4]

Nematophagy edit

This family is well known for its many nematophagous species.[5] Shortly after coming into contact with its prey, fungal mycelia penetrate the nematode and spontaneously differentiate into functional structures, known as traps, which will ultimately digest the nematode's internal contents.[6] There are 5 types of trap mechanisms recognized in this family:[6][7][8][9]

  • Adhesive network: the most common trap, formed by hyphal outgrowths that recurve into themselves to form nematode-trapping loops.
  • Adhesive knob: a roughly spherical cell, attached to the hyphae either directly or on an erect stalk. Adhesive knobs are typically closely spaced along a section of hyphae.
  • Nonconstricting rings: always found with the adhesive network traps, and formed from thickening hyphae that curve and fuse to the supporting stalk.
  • Adhesive column: a layer of cells on a hyphae with an adhesive surface.
  • Constricting rings: these are rings of hyphae that swell rapidly inwards upon contact with the nematode, quickly (in 1–2 seconds) "lassoing" the victim.

Genera edit

According to the most recent classification of Ascomycota,[10] the Orbiliaceae contain only two (teleomorph) genera, the Hyalorbilia and the Orbilia. Hyalorbilia is distinguished from Orbilia by having asci without a stalk that arise from croziers, a hemispherical to broadly conical, thin-walled apex, asci and paraphyses in a gelatinous matrix, and an ectal excipulum (the outer surface of a cup-like apothecium) of horizontal textura prismatica.[11][12]

Anamorph genera of the Orbiliaceae include Anguillospora,[13] Arthrobotrys,[14] Dactylella,[15] Dactylellina, Dicranidion,[16] Drechslerella, Helicoön,[17] Monacrosporium, and Trinacrium. It has been suggested that the anamorph specialization illustrates convergent evolution occurring among mycelial fungi in aquatic and low-nitrogen habitats.[18] This hypothesis has been borne out by recent phylogenetic and morphological studies.[19]

In 2007, a new species was described from southwestern China with morphological features intermediate between Orbilia and Hyalorbilia. This species, named Pseudorbilia bipolaris Y. Zhang, Z.F. Yu, H.O. Baral & K.Q. Zhang, was placed into its own genus in the Orbiliaceae to accommodate its distinctive features.[20]

References edit

  1. ^ Kirk, Paul M.; Cannon, Paul F.; Minter, David W.; Stalpers, Joost A., eds. (2008). "Orbiliaceae". Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi. CABI. p. 485. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  2. ^ a b c Cannon, P. F.; Kirk, P. M., eds. (2007). "Orbiliaceae". Fungal Families of the World. CABI. pp. 251–252. ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5.
  3. ^ Blackwell M, Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW (1996). Introductory Mycology. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-52229-5.[page needed]
  4. ^ Bisby GR, Ainsworth GC, Kirk PM, Aptroot A (2001). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi. Oxon: CAB International. p. 369. ISBN 0-85199-377-X.
  5. ^ Pfister, Donald H. (1997). "Castor, Pollux and life histories of fungi". Mycologia. 89 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1080/00275514.1997.12026750.
  6. ^ a b Barron, George L. (1977). The Nematode-destroying Fungi. Guelph: Canadian Biological Publications. ISBN 0-920370-00-4.
  7. ^ Yang, Ying; Yang, Ence; An, Zhiqiang; Liu, Xingzhong (15 May 2007). "Evolution of nematode-trapping cells of predatory fungi of the Orbiliaceae based on evidence from rRNA-encoding DNA and multiprotein sequences". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (20): 8379–8384. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8379Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702770104. PMC 1895958. PMID 17494736.
  8. ^ Drechsler, Charles (1 July 1937). "Some Hyphomycetes that Prey on Free-Living Terricolous Nematodes". Mycologia. 29 (4): 447–552. doi:10.1080/00275514.1937.12017222.
  9. ^ Stirling GR (1991). Biological control of plant parasitic nematodes. Wallingford, UK: C.A.B. International. ISBN 0-85198-703-6.[page needed]
  10. ^ "Outline of Ascomycota - 2007". Retrieved 2008-12-25.
  11. ^ Baral, HO (1994). "Comments on 'Outline of the ascomycetes-1993'". Systema Ascomycetum. 13 (1): 113–128. NAID 10014785631.
  12. ^ Wu, Mei-Lee; Su, Yu-Chih; Baral, Hans-Otto; Liang, Shih-Hsiung (2007). "Two new species of Hyalorbilia from Taiwan" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 25: 233–244. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.594.3347. S2CID 90409824.
  13. ^ Webster, J; Descals, E. (1979). "The teleomorphs of water-borne Hyphomycetes from fresh water". In Kendrick, Bryce (ed.). The Whole Fungus: The Sexual-asexual Synthesis. National Museum of Natural Sciences. pp. 419–451. ISBN 978-0-660-00146-3.
  14. ^ Pfister, Donald H. (1 May 1994). "Orbilia fimicola, a nematophagous discomycete and its Arthrobotrys anamorph". Mycologia. 86 (3): 451–453. doi:10.1080/00275514.1994.12026433.
  15. ^ Thakur, S.; Zachariah, K. (1 November 1989). "Response of the fungus Dactylella rhopalota to bacteria". Plant and Soil. 120 (1): 87–93. doi:10.1007/BF02370294. S2CID 28858277.
  16. ^ Korf, Richard P (1992). "A preliminary discomycete flora of Macaronesia: Part 8, Orbiliaceae". Mycotaxon. 45: 503–510. INIST 4551685.
  17. ^ Pfister, DH (1995). "Helicoon sessile, the anamorph of Orbilia luteorubella". Inoculum. Mycological Society of America. 46: 34.
  18. ^ Webster, John (June 2011). "Convergent evolution and the functional significance of spore shape in aquatic and semi-aquatic fungi". In Rayner, A. D. M.; Brasier, C. M.; Moore, David (eds.). Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi: Symposium of The British Mycological Society Held at the University of Bristol April 1986. Cambridge University Press. pp. 191–201. ISBN 978-0-521-27925-3. NAID 10019290922.
  19. ^ Li Y, Hyde KD, Jeewon R, Cai L, Vijaykrishna D, Zhang K (2005). "Phylogenetics and evolution of nematode-trapping fungi (Orbiliales) estimated from nuclear and protein coding genes". Mycologia. 97 (5): 1034–46. doi:10.3852/mycologia.97.5.1034. hdl:10722/53351. PMID 16596955.
  20. ^ Zhang, Ying; Yu, Ze-Fen; Baral, H.-O.; Qiao, Min; Zhang, Ke-Qin (2007). "Pseudorbilia gen. nov. (Orbiliaceae) from Yunnan, China" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 26: 305–312.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orbiliaceae.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Orbiliaceae.
  • Images of various Orbilia and Hyalorbilia species
  • Videos of Arthrobotrys oligospora trapping nematodes

February 15, 2024
orbiliaceae, family, saprobic, fungi, order, orbiliales, family, first, described, john, axel, nannfeldt, 1932, contains, species, genera, members, this, family, have, widespread, distribution, more, prevalent, temperate, regions, some, species, carnivorous, f. The Orbiliaceae are a family of saprobic sac fungi in the order Orbiliales The family first described by John Axel Nannfeldt in 1932 contains 288 species in 12 genera 1 Members of this family have a widespread distribution but are more prevalent in temperate regions 2 Some species in the Orbiliaceae are carnivorous fungi and have evolved a number of specialized mechanisms to trap nematodes OrbiliaceaeOrbilia xanthostigmaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision AscomycotaSubdivision PezizomycotinaClass OrbiliomycetesO E Erikss amp BaralOrder OrbilialesBaral O E Erikss G Marson amp E WeberFamily OrbiliaceaeNannf 1932 Type genusOrbiliaFr 1836 GeneraArthrobotrysBrachyphorisDactylellaDactylellinaDicranidionDuddingtoniaDwayaangamGamsylellaHyalorbiliaMonacrosporiumOrbiliaPseudorbiliaA fungus of the genus Arthrobotrys showing adhesive nets that it uses to trap nematodes Numbered ticks are 122 mm apart Contents 1 Description 2 Nematophagy 3 Genera 4 References 5 External linksDescription editOrbiliaceae do not have stromata dense structural tissue that produces fruit bodies They have small disc shaped apothecia that are typically convex brightly colored or translucent 2 Their ascospores are small typically less than 10 x 1 mm hyaline and have an oval or ellipsoidal shape 3 Species are usually found in wood on both wet and dry habitats 2 Anamorph species are hyphomycetous 4 Nematophagy editThis family is well known for its many nematophagous species 5 Shortly after coming into contact with its prey fungal mycelia penetrate the nematode and spontaneously differentiate into functional structures known as traps which will ultimately digest the nematode s internal contents 6 There are 5 types of trap mechanisms recognized in this family 6 7 8 9 Adhesive network the most common trap formed by hyphal outgrowths that recurve into themselves to form nematode trapping loops Adhesive knob a roughly spherical cell attached to the hyphae either directly or on an erect stalk Adhesive knobs are typically closely spaced along a section of hyphae Nonconstricting rings always found with the adhesive network traps and formed from thickening hyphae that curve and fuse to the supporting stalk Adhesive column a layer of cells on a hyphae with an adhesive surface Constricting rings these are rings of hyphae that swell rapidly inwards upon contact with the nematode quickly in 1 2 seconds lassoing the victim Genera editAccording to the most recent classification of Ascomycota 10 the Orbiliaceae contain only two teleomorph genera the Hyalorbilia and the Orbilia Hyalorbilia is distinguished from Orbilia by having asci without a stalk that arise from croziers a hemispherical to broadly conical thin walled apex asci and paraphyses in a gelatinous matrix and an ectal excipulum the outer surface of a cup like apothecium of horizontal textura prismatica 11 12 Anamorph genera of the Orbiliaceae include Anguillospora 13 Arthrobotrys 14 Dactylella 15 Dactylellina Dicranidion 16 Drechslerella Helicoon 17 Monacrosporium and Trinacrium It has been suggested that the anamorph specialization illustrates convergent evolution occurring among mycelial fungi in aquatic and low nitrogen habitats 18 This hypothesis has been borne out by recent phylogenetic and morphological studies 19 In 2007 a new species was described from southwestern China with morphological features intermediate between Orbilia and Hyalorbilia This species named Pseudorbilia bipolaris Y Zhang Z F Yu H O Baral amp K Q Zhang was placed into its own genus in the Orbiliaceae to accommodate its distinctive features 20 References edit Kirk Paul M Cannon Paul F Minter David W Stalpers Joost A eds 2008 Orbiliaceae Ainsworth amp Bisby s Dictionary of the Fungi CABI p 485 ISBN 978 0 85199 826 8 a b c Cannon P F Kirk P M eds 2007 Orbiliaceae Fungal Families of the World CABI pp 251 252 ISBN 978 0 85199 827 5 Blackwell M Alexopoulos CJ Mims CW 1996 Introductory Mycology New York Wiley ISBN 0 471 52229 5 page needed Bisby GR Ainsworth GC Kirk PM Aptroot A 2001 Ainsworth amp Bisby s Dictionary of the Fungi Oxon CAB International p 369 ISBN 0 85199 377 X Pfister Donald H 1997 Castor Pollux and life histories of fungi Mycologia 89 1 1 23 doi 10 1080 00275514 1997 12026750 a b Barron George L 1977 The Nematode destroying Fungi Guelph Canadian Biological Publications ISBN 0 920370 00 4 Yang Ying Yang Ence An Zhiqiang Liu Xingzhong 15 May 2007 Evolution of nematode trapping cells of predatory fungi of the Orbiliaceae based on evidence from rRNA encoding DNA and multiprotein sequences Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 20 8379 8384 Bibcode 2007PNAS 104 8379Y doi 10 1073 pnas 0702770104 PMC 1895958 PMID 17494736 Drechsler Charles 1 July 1937 Some Hyphomycetes that Prey on Free Living Terricolous Nematodes Mycologia 29 4 447 552 doi 10 1080 00275514 1937 12017222 Stirling GR 1991 Biological control of plant parasitic nematodes Wallingford UK C A B International ISBN 0 85198 703 6 page needed Outline of Ascomycota 2007 Retrieved 2008 12 25 Baral HO 1994 Comments on Outline of the ascomycetes 1993 Systema Ascomycetum 13 1 113 128 NAID 10014785631 Wu Mei Lee Su Yu Chih Baral Hans Otto Liang Shih Hsiung 2007 Two new species of Hyalorbilia from Taiwan PDF Fungal Diversity 25 233 244 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 594 3347 S2CID 90409824 Webster J Descals E 1979 The teleomorphs of water borne Hyphomycetes from fresh water In Kendrick Bryce ed The Whole Fungus The Sexual asexual Synthesis National Museum of Natural Sciences pp 419 451 ISBN 978 0 660 00146 3 Pfister Donald H 1 May 1994 Orbilia fimicola a nematophagous discomycete and its Arthrobotrys anamorph Mycologia 86 3 451 453 doi 10 1080 00275514 1994 12026433 Thakur S Zachariah K 1 November 1989 Response of the fungus Dactylella rhopalota to bacteria Plant and Soil 120 1 87 93 doi 10 1007 BF02370294 S2CID 28858277 Korf Richard P 1992 A preliminary discomycete flora of Macaronesia Part 8 Orbiliaceae Mycotaxon 45 503 510 INIST 4551685 Pfister DH 1995 Helicoon sessile the anamorph of Orbilia luteorubella Inoculum Mycological Society of America 46 34 Webster John June 2011 Convergent evolution and the functional significance of spore shape in aquatic and semi aquatic fungi In Rayner A D M Brasier C M Moore David eds Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi Symposium of The British Mycological Society Held at the University of Bristol April 1986 Cambridge University Press pp 191 201 ISBN 978 0 521 27925 3 NAID 10019290922 Li Y Hyde KD Jeewon R Cai L Vijaykrishna D Zhang K 2005 Phylogenetics and evolution of nematode trapping fungi Orbiliales estimated from nuclear and protein coding genes Mycologia 97 5 1034 46 doi 10 3852 mycologia 97 5 1034 hdl 10722 53351 PMID 16596955 Zhang Ying Yu Ze Fen Baral H O Qiao Min Zhang Ke Qin 2007 Pseudorbilia gen nov Orbiliaceae from Yunnan China PDF Fungal Diversity 26 305 312 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orbiliaceae nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Orbiliaceae Images of various Orbilia and Hyalorbilia species Videos of Arthrobotrys oligospora trapping nematodes Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Orbiliaceae amp oldid 1151093005, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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