Dutch Elm Disease was first identified in Europe during the early 1900s and by the 1940s the disease had spread throughout Europe and into the United States and Canada.[2] Elm trees (Ulmus) were heavily used as a trade commodity in logging practices in the late 1800s-1900s. Historically, these trees have seen widespread use as a building material in products such as wheels, chairs, ships, and coffins.[3] Wood from Ulmus trees has been favored for building due to the trees' ability to withstand prolonged exposure to water without rotting. The adaptability of this tree along with its multitude of applications for building opened up its demand in trading.[citation needed]
It has been determined that Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi have evolved separately from each other in different regions of the world though it has been thought that novo-ulmi has obtained genes from Ophiostoma ulmi making it a more effective pathogen for Elm trees.[citation needed]
O. ulmi caused one of the first pandemics of the species, within Europe and North America, between 1910-1940 and caused 10-40% death of genus Ulmus. This pandemic was followed by a second pandemic beginning in the 1940s caused by the O. novo-ulmi species. This pathogen proved to be more invasive and aggressive in comparison to other species associated with the disease. The introduction of O. novo-ulmi is traced back to the logging trade among regions. Logs infected with the pathogen and traded throughout Europe and intercontinentally leading to the spread of the fungus. O. novo-ulmi came in contact with various amounts of highly susceptible host species in Europe, western Asia and North America making it easier to spread Dutch Elm Disease. Bark beetles have become a vector for the fungus to spread among elm tree groves. The bark beetles often carry spores on their bodies. The spores are easily transferred via twig crotches where they obstruct vessels by gums, tyloses, fungal material and foliage wilts, causing the tree to die.[1] These beetles complete an entire life cycle in one elm tree until the tree can no longer support the beetles. Following this young beetles will find healthy trees to inhabit which they infect with spores they carry from the previous elm tree. When the beetles feed on the tree they introduce the fungi to the food and water supply of the tree via the branches connecting to the xylem of the tree, allowing rapid spread throughout the vascular tissue of the tree.[4]
Once the fungus has been introduced to the vascular tissue of the tree it spreads rapidly, causing death as a result of the tree's natural immune response. In the xylem vessels the fungus produces yeast-like spores and multicellular filamentous hyphae. This allows for vertical movement in the vessels, then moves laterally to infect neighboring vessels.[4] Logs that contain both the fungi and beetles can transmit the pathogen to native species at much higher rate and cause a greater range for invasion. Furthermore, O. novo-ulmi can also spread from infected trees to healthy trees through root grafts. When the roots of adjacent elm trees come into contact with each other underground, the fungus can move from the infected tree to the healthy tree through these root connections.[2] It can also invade an elm tree through wounds on the bark or branches. This can occur naturally through storms, animal activity, or human interventions such as pruning or other tree care practices. The spores of the fungus can enter the tree through these wounds and establish an infection.[2] Once inside the tree, O. novo-ulmi grows in the water-conducting vessels of the tree, blocking the flow of water and nutrients, which eventually leads to wilting, yellowing of leaves, and tree death.[2] The fungus also produces toxic compounds that further contribute to the damage to the tree's vascular system and overall health.
O. novo-ulmi infestation can spread rapidly, causing severe damage and death to susceptible elm trees. Effective management strategies, such as tree removal, pruning, and applications, may be used to control the spread of the disease in affected areas.[4] Early detection and prevention are key in managing Dutch elm disease caused by O. novo-ulmi.
^ abcdHubbes, M. (1999-04-01). "The American elm and Dutch elm disease". The Forestry Chronicle. 75 (2): 265–273. doi:10.5558/tfc75265-2. ISSN 0015-7546.
^"The importance of, and threat to, elm trees". www.biosphere.im. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
^ abcComeau, André M.; Dufour, Josée; Bouvet, Guillaume F.; Jacobi, Volker; Nigg, Martha; Henrissat, Bernard; Laroche, Jérôme; Levesque, Roger C.; Bernier, Louis (2014-12-24). "Functional Annotation of the Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Genome: Insights into the Phytopathogenicity of the Fungal Agent of Dutch Elm Disease". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (2): 410–430. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu281. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC4350166. PMID 25539722.
February 15, 2024
ophiostoma, novo, ulmi, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, apr. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Ophiostoma novo ulmi news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Ophiostoma novo ulmi is a species of fungus in the family Ophiostomataceae It is one of the key causative agents associated with Dutch Elm Disease DED 1 along with Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma himal ulmi Ophiostoma novo ulmiScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision AscomycotaClass SordariomycetesOrder OphiostomatalesFamily OphiostomataceaeGenus OphiostomaSpecies O novo ulmiBinomial nameOphiostoma novo ulmiBrasierDutch Elm Disease was first identified in Europe during the early 1900s and by the 1940s the disease had spread throughout Europe and into the United States and Canada 2 Elm trees Ulmus were heavily used as a trade commodity in logging practices in the late 1800s 1900s Historically these trees have seen widespread use as a building material in products such as wheels chairs ships and coffins 3 Wood from Ulmus trees has been favored for building due to the trees ability to withstand prolonged exposure to water without rotting The adaptability of this tree along with its multitude of applications for building opened up its demand in trading citation needed It has been determined that Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo ulmi have evolved separately from each other in different regions of the world though it has been thought that novo ulmi has obtained genes from Ophiostoma ulmi making it a more effective pathogen for Elm trees citation needed O ulmi caused one of the first pandemics of the species within Europe and North America between 1910 1940 and caused 10 40 death of genus Ulmus This pandemic was followed by a second pandemic beginning in the 1940s caused by the O novo ulmi species This pathogen proved to be more invasive and aggressive in comparison to other species associated with the disease The introduction of O novo ulmi is traced back to the logging trade among regions Logs infected with the pathogen and traded throughout Europe and intercontinentally leading to the spread of the fungus O novo ulmi came in contact with various amounts of highly susceptible host species in Europe western Asia and North America making it easier to spread Dutch Elm Disease Bark beetles have become a vector for the fungus to spread among elm tree groves The bark beetles often carry spores on their bodies The spores are easily transferred via twig crotches where they obstruct vessels by gums tyloses fungal material and foliage wilts causing the tree to die 1 These beetles complete an entire life cycle in one elm tree until the tree can no longer support the beetles Following this young beetles will find healthy trees to inhabit which they infect with spores they carry from the previous elm tree When the beetles feed on the tree they introduce the fungi to the food and water supply of the tree via the branches connecting to the xylem of the tree allowing rapid spread throughout the vascular tissue of the tree 4 Once the fungus has been introduced to the vascular tissue of the tree it spreads rapidly causing death as a result of the tree s natural immune response In the xylem vessels the fungus produces yeast like spores and multicellular filamentous hyphae This allows for vertical movement in the vessels then moves laterally to infect neighboring vessels 4 Logs that contain both the fungi and beetles can transmit the pathogen to native species at much higher rate and cause a greater range for invasion Furthermore O novo ulmi can also spread from infected trees to healthy trees through root grafts When the roots of adjacent elm trees come into contact with each other underground the fungus can move from the infected tree to the healthy tree through these root connections 2 It can also invade an elm tree through wounds on the bark or branches This can occur naturally through storms animal activity or human interventions such as pruning or other tree care practices The spores of the fungus can enter the tree through these wounds and establish an infection 2 Once inside the tree O novo ulmi grows in the water conducting vessels of the tree blocking the flow of water and nutrients which eventually leads to wilting yellowing of leaves and tree death 2 The fungus also produces toxic compounds that further contribute to the damage to the tree s vascular system and overall health O novo ulmi infestation can spread rapidly causing severe damage and death to susceptible elm trees Effective management strategies such as tree removal pruning and applications may be used to control the spread of the disease in affected areas 4 Early detection and prevention are key in managing Dutch elm disease caused by O novo ulmi References edit a b Ophiostoma Novo Ulmi an overview ScienceDirect Topics www sciencedirect com Retrieved 2023 04 19 a b c d Hubbes M 1999 04 01 The American elm and Dutch elm disease The Forestry Chronicle 75 2 265 273 doi 10 5558 tfc75265 2 ISSN 0015 7546 The importance of and threat to elm trees www biosphere im Retrieved 2023 04 19 a b c Comeau Andre M Dufour Josee Bouvet Guillaume F Jacobi Volker Nigg Martha Henrissat Bernard Laroche Jerome Levesque Roger C Bernier Louis 2014 12 24 Functional Annotation of the Ophiostoma novo ulmi Genome Insights into the Phytopathogenicity of the Fungal Agent of Dutch Elm Disease Genome Biology and Evolution 7 2 410 430 doi 10 1093 gbe evu281 ISSN 1759 6653 PMC 4350166 PMID 25539722 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ophiostoma novo ulmi amp oldid 1179373755, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
