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One Strike-Three Anti Campaign

April 12, 2024

The One Strike-Three Anti campaign (simplified Chinese: 一打三反运动; traditional Chinese: 一打三反運動; pinyin: Yìdǎ sānfǎn yùndòng) was a national campaign launched by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in early 1970 during the Cultural Revolution.[1][2] The campaign aimed to consolidate central power by targeting "counterrevolutionaries" and "minor criminals".[1][2] The "Strike" referred to a crackdown on the activities of "counter-revolutionary" elements in China, while the "Three Antis" were "graft and embezzlement", "profiteering" and "extravagance and waste".[2][3]

The campaign resulted in a large number of executions and suicides.[2][3] According to government statistics released after the Cultural Revolution, 1.87 million people were persecuted during the campaign as traitors, spies, and counterrevolutionaries, and over 284,800 were arrested or killed from February to November 1970 alone.[1] Ding Shu, an overseas Chinese scholar, estimated the campaign's death toll to be around 200,000.[1]

Historical background edit

See also: 9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

During the Cultural Revolution, the One Strike-Three Anti Campaign was launched by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leadership in early 1970, in an effort to consolidate power by targeting "counterrevolutionaries" and "minor criminals".[1][2] However, the ambiguous and vague definitions of "illegal" behavior later led to a new wave of political persecution, and even the slightest "subversive" behavior including the mere act of meeting with another person, could result in execution.[2][3]

Another intention of the campaign was to improve China's economic situation and curb the corruption and anarchy in industry. At the end of 1969, production of every major item (with the exception of crude oil) failed to reach its respective target level, and across China production was hindered by continued factionalism and the actions of more radical groupings.[4]

Course of the campaign edit

In February 1970, the leadership in Beijing announced the start of the One Strike-Three Anti campaign with immediate effect. The order to local authorities in China to 'strike' against 'active counterrevolutionary elements' was issued by Zhou Enlai with Mao Zedong's blessing on 31 January, and the 'Three Antis' ('graft and embezzlement', 'profiteering' and 'extravagance and waste') were unveiled a week later on 5 February. In order for these issues to be effectively tacked, the Beijing leadership called for a national 'tide' of denunciations and the involvement of the 'masses' in the campaign.

However, these fairly vague parameters for what constituted 'active counterrevolutionary elements' led to a situation where interpretations and actions against these elements varied considerably in their definition and in their ferocity, tending to err on the harsh rather than the lenient side.[2][3] For example, in Yinchuan, three university graduates were arrested and executed for supposed 'counterrevolutionary' activity whilst only pretending to study communist theory (such activity included the desecration of a copy of the Little Red Book), and in Hunan province the outspoken wife of Chen Yun was subjected to "struggle sessions" and solitary confinement for the putting up of two controversial big-character posters.[5] It was also more generally the case that those condemned in the movement were attacked for financial reasons rather than their political views or actions- for example, in Zhabei in Shanghai, only 6% of all cases in the movement were for political reasons.[5]

The crackdowns on unsavory elements in the cities were periodic and therefore known as 'red typhoons'.[6] In Shanghai, under the guidance of Wang Hongwen, these 'red typhoons' occurred on average every two months, and involved the mass mobilization of thousands of police and militia to undertake raids across the city, in the hope of uncovering evidence of 'counterrevolutionary activity'. The ambiguous nature of the wording of the original orders from Zhou Enlai and Mao also meant that in Shanghai (and elsewhere) any small crime could be quickly made into a crime against the 'people'.

Results and aftermath edit

The One Strike-Three Anti campaign did not have a definite end, as it came to its conclusion at various times across China. In the capital, the proceedings were largely over by the end of 1970, with the report on the campaign reporting the discovery of 5,757 'counterrevolutionaries', the resolving of 3,138 criminal cases related to major crimes and 'counterrevolutionary' activity and the highlighting of over 6,000 cases of the 'Three Antis'.[7] Elsewhere, however, the campaign continued until as late as 1972 or 1973, with it ending in Shanghai in late 1972. According to the official report, 64,000 people from Shanghai and the surrounding area were 'struggled' against. Officially, the CCP reported that over 280,000 arrests of 'counterrevolutionaries' occurred in the first 10 months of the campaign, up to November 1970.[7]

Among the total of 10,402 political prisoners who received "official death sentences" in the Cultural Revolution, the majority were executed in the course of the One Strike and Three Antis Campaign.[1] The campaign also led to a large number of suicides; for example, in Liuyang County of Hunan Province, 186 people committed suicide during the One Strike-Three Anti Campaign and the "Three Dark Lines (黑三线)" Movement.[2]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Song, Yongyi (August 25, 2011). "Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)". Sciences Po. from the original on 2024-01-14. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Yan, Fei (2024-02-05). ""Turning One's Back on the Party and the People": Suicides during the Chinese Cultural Revolution". The China Journal: 000–000. doi:10.1086/729112. ISSN 1324-9347.
  3. ^ a b c d "China: the Cultural Revolution". Tufts University. December 14, 2016. from the original on 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  4. ^ MacFarquhar & Schoenhals, p. 301
  5. ^ a b MacFarquhar & Schoenhals, p. 303
  6. ^ MacFarquhar & Schoenhals, p. 304
  7. ^ a b Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, Mao's Last Revolution, Belknap Harvard (2006), p. 306-307

Further reading edit

April 12, 2024
strike, three, anti, campaign, strike, three, anti, campaign, simplified, chinese, 一打三反运动, traditional, chinese, 一打三反運動, pinyin, yìdǎ, sānfǎn, yùndòng, national, campaign, launched, zedong, chinese, communist, party, early, 1970, during, cultural, revolution, . The One Strike Three Anti campaign simplified Chinese 一打三反运动 traditional Chinese 一打三反運動 pinyin Yidǎ sanfǎn yundong was a national campaign launched by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party CCP in early 1970 during the Cultural Revolution 1 2 The campaign aimed to consolidate central power by targeting counterrevolutionaries and minor criminals 1 2 The Strike referred to a crackdown on the activities of counter revolutionary elements in China while the Three Antis were graft and embezzlement profiteering and extravagance and waste 2 3 The campaign resulted in a large number of executions and suicides 2 3 According to government statistics released after the Cultural Revolution 1 87 million people were persecuted during the campaign as traitors spies and counterrevolutionaries and over 284 800 were arrested or killed from February to November 1970 alone 1 Ding Shu an overseas Chinese scholar estimated the campaign s death toll to be around 200 000 1 Contents 1 Historical background 2 Course of the campaign 3 Results and aftermath 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingHistorical background editSee also 9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party During the Cultural Revolution the One Strike Three Anti Campaign was launched by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party CCP leadership in early 1970 in an effort to consolidate power by targeting counterrevolutionaries and minor criminals 1 2 However the ambiguous and vague definitions of illegal behavior later led to a new wave of political persecution and even the slightest subversive behavior including the mere act of meeting with another person could result in execution 2 3 Another intention of the campaign was to improve China s economic situation and curb the corruption and anarchy in industry At the end of 1969 production of every major item with the exception of crude oil failed to reach its respective target level and across China production was hindered by continued factionalism and the actions of more radical groupings 4 Course of the campaign editIn February 1970 the leadership in Beijing announced the start of the One Strike Three Anti campaign with immediate effect The order to local authorities in China to strike against active counterrevolutionary elements was issued by Zhou Enlai with Mao Zedong s blessing on 31 January and the Three Antis graft and embezzlement profiteering and extravagance and waste were unveiled a week later on 5 February In order for these issues to be effectively tacked the Beijing leadership called for a national tide of denunciations and the involvement of the masses in the campaign However these fairly vague parameters for what constituted active counterrevolutionary elements led to a situation where interpretations and actions against these elements varied considerably in their definition and in their ferocity tending to err on the harsh rather than the lenient side 2 3 For example in Yinchuan three university graduates were arrested and executed for supposed counterrevolutionary activity whilst only pretending to study communist theory such activity included the desecration of a copy of the Little Red Book and in Hunan province the outspoken wife of Chen Yun was subjected to struggle sessions and solitary confinement for the putting up of two controversial big character posters 5 It was also more generally the case that those condemned in the movement were attacked for financial reasons rather than their political views or actions for example in Zhabei in Shanghai only 6 of all cases in the movement were for political reasons 5 The crackdowns on unsavory elements in the cities were periodic and therefore known as red typhoons 6 In Shanghai under the guidance of Wang Hongwen these red typhoons occurred on average every two months and involved the mass mobilization of thousands of police and militia to undertake raids across the city in the hope of uncovering evidence of counterrevolutionary activity The ambiguous nature of the wording of the original orders from Zhou Enlai and Mao also meant that in Shanghai and elsewhere any small crime could be quickly made into a crime against the people Results and aftermath editThe One Strike Three Anti campaign did not have a definite end as it came to its conclusion at various times across China In the capital the proceedings were largely over by the end of 1970 with the report on the campaign reporting the discovery of 5 757 counterrevolutionaries the resolving of 3 138 criminal cases related to major crimes and counterrevolutionary activity and the highlighting of over 6 000 cases of the Three Antis 7 Elsewhere however the campaign continued until as late as 1972 or 1973 with it ending in Shanghai in late 1972 According to the official report 64 000 people from Shanghai and the surrounding area were struggled against Officially the CCP reported that over 280 000 arrests of counterrevolutionaries occurred in the first 10 months of the campaign up to November 1970 7 Among the total of 10 402 political prisoners who received official death sentences in the Cultural Revolution the majority were executed in the course of the One Strike and Three Antis Campaign 1 The campaign also led to a large number of suicides for example in Liuyang County of Hunan Province 186 people committed suicide during the One Strike Three Anti Campaign and the Three Dark Lines 黑三线 Movement 2 See also editCleansing the Class Ranks May Sixteenth elements List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist PartyReferences edit a b c d e f Song Yongyi August 25 2011 Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution 1966 1976 Sciences Po Archived from the original on 2024 01 14 Retrieved December 27 2019 a b c d e f g h Yan Fei 2024 02 05 Turning One s Back on the Party and the People Suicides during the Chinese Cultural Revolution The China Journal 000 000 doi 10 1086 729112 ISSN 1324 9347 a b c d China the Cultural Revolution Tufts University December 14 2016 Archived from the original on 2024 02 25 Retrieved 2024 03 16 MacFarquhar amp Schoenhals p 301 a b MacFarquhar amp Schoenhals p 303 MacFarquhar amp Schoenhals p 304 a b Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals Mao s Last Revolution Belknap Harvard 2006 p 306 307Further reading editMacFarquhar Roderick Schoenhals Michael 2009 06 30 Mao s Last Revolution Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 04041 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title One Strike Three Anti Campaign amp oldid 1216476008, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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