Ulugh Muhammad (1405–1445; الغ محمد; Tatar: Олуг Мөхәммәт, romanized: Oluğ Möxəmmət; written as Ulanus by orientalists) was a medieval Tatar statesman, Gengisid, Khan of the Golden Horde (before 1436), ruler of Crimea (1437), and the founder of the Khanate of Kazan, which he ruled from 1438–1445. He was the son of the oglan Ichkile Hassan and the cousin of Tokhtamysh. He received the nickname "Ulugh", meaning older or large, in contrast to another Muhammed who was called "Kichi", meaning younger or small.
Ulugh Muhammad was Khan of the Golden Horde in 1419–1423, 1426, 1428. In 1428–1432 he waged a stubborn struggle for possession of the Ulug Ulus with the representatives of a minor branch of the Tukaytimurids (one of the branches of the Gengisids). After being defeated, Ulugh Muhammad escaped to Volga Bulgaria vilayet in 1423. With the support Vytautas, Ulugh Muhammad was able to regain the throne of the Golden Horde in 1426. He succeeded in spreading the power of the Horde to Crimea and established friendly relations with the Ottoman Sultan Murad II. Ulugh Muhammad sent an embassy to Egypt in 1428–1429. In 1431 the son and grandson of the ruler of Moscow, Dmitriy Donskoy came to the court to Ulugh Muhammad in order to reach a decision about princely succession. Ulugh Muhammad ruled in favour of the grandson, Vasiliy II .
Ulugh Muhammad was most likely the son of Jalal ad-Din khan and the grandson of Tokhtamysh, although he may have been descended from Hassan Jefai, a relative of Tokhtamysh.[1] Either way, he was a descendant of Jochi and therefore of Genghis Khan.[2] Ulugh Muhammad's son Mustafa died fighting near Ryazan in 1444. His son Qasim Khan went to collect ransom after the battle of Suzdal, entered Russian service and in 1452 founded the Qasim Khanate. His son Mäxmüd of Kazan succeeded him.
Golden Horde
Ulugh Muhammad first came to power following the death of Yeremferden. His main competitor for control of the Horde was his cousin[3]Dawlat Berdi, the son of Yeremferden. For much of his reign Ulugh Muhammad controlled Sarai, and was therefore seen as the most legitimate ruler within the Horde, although Sarai was captured by his rival after the Siege of Sarai in 1420 and held by him for two years.
In 1422 Baraq Khan defeated both Ulugh Muhammad and Dawlat and drove them out of the country. While Dawlat remained in Crimea, Ulugh Muhammad fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and pled for assistance from Vytautas the Great. With this assistance, he was able to march on Baraq and recapture Sarai.
After regaining control over the Khanate, Ulugh Muhammad marched on Crimea, where Dawlat Berdi had re-established himself following Baraq's defeat and death. After a series of indecisive skirmishes his invasion was cut short due to the death of Vytautas, which forced Ulugh Muhammad to concentrate his forces on Lithuania, where he supported Sigismund Kęstutaitis against Švitrigaila in the fight for the Lithuanian throne. Švitrigaila, in turn, supported Dawlat Berdi and later Sayid Ahmad I, as did Vasili II of Moscow.
Kazan
Ulugh Muhammad lost control of the Golden Horde in 1436 and fled to Crimea. He quarreled with the Crimeans, led a 3000-man army north and took the border town of Belyov. In 1437 Vasili II of Moscow sent a large army against Ulugh Muhammad under the command of Dmitry Shemyaka, but they were defeated at the Battle of Belyov. Ulugh Muhammad subsequently moved to Volga and in 1438 captured Kazan, separating it from the Golden Horde. In 1439 he raided Russia and burned Kolomna and the outskirts of Moscow. Nothing is known of his life from 1439–1444, but in 1444–45 Ulugh Muhammad occupied Nizhny Novgorod and marched on Murom. Vasili II counterattacked in 1445 but was defeated and captured at the Battle of Suzdal, only to be ransomed. Ulugh Muhammad died a few months later, possibly murdered by his son Mäxmüd.
^Howorth, Henry Hoyle, History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part 2: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia, p. 449. Adamant Media Corporation, 2006.
^Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, p. 253. Edinburgh University Press, 2004.
^Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, p. 253. Edinburgh University Press, 2004.
Further reading
Paine, Sheila, The Golden Horde: From the Himalaya to the Mediterranean, Penguin Books, 1998.
Crummey, Robert: Formation of Muscovy 1304–1613, Longman Group, 1987.
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Ulugh Muhammad news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Ulugh Muhammad 1405 1445 الغ محمد Tatar Olug Mohәmmәt romanized Olug Moxemmet written as Ulanus by orientalists was a medieval Tatar statesman Gengisid Khan of the Golden Horde before 1436 ruler of Crimea 1437 and the founder of the Khanate of Kazan which he ruled from 1438 1445 He was the son of the oglan Ichkile Hassan and the cousin of Tokhtamysh He received the nickname Ulugh meaning older or large in contrast to another Muhammed who was called Kichi meaning younger or small Ulugh MuhammadKhan of the Golden Horde 1st reign Reign1419 1423PredecessorHajji Muhammad Khan ibn Oghlan AliSuccessorBarak KhanKhan of the Golden Horde 2nd reign Reign1428 1437PredecessorBarak KhanSuccessorSayid Ahmad IKhan of the Tatar Kazan KhanateReign1438 1445PredecessornoneSuccessorMaxmud of KazanBorn1405Died1445KazanDynastyBorjiginFatherIchkile HassanReligionSunni IslamUlugh Muhammad was Khan of the Golden Horde in 1419 1423 1426 1428 In 1428 1432 he waged a stubborn struggle for possession of the Ulug Ulus with the representatives of a minor branch of the Tukaytimurids one of the branches of the Gengisids After being defeated Ulugh Muhammad escaped to Volga Bulgaria vilayet in 1423 With the support Vytautas Ulugh Muhammad was able to regain the throne of the Golden Horde in 1426 He succeeded in spreading the power of the Horde to Crimea and established friendly relations with the Ottoman Sultan Murad II Ulugh Muhammad sent an embassy to Egypt in 1428 1429 In 1431 the son and grandson of the ruler of Moscow Dmitriy Donskoy came to the court to Ulugh Muhammad in order to reach a decision about princely succession Ulugh Muhammad ruled in favour of the grandson Vasiliy II Contents 1 Family 2 Golden Horde 3 Kazan 4 Genealogy 5 Children 6 See also 7 References 8 Further readingFamily EditUlugh Muhammad was most likely the son of Jalal ad Din khan and the grandson of Tokhtamysh although he may have been descended from Hassan Jefai a relative of Tokhtamysh 1 Either way he was a descendant of Jochi and therefore of Genghis Khan 2 Ulugh Muhammad s son Mustafa died fighting near Ryazan in 1444 His son Qasim Khan went to collect ransom after the battle of Suzdal entered Russian service and in 1452 founded the Qasim Khanate His son Maxmud of Kazan succeeded him Golden Horde EditUlugh Muhammad first came to power following the death of Yeremferden His main competitor for control of the Horde was his cousin 3 Dawlat Berdi the son of Yeremferden For much of his reign Ulugh Muhammad controlled Sarai and was therefore seen as the most legitimate ruler within the Horde although Sarai was captured by his rival after the Siege of Sarai in 1420 and held by him for two years In 1422 Baraq Khan defeated both Ulugh Muhammad and Dawlat and drove them out of the country While Dawlat remained in Crimea Ulugh Muhammad fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and pled for assistance from Vytautas the Great With this assistance he was able to march on Baraq and recapture Sarai After regaining control over the Khanate Ulugh Muhammad marched on Crimea where Dawlat Berdi had re established himself following Baraq s defeat and death After a series of indecisive skirmishes his invasion was cut short due to the death of Vytautas which forced Ulugh Muhammad to concentrate his forces on Lithuania where he supported Sigismund Kestutaitis against Svitrigaila in the fight for the Lithuanian throne Svitrigaila in turn supported Dawlat Berdi and later Sayid Ahmad I as did Vasili II of Moscow Kazan EditUlugh Muhammad lost control of the Golden Horde in 1436 and fled to Crimea He quarreled with the Crimeans led a 3000 man army north and took the border town of Belyov In 1437 Vasili II of Moscow sent a large army against Ulugh Muhammad under the command of Dmitry Shemyaka but they were defeated at the Battle of Belyov Ulugh Muhammad subsequently moved to Volga and in 1438 captured Kazan separating it from the Golden Horde In 1439 he raided Russia and burned Kolomna and the outskirts of Moscow Nothing is known of his life from 1439 1444 but in 1444 45 Ulugh Muhammad occupied Nizhny Novgorod and marched on Murom Vasili II counterattacked in 1445 but was defeated and captured at the Battle of Suzdal only to be ransomed Ulugh Muhammad died a few months later possibly murdered by his son Maxmud Genealogy EditGenghis Khan Jochi Tuqa Timur Ureng Timur Saricha Tulaq Timur Tuqa Timur Toq Timur Ali Bek Tula Timur Hassan Toq Timur Ulugh Muhammad 1437 1446 Children EditMaxmud of Kazan Yakub Yousuf Mostafa Qasim KhanSee also EditList of Khans of the Golden Horde List of Kazan khansReferences Edit Howorth Henry Hoyle History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century Part 2 The So Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia p 449 Adamant Media Corporation 2006 Bosworth Clifford Edmund The New Islamic Dynasties A Chronological and Genealogical Manual p 253 Edinburgh University Press 2004 Bosworth Clifford Edmund The New Islamic Dynasties A Chronological and Genealogical Manual p 253 Edinburgh University Press 2004 Further reading EditPaine Sheila The Golden Horde From the Himalaya to the Mediterranean Penguin Books 1998 Crummey Robert Formation of Muscovy 1304 1613 Longman Group 1987 Ulugh MuhammadHouse of Borjigin Borzhigin 1206 1635 Regnal titlesPreceded byYeremferden Khan of the Golden Horde with Dawlat Berdi 1419 1421 Succeeded byBaraqPreceded byBaraq Khan of the Golden Horde with Dawlat Berdi 1427 1437 Succeeded bySayid Ahmad IPreceded bythe Khanate established Khan of the Kazan Khanate1437 1445 Succeeded byMaxmud Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ulugh Muhammad amp oldid 1139816855, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
