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Its north-western portion belonged orographically and geologically to the Finland region; it is thickly dotted with hills reaching 1,000 ft. in altitude, and diversified by numberless smaller ridges and hollows running from northwest to south-east. The rest of the governorate was a flat plateau sloping towards the marshy lowlands of the south. The geological structure was very varied. Granites, syenites, and diorites, covered with Laurentian metamorphicslates, occurred extensively in the north-west. Near Lake Onega they were overlain with Devoniansandstones and limestones, yielding marble and sandstone for building; to the south of that lake carboniferous limestones and clays made their appearance. The whole was sheeted with boulder-clay, the bottom moraine of the great ice-sheet of the last glacial period. The entire region bears traces of glaciation, either in the shape of scratchings and elongated grooves on the rocks, or of eskers (asar, selgas) running parallel to the glacial striations.
HydrologyEdit
Many lakes occupied the depressions, while a great many more had left evidences of their existence in the extensive marshes. Lake Onega covers 3,764 m², and reaches a depth of 400 ft (120 m). Lakes Zeg, Vygozero, Lacha, Loksha, Tulos, and Vodlozero cover from 140 to 480 m² each, and their crustacean fauna indicates a former connection with the Arctic Ocean. The south-eastern part of Lake Ladoga falls also within the government of Olonets. The rivers drain to the Baltic Sea and White Sea basins. To the former system belong Lakes Ladoga and Onega, which are connected by the Svir River and receive numerous streams; of these the Vytegra, which communicates with the Mariinsk canal-system, and the Oyat, an affluent of Lake Ladoga, are important for navigation.
Climate and FaunaEdit
Large quantities of timber, firewood, stone, metal and flour were annually shipped on waters belonging to this governorate. The Onega River, which has its source in the south-east of the governorate and flows into the White Sea, is of minor importance.
Sixty-three percent of the area of Olonets was occupied by forests; those of the Crown, maintained for shipbuilding purposes, extended to more than 800,000 acres (3,000 km²).
The climate is harsh and moist, the average yearly temperature at Petrozavodsk (61 8' N.) being 33.6 °F (1 °C). 12.0 °F (−11 °C) in January, 57.4 °F (14 °C) in July; but the thermometer rarely falls below 30 °F (−1 °C)
Rye and oats were the principal crops, and some flax, barley, and turnips were grown, but the total cultivated area did not exceed 2 1/2% of the whole governorate. The chief source of wealth was timber, next to which come fishing and hunting. Mushrooms and berries were exported to St. Petersburg. There were quarries and iron-mines, saw-mills, tanneries, iron-works, distilleries, and flour-mills. More than one-fifth of the entire male population left their homes every year in search of temporary employment.
Administration divisionEdit
Olonets Governorate was divided into seven uyezds, of which the chief towns were Petrozavodsk, Kargopol, Lodeynoye Pole, Olonets, Povenets, Pudozh, and Vytegra. It included the Olonets mining district, a territory belonging to the Crown, which covered 432 m² and extended into the Serdobol district of Finland; the ironworks were begun by Peter the Great in 1701–1714.
HistoryEdit
Olonets was colonized by Novgorod in the 11th century, and though it suffered much from Swedish invasion its towns soon became wealthy trading centres. Ivan III of Russia annexed it to Muscovy in the second half of the 15th century.
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian November 2016 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 2 905 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru Oloneckaya guberniya see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ru Oloneckaya guberniya to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Olonets Governorate or Government of Olonets was a guberniya governorate of north western Imperial Russia extending from Lake Ladoga almost to the White Sea bounded west by Finland north and east by Arkhangelsk and Vologda and south by Novgorod and Saint Petersburg The area was 57 422 m of which 6 794 m were covered by lakes Olonets GovernorateOloneckaya guberniyaAunuksen kuvernementtiGovernorate of Russian Empire Soviet Russia1801 1922Coat of armsOlonets Governorate within the Russian EmpireCapitalPetrozavodskArea 1897 2 701 65 km2 1 043 11 sq mi Population 1897 364156HistoryHistory EstablishedSeptember 21 1801 DisestablishedSeptember 18 1922Political subdivisionsuezds 7 1922 4Preceded by Succeeded byNovgorod GovernorateArkhangel Governorate Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Contents 1 Geology 2 Hydrology 3 Climate and Fauna 4 Population 5 Industries 6 Administration division 7 History 8 See also 9 ReferencesGeology EditIts north western portion belonged orographically and geologically to the Finland region it is thickly dotted with hills reaching 1 000 ft in altitude and diversified by numberless smaller ridges and hollows running from northwest to south east The rest of the governorate was a flat plateau sloping towards the marshy lowlands of the south The geological structure was very varied Granites syenites and diorites covered with Laurentian metamorphic slates occurred extensively in the north west Near Lake Onega they were overlain with Devonian sandstones and limestones yielding marble and sandstone for building to the south of that lake carboniferous limestones and clays made their appearance The whole was sheeted with boulder clay the bottom moraine of the great ice sheet of the last glacial period The entire region bears traces of glaciation either in the shape of scratchings and elongated grooves on the rocks or of eskers asar selgas running parallel to the glacial striations Hydrology EditMany lakes occupied the depressions while a great many more had left evidences of their existence in the extensive marshes Lake Onega covers 3 764 m and reaches a depth of 400 ft 120 m Lakes Zeg Vygozero Lacha Loksha Tulos and Vodlozero cover from 140 to 480 m each and their crustacean fauna indicates a former connection with the Arctic Ocean The south eastern part of Lake Ladoga falls also within the government of Olonets The rivers drain to the Baltic Sea and White Sea basins To the former system belong Lakes Ladoga and Onega which are connected by the Svir River and receive numerous streams of these the Vytegra which communicates with the Mariinsk canal system and the Oyat an affluent of Lake Ladoga are important for navigation Climate and Fauna EditLarge quantities of timber firewood stone metal and flour were annually shipped on waters belonging to this governorate The Onega River which has its source in the south east of the governorate and flows into the White Sea is of minor importance Sixty three percent of the area of Olonets was occupied by forests those of the Crown maintained for shipbuilding purposes extended to more than 800 000 acres 3 000 km The climate is harsh and moist the average yearly temperature at Petrozavodsk 61 8 N being 33 6 F 1 C 12 0 F 11 C in January 57 4 F 14 C in July but the thermometer rarely falls below 30 F 1 C Population EditThe population which numbered 321 250 in 1881 reached 367 902 in 1897 and 401 100 estimate in 1906 They were principally Russians Karelians Vepsians and Finns 1 At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897 78 2 spoke Russian 16 3 Karelian 4 4 Veps 0 7 Finnish 0 1 Yiddish and 0 1 Polish as their first language 98 3 were Russian Orthodox including Edinovertsy 0 8 Old Believers 0 7 Lutheran 0 1 Jewish and 0 1 Roman Catholic Industries EditRye and oats were the principal crops and some flax barley and turnips were grown but the total cultivated area did not exceed 2 1 2 of the whole governorate The chief source of wealth was timber next to which come fishing and hunting Mushrooms and berries were exported to St Petersburg There were quarries and iron mines saw mills tanneries iron works distilleries and flour mills More than one fifth of the entire male population left their homes every year in search of temporary employment Administration division EditOlonets Governorate was divided into seven uyezds of which the chief towns were Petrozavodsk Kargopol Lodeynoye Pole Olonets Povenets Pudozh and Vytegra It included the Olonets mining district a territory belonging to the Crown which covered 432 m and extended into the Serdobol district of Finland the ironworks were begun by Peter the Great in 1701 1714 History EditOlonets was colonized by Novgorod in the 11th century and though it suffered much from Swedish invasion its towns soon became wealthy trading centres Ivan III of Russia annexed it to Muscovy in the second half of the 15th century See also EditOlonetsky District of modern RussiaReferences Edit nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Olonets Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 20 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 91 92 Demoscope Weekly Annex Statistical indicators reference 61 47 00 N 34 21 00 E 61 7833 N 34 3500 E 61 7833 34 3500 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Olonets Governorate amp oldid 1168530693, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
