Lynching of Olli Kinkkonen
Olli (Olof) Kiukkonen Kinkkonen (June 10, 1880 – September 18, 1918)[1][2][3] was a Finnish-American dockworker and logger. He was lynched in Duluth, Minnesota, by the Knights of Liberty on September 18, 1918, for renouncing his American citizenship because he wanted to avoid fighting in World War I.
Olli (Olof) Kiukkonen Kinkkonen | |
|---|---|
"Olli Kinkkonen, 1881–1918, victim of warmongers." | |
| Born | June 10, 1880 Finland |
| Died | September 18, 1918 (aged 38) Duluth, Minnesota, United States |
| Cause of death | Lynching |
| Body discovered | Lester Park, Duluth, Minnesota, United States |
| Burial place | Park Hill Cemetery, Duluth, Minnesota, United States |
| Other names | Olli Wirta |
Death edit
On September 11, 1918, Kinkkonen[4] (who also went by the name Olli Wirta) and five others renounced their rights to U.S. citizenship because they did not want to fight in World War I.[5][6] The night of September 18, a small vigilante mob formed and went searching for him, one man dressed in a military uniform. They found him in his boarding house, preparing to return to Finland. They demanded the registration papers of the other residents and told Kinkkonen he was wanted by the draft board.[7] He was taken to Congdon Park where he was interrogated regarding his loyalty to the country; according to those who knew him, he did not know enough English to be able to answer all the questions.[8] Kinkkonen was then tarred and feathered.[9] The local newspaper received an anonymous phone call at midnight stating Kinkkonen had been tarred and feathered. They later published a letter from a group called the Knights of Loyalty or Knights of Liberty, a nationalist secret society and vigilante organization and possibly part of the Ku Klux Klan[10]) saying that Kinkkonen had been tarred and feathered to serve as "a warning to all slackers", a term used for men who refused to join the military. The Knights sent the same list of questions and a warning to the other five men who had renounced their citizenship as well.[5] Kinkkonen was not seen after the event.[11]
His body was found by a nearby resident two weeks later on September 30, hanging from a tree outside Duluth in Lester Park.[12][13][14] Several hundred dollars and war savings stamps were found on his body. Duluth authorities declared his death a suicide, triggered by his humiliation at the event.[11] Governor Joseph Burnquist offered a $500 reward for further information, though the alleged murderers were never charged. The Nonpartisan League took issue with what they saw as the government's inaction, "[claiming] no real effort was made to determine whether Kiikonen [sic] was really a suicide or whether he was strung up by the mob."[15][16] The Truth, a local socialist newspaper, also argued that Kinkkonen was killed by the Knights of Liberty, "[calling] the chief of police 'unfit for office' and [suggesting] that the Duluth News Tribune knew the truth behind Kinkkonen's hanging."[13][17] Others in the media stated the governor should have done more to stop vigilante violence and "to check the attempt to create a northern Ku-Klux".[18][19]
Kinkkonen was known to be an easygoing man and was not involved in the labor movement or anti-war movement; some have questioned whether his death was due to anti-Finnish sentiment or mistaken identity.[12]
Kinkkonen was buried in an unmarked grave in the indigent section of Park Hill Cemetery in Duluth, a few rows from where the victims of the 1920 Duluth lynchings would later be buried.[20] In 1993, the Finnish-American cultural society, Työmies, placed a marker on Kinkkonen's grave. It reads:
edit
The Knights' actions were part of broader vigilante violence at the time targeting those considered potentially disloyal. They were one of many voluntary nationalist vigilante organizations, including the American Protective League and Boy Spies of America, encouraged by local, state, and federal government.[21][22][23] At the time of Kinkkonen's death, the organization stated it had 2000 members in Duluth, 75,000 members in Minnesota, and over 2,000,000 members nationwide.[5]
In March 1918, several months before Kinkkonen's death, The Duluth Herald reported on the Knights of Liberty's Duluth branch threatening men considered to have pro-German sympathies. The threats "disclosed the existence in Duluth of an organization called the Knights of Liberty, a branch of a nation-wide society whose purpose is to stamp out pro-Germanism by the quickest and most effective methods, without recourse to legal procedure;"[24] "its members are almost wholly business and professional men of high standing, men who beyond the draft age and unfitted by years or physical condition to join the military forces of the nation, are determined to do their bit by suppressing disloyalty and seeing to it that the nation shall not be assailed from within."[25] Their first victim in Duluth was tarred and feathered days later.[25]
The Knights perpetrated a number of other similar tarring-and-feathering incidents around the same time both in nearby northern Wisconsin,[26][27] and Bemidji, Minnesota,[28] as well as in California, where they hanged a man.[29][30]
Legacy edit
A fictionalized account of Kinkkonen's life is featured in Mark Munger's book Suomalaiset: People of the Marsh.[9] A song entitled "Ballad of Olli Kinkkonen" was performed at the release of the final book in the series.[31] A poem about his life was published by Lynette Reini-Grandell in 2014.[32] Artist Charvis Harrell's painting of Kinkkonen was on display at the New York Mills Regional Cultural Center in 2021.[33]
See also edit
- Robert Prager, a German immigrant lynched in Illinois in 1918 as a part of the anti-German sentiment during WWI
- Tulsa Outrage, violent 1917 incident in Oklahoma by the Knights of Liberty
- Opposition to World War I
References edit
- ^ "Olli Matinp. Kiukkonen in Finland, Church Census and Pre-Confirmation Books, 1657-1915". 1909. p. 694. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via FamilySearch.
- ^ "Olof in household of Katrina Kiukkanen, "Finland, Church Census and Pre-Confirmation Books, 1657-1915"". 1890. p. 260. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via FamilySearch.
- ^ "Olli Kinkkonen, Minnesota Death Index, 1908-2002". 1918. Retrieved May 23, 2019 – via FamilySearch.
- ^ "Olli Kiukkonen, United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918". 1918. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via FamilySearch.
- ^ a b c "Knights of Liberty Tar and Feather Slacker". The Duluth Herald. September 19, 1918. p. 4. Retrieved February 6, 2024 – via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
- ^ "Two More Slackers Relinquish Citizenship". The Duluth Herald. September 17, 1918. p. 15. Retrieved February 6, 2024 – via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
- ^ "Old German Files, 1909–21, victim of Knights of Loyalty: Olli Kiukkonen", US, FBI Case Files, 1908–1922, The National Archives – via Fold3
- ^ "Suomalainen mies tervattu Duluth'issa". Industrialisti (in Finnish). No. 219. Duluth. September 20, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
- ^ a b Lovrien, Jimmy (September 17, 2018). "Finnish immigrant was 'victim of warmongers' 100 years ago in Duluth". Duluth News Tribune. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
- ^ Lubotina, Paul (2015). "Corporate Supported Ethnic Conflict on the Mesabi Range, 1890-1930". Upper Country: A Journal of the Lake Superior Region. 3 (1): 45. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
- ^ a b "Tarred Alien is Suicide". The Duluth Herald. October 1, 1918. p. 6. Retrieved February 6, 2024 – via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
- ^ a b c Julin, Chris (June 2001). "The other lynching in Duluth". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
- ^ a b c . Zenith City Online. April 2017. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
- ^ "Clews to Knights of Loyalty Crew". The Duluth Herald. October 8, 1918. p. 6. Retrieved February 6, 2024 – via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
- ^ "Governor Offers Reward". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, MN. October 6, 1918. p. 10. Retrieved August 25, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "League Candidates are Now Busy on the Stump". The Duluth Herald. October 12, 1918. p. 2. Retrieved February 6, 2024 – via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
- ^ "Olli Kiukkonen Did Not Commit Suicide". The Truth. Duluth. October 4, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved February 6, 2024 – via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
- ^ "The Week". The Nation. Vol. 107, no. 2783. Nation Company. November 2, 1918. p. 501. Retrieved February 18, 2024 – via Archive.org.
- ^ Chrislock, Carl H. (1971). The Progressive Era in Minnesota 1899-1918. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. pp. 174–175. ISBN 9780873510677. Retrieved February 16, 2024 – via Archive.org.
- ^ Thornley, Stew (2004). Six feet under: a graveyard guide to Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780873515146. Retrieved February 6, 2024 – via Archive.org.
- ^ Hochschild, Adam (October 2, 2018). "1. Lessons from a Dark Time". Lessons from a Dark Time and Other Essays. University of California Press. p. 13. doi:10.1525/9780520969674-fm. ISBN 978-0-520-96967-4.
- ^ Dailey, Jane (2018). "3. War, 1914–1924". Building the American Republic. Vol. 2. University of Chicago Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-226-30082-5.
- ^ Hannigan, Robert E. (December 31, 2017). "5. The Whole Force of the Nation". The Great War and American Foreign Policy, 1914–24. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 102. doi:10.9783/9780812293289-006. ISBN 978-0-8122-9328-9. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
- ^ "Pro-Germans are Warned by Knights of Liberty". The Duluth Herald. March 23, 1918. p. 18. Retrieved February 6, 2024 – via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
- ^ a b "Gustaf Landin Tarred and Feathered for Disloyalty". The Duluth Herald. March 25, 1918. p. 5. Retrieved February 6, 2024 – via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
- ^ Levi, William (May 12, 2022). Badger state nationalism: World War I, the Ku Klux Klan, and the politics of 'Americanism' in 1915-1930 Wisconsin (Thesis). James Madison University. pp. 45–47. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
- ^ "Tar and Feathers in Bayfield County". The Duluth Herald. July 3, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved February 6, 2024 – via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
- ^ "Bemidji Store Painted Yellow". The Duluth Herald. March 30, 1918. p. 11. Retrieved February 6, 2024 – via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
- ^ "Disloyalists are Punished". The Duluth Herald. May 2, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved February 6, 2024 – via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub.
- ^ "Pro-Germans Tarred and Feathered, Then Hanged". The L.A. Times. May 3, 1918. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
- ^ Sundquist, Karl; Burkes, Jill. "Ballad of Olli Kinkkonen". ResearchTV. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
- ^ Reini-Grandell, Lynette (2014). Approaching the Gate: Poems. Holy Cow! Press. pp. 58, 63. ISBN 9780985981853. Retrieved February 16, 2024 – via Archive.org.
- ^ "Welcome Visiting Artist Charvis Harrell". New York Mills Regional Cultural Center. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
External links edit
- Olli Kinkkonen at Find a Grave