Olive Thomas
Olive Thomas (born Oliva R. Duffy;[1] October 20, 1894 – September 10, 1920) was an American silent-film actress, art model, and photo model.
Olive Thomas | |
|---|---|
Thomas in 1919 | |
| Born | Oliva R. Duffy October 20, 1894 Charleroi, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | September 10, 1920 (aged 25) Paris, France |
| Cause of death | Acute nephritis caused by accidental poisoning |
| Resting place | Woodlawn Cemetery |
| Other names | Oliveretta Elaine Duffy Olive Elain Duffy Ollie |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, art model, photo model |
| Years active | 1914–1920 |
| Spouses | |
Thomas began her career as an illustrator's model in 1914, and moved on to the Ziegfeld Follies the following year. During her time as a Ziegfeld girl, she also appeared in the more risqué show The Midnight Frolic. In 1916, she began a successful career in silent films and would appear in more than 20 features over the course of her four-year film career. That year she also married actor Jack Pickford, the younger brother of fellow silent-film star Mary Pickford.
On September 10, 1920, Thomas died in Paris five days after ingesting her husband's syphilis medication, mercury dichloride, that brought on acute nephritis. Although her death was ruled accidental, news of her hospitalization and subsequent death were the subject of speculation in the press. Thomas's death is considered one of the first major Hollywood scandals.
Early life Edit
Oliva R. Duffy was born in Charleroi, Pennsylvania, but often claimed her birth name was Oliveretta Elaine Duffy.[2] She was the eldest of three children born to Rena and James Duffy, both of whom were of Irish descent. She had two brothers, James (born 1896) and William (born 1899),[3] both of whom she later helped to secure work in the film industry; after serving in the United States Marine Corps in France during World War I, William worked as a cameraman and James worked as an assistant director.[4] At the time of her death, both brothers were employed by Selznick Productions.[5]
Her father, James Duffy, was a steelworker and died in a work-related accident in 1906. After his death, the family moved to McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, a small mill town. Thomas and her brothers often stayed with their grandparents while their mother Rena worked in a local factory. Rena Duffy later married Harry M. Van Kirk, a worker on the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad. Their only child together, daughter Harriet, was born in 1914 and died in a car accident in 1931.[3]
Thomas left school at 15 to help support her siblings. She got a job selling gingham at Joseph Horne's department store for $2.75 per week (equivalent to $86.37 in 2022).[6] At 16 in April 1911, she married Bernard Krug Thomas in McKees Rocks. During the two-year marriage, she reportedly worked as a clerk in Kaufmann's, a major department store in Pittsburgh. After their separation in 1913, Thomas moved to New York City and lived with a family member. She later found work in a Harlem department store.[2]
Career Edit
Modeling Edit
In 1914, Thomas entered and subsequently won the "Most Beautiful Girl in New York City" contest held by Howard Chandler Christy, a commercial artist. Winning the contest helped establish her career as an artists' model, and she would later pose for Harrison Fisher, Raphael Kirchner, Penrhyn Stanlaws, and Haskell Coffin. Thomas was featured on many magazine covers, including that of the Saturday Evening Post.[7][8]
Stage Edit
Fisher wrote a letter of recommendation to Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., resulting in Thomas' being hired for the Ziegfeld Follies. However, Thomas later disputed this, claiming she "walked right up and asked for the job".[8] She made her stage debut in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1915 on June 21, 1915. Thomas' popularity in the Follies led to her being cast in Ziegfeld's more risqué Midnight Frolic show. The Frolic was staged after hours in the roof garden of the New Amsterdam Theatre. It was primarily a show for famous male patrons who had plenty of money to bestow on the beautiful young female performers. Thomas received expensive gifts from her admirers; it was rumored that German Ambassador Albrecht von Bernstorff had given her a $10,000 string of pearls.[9]
During her time in The Follies, Thomas began an affair with Florenz Ziegfeld.[10] Ziegfeld, who was married to actress Billie Burke, had affairs with other Ziegfeld girls, including Lillian Lorraine and Marilyn Miller (who later married Thomas' widower Jack Pickford).[11][12] Thomas ended the affair with Ziegfeld after he refused to leave Burke to marry her.[13]
Thomas continued modeling while appearing in the Follies. Alberto Vargas, Florenz Ziegfeld’s artist-in-residence who painted many stars of the Ziegfeld stage, immortalized Thomas in the portrait he painted of her from memory after her death and titled it Memory of Olive Thomas or The Lotus Eater (as noted on the label he placed on the back of the completed work). "Lotus Eater" was a reference to Lotus-eaters of Greek mythology. The portrait depicts Thomas nude from the waist up, covering her left breast with her left hand while holding a rose with her right above her upraised face. The painting remained in his personal collection until his death in 1982 and was sold by his estate to a private collector in 1986.[14] Vargas called Thomas "one of the most beautiful brunettes that Ziegfeld ever glorified.[15]
Silent films Edit
In July 1916, Thomas signed with the International Film Company.[16] She made her on-screen debut in Episode 10 of Beatrice Fairfax, a film serial. In 1917, she made her full-length feature debut in A Girl Like That for Paramount Pictures.[17]
That same year, she signed with Triangle Pictures.[18] Shortly after, news broke of her engagement to actor Jack Pickford, whom she had married a year prior. Thomas and Pickford, who was the younger brother of Mary Pickford, kept the marriage secret because Thomas did not want people to think her success in film was due to her association with the Pickfords.[19] Her first film for Triangle, Madcap Madge, was released in June 1917. Thomas' popularity at Triangle grew with performances in Indiscreet Corrine (1917) and Limousine Life (1918). In 1919, she portrayed a French girl who poses as a boy in Toton the Apache.[20] Thomas later said that she felt her work in Toton was "the first real thing I've ever done."[17] She made her final film for Triangle, The Follies Girl, that same year.
After leaving Triangle, Thomas signed with Myron Selznick's Selznick Pictures Company in December 1918 for a salary of $2,500 a week. She hoped for more serious roles, believing that with her husband signed to the same company, she would have more influence. Her first film for Selznick, Upstairs and Down (1919), proved successful and established her image as a "baby vamp". She followed with roles in Love's Prisoner and Out Yonder, both in 1919.[17][21] In 1920's The Flapper, Thomas played a teenage schoolgirl who yearns for excitement beyond her small Florida town. Thomas was the first actress to portray a lead character who was a flapper, and the film was the first of its kind to portray the flapper lifestyle. Frances Marion, who wrote the scenario, was responsible for bringing the term into the American vernacular.[22][23] The Flapper proved to be popular and became one of Thomas' most successful films.[21] On October 4, 1920, Thomas' final film, Everybody's Sweetheart, was released.
Personal life Edit
Thomas' first marriage was to Bernard Krug Thomas, a man she met at age 15 while living in McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania. They married on April 1, 1911, and lived with his parents in McKees Rocks for the first six months of their marriage, then moved into their own apartment. Krug Thomas worked as a clerk at the Pressed Steel Car Company while Olive took care of the home.[24] In 1913, the couple separated and Olive moved to New York City to pursue a career as a model. She was granted a divorce on September 25, 1915, on the grounds of desertion and cruelty.[25] In 1931, Bernard Krug Thomas gave an interview to The Pittsburg Press, detailing his marriage to Olive, implying that a cause of the demise of their marriage was her ambition, a desire to obtain a life of "luxury", and "improve her station".[24]
In late 1916, Thomas met actor Jack Pickford, brother of one of the most successful silent stars, Mary Pickford, at a beach cafe on the Santa Monica Pier. Both Thomas and Pickford were known for their partying. Screenwriter Frances Marion remarked, "I had seen her often at the Pickford home, for she was engaged to Mary's brother, Jack. Two innocent-looking children, they were the gayest, wildest brats who ever stirred the stardust on Broadway. Both were talented, but they were much more interested in playing the roulette of life than in concentrating on their careers."[26] Thomas eloped with Pickford on October 25, 1916, in New Jersey. None of their family was present, with actor Thomas Meighan as their only witness. Although the couple never had their own children, in 1920 they adopted Thomas' six-year-old nephew, the son of one of her brothers, after his mother died.[17]
By most accounts, Thomas was the love of Pickford's life. However, the marriage was tumultuous and filled with highly-charged conflict, followed by lavish making up through the exchange of expensive gifts.[17] Pickford's family did not always approve of Thomas, but most of the family did attend her funeral. In Mary Pickford's 1955 autobiography Sunshine and Shadow, she wrote:
I regret to say that none of us approved of the marriage at that time. Mother Charlotte Hennessey thought Jack was too young, and Lottie and I felt that Olive, being in musical comedy, belonged to an alien world. Ollie had all the rich, eligible men of the social world at her feet. She had been deluged with proposals from her own world of the theater as well. Which was not at all surprising. The beauty of Olive Thomas is legendary. The girl had the loveliest violet-blue eyes I have ever seen. They were fringed with long dark lashes that seemed darker because of the delicate translucent pallor of her skin. I could understand why Florenz Ziegfeld never forgave Jack for taking her away from the Follies. She and Jack were madly in love with one another, but I always thought of them as a couple of children playing together.[27]
Death Edit
For several years, Thomas and Pickford had intended to vacation together. Both were constantly traveling and had little time to spend together. With their marriage on the rocks, the couple decided to take a second honeymoon.[17] In August 1920, the pair headed for Paris, hoping to combine a vacation with some film preparations.[21]
On the night of September 5, 1920, they went out for a night of entertainment and partying at the famous bistros in the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris. Returning to their suite in the Hotel Ritz around 3 a.m., Pickford either fell asleep or was outside the bedroom.[28] An intoxicated and tired Thomas ingested a mercury bichloride solution, a topical medication that had been prescribed to Pickford to treat sores caused by his chronic syphilis.[29] While accounts vary, authorities speculated that Thomas thought the flask contained either drinking water or a sleeping tonic. The medication's label was in French, which may have added to her confusion. After drinking the liquid she screamed, "Oh, my God!" and Pickford rushed to assist her. She was taken to the American Hospital in the Paris suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine, where Pickford and his former brother-in-law Owen Moore remained at her side until she died five days later.[17]
Controversy and death ruling Edit
While Thomas lay in the American Hospital dying, the press began reporting on the various rumors that began to arise about the circumstances of the incident. Some papers reported that Thomas had attempted suicide after having a fight with Pickford over his alleged infidelities, while others said she attempted suicide after discovering Pickford had given her syphilis. There were rumors that Thomas was plagued by a drug addiction, that she and Pickford had been involved in "champagne and cocaine orgies," or that Pickford tricked her into drinking poison in an attempt to murder her to collect her insurance money.[30][31][32] Owen Moore, who accompanied Pickford and Thomas in Paris, denied the rumors, saying that Thomas was not suicidal and that she and Pickford had not fought that evening.[33] Jack Pickford also denied the rumors, stating, "Olive and I were the greatest pals on Earth. Her death is a ghastly mistake."[31]
On September 13, 1920, Pickford gave his account of that night to the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner:
We arrived back at the Ritz hotel at about 3 o'clock in the morning. I had already booked airplane seats for London. We were going Sunday morning. Both of us were tired out. We both had been drinking a little. I insisted that we had better not pack then, but rather get up early before our trip and do it then. I went to bed immediately. She fussed around and wrote a note to her mother. ... She was in the bathroom.
Suddenly she shrieked: 'My God.' I jumped out of bed, rushed toward her and caught her in my arms. She cried to me to find out what was in the bottle. I picked it up and read: 'Poison.' It was a toilet solution and the label was in French. I realized what she had done and sent for the doctor. Meanwhile, I forced her to drink water in order to make her vomit. She screamed, 'O, my God, I'm poisoned.' I forced the whites of eggs down her throat, hoping to offset the poison. The doctor came. He pumped her stomach three times while I held Olive.
Nine o'clock in the morning I got her to the Neuilly Hospital, where Doctors Choate and Wharton took charge of her. They told me she had swallowed bichloride of mercury in an alcoholic solution, which is ten times worse than tablets. She didn't want to die. She took the poison by mistake. We both loved each other since the day we married. The fact that we were separated months at a time made no difference in our affection for each other. She even was conscious enough the day before she died to ask the nurse to come to America with her until she had fully recovered, having no thought she would die.
She kept continually calling for me. I was beside her day and night until her death. The physicians held out hope for her until the last moment, until they found her kidneys paralyzed. Then they lost hope. But the doctors told me she had fought harder than any patient they ever had. She held onto her life as only one case in fifty. She seemed stronger the last two days. She was conscious, and said she would get better and go home to her mother. 'It's all a mistake, darling Jack,' she said. But I knew she was dying.
She was kept alive only by hypodermic injections during the last twelve hours. I was the last one she recognized. I watched her eyes glaze and realized she was dying. I asked her how she was feeling and she answered: 'Pretty weak, but I'll be all right in a little while, don't worry, darling.' Those were her last words. I held her in my arms and she died an hour later. Owen Moore was at her bedside. All stories and rumors of wild parties and cocaine and domestic fights since we left New York are untrue.[17]
After Thomas' death, the police initiated an investigation and an autopsy was performed. Thomas' death was attributed to acute nephritis caused by mercury bichloride absorption.[34] On September 13, 1920, her death was ruled accidental by the Paris physician who conducted her autopsy.[35]
Funeral Edit
Jack Pickford brought Thomas' body back to the United States. Several accounts state that Pickford tried to commit suicide en route but was talked out of it. In her autobiography, Mary Pickford recalls her brother's disclosure that he had made such an attempt during the return trip:
Jack crossed the ocean with Ollie's body. It wasn't until several years later that he confessed to Mother how one night during the voyage back he put on his trousers and jacket over his pajamas, went up on deck, and was climbing over the rail when something inside him said: "You can't do this to your mother and sisters. It would be a cowardly act. You must live and face the future."[36]
On September 29, 1920, an Episcopal funeral service for Thomas was held at St. Thomas Episcopal Church in New York City.[37] According to The New York Times, police escorts were needed at the event, for the entire church was crowded with “hundreds” of fellow actors, other invited attendees, as well as a horde of curious onlookers. Several women are reported to have fainted during the ceremony, and several men had their hats crushed in the rush to view the casket.[38] Thomas is interred in a crypt at the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx.[39]
Estate Edit
Thomas did not leave a will upon her death.[40] Her estate, which was later valued at $27,644,[41] (equivalent to $400,000 in 2022) was split between her mother, her two brothers, and husband Jack Pickford. Pickford later relinquished his right to a portion of the money, choosing instead to give his share to Thomas' mother.[42]
On November 22, 1920, the bulk of Thomas' personal property was auctioned off in an estate sale, which netted approximately $30,000. Lewis Selznick bought Thomas' town car for an undisclosed sum.[43] Mabel Normand bought a 20-piece toilet set, a 14-karat gold cigarette case, and three pieces of jewelry, including a sapphire pin.[44]
Aftermath Edit
The press coverage of Olive Thomas' death was one of the first examples of the media sensationalism related to a major Hollywood star. Her death has been cited as one of the first major Hollywood scandals.[45][46]
Other scandals around the time—including the Fatty Arbuckle trial in 1921, the murder of William Desmond Taylor in 1922, and the drug-related death of Wallace Reid in 1923—caused many religious and morality groups to label Hollywood as "immoral".
In popular culture Edit
- A legend that Thomas’s ghost haunts the New Amsterdam Theatre in New York City arose in the years following her death.[47]
- In 2004, with funding from Timeline Films, and with the help of Hugh Hefner and his film preservation organization, Sarah J. Baker premiered her documentary on Olive Thomas' life, titled Olive Thomas: Everybody's Sweetheart.
- In 2007, Michelle Vogel wrote a biography titled, Olive Thomas: The Life and Death of a Silent Film Beauty, published by McFarland Publishing Company.
- Ghostlight, a musical about the life of Olive Thomas, was written by Matthew Martin and Tim Realbuto. Ghostlight opened in New York City at the Signature Theatre on September 26, 2011, and was presented by the New York Musical Theatre Festival. It starred Drama Desk Award winner Rachel York as Billie Burke, Tony nominee Michael Hayden as Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., Tony Award winner Daisy Eagan as Molly Cook, Kimberly Faye Greenberg as Fanny Brice, Matt Leisy as Jack Pickford, and newcomer Rachael Fogle in the leading role of Olive Thomas.[48]
- In 2015, novelist Laini Giles released a fictionalized biography of Olive titled The Forgotten Flapper.[49] Based completely on factual information, it goes from her poor roots in Pennsylvania to her death, and is narrated by her ghost, now haunting the New Amsterdam Theatre.
Filmography Edit
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1916 | Beatrice Fairfax | Rita Malone | Episode 10: Playball |
| 1917 | A Girl Like That | Fannie Brooks | Lost film |
| 1917 | Madcap Madge | Betty | |
| 1917 | An Even Break | Claire Curtis | |
| 1917 | Broadway Arizona | Fritzi Carlyle | |
| 1917 | Indiscreet Corinne | Corinne Chilvers | |
| 1917 | Tom Sawyer | Choir Member | Uncredited |
| 1918 | Betty Takes a Hand | Betty Marshall | |
| 1918 | Limousine Life | Minnie Wills | Lost film |
| 1918 | Heiress for a Day | Helen Thurston | Lost film |
| 1919 | Toton the Apache | Toton/Yvonne | Lost film |
| 1919 | The Follies Girl | Doll | |
| 1919 | Upstairs and Down | Alice Chesterton | Alternative title: Up-stairs and Down Lost film |
| 1919 | Love's Prisoner | Nancy, later Lady Cleveland | |
| 1919 | Prudence on Broadway | Prudence | Lost film |
| 1919 | The Spite Bride | Tessa Doyle | |
| 1919 | The Glorious Lady | Ivis Benson | |
| 1919 | Out Yonder | Flotsam | |
| 1920 | Footlights and Shadows | Gloria Dawn | Lost film |
| 1920 | Youthful Folly | Nancy Sherwin | Writer Lost film |
| 1920 | The Flapper | Ginger King | |
| 1920 | Darling Mine | Kitty McCarthy | Lost film |
| 1920 | Everybody's Sweetheart | Mary | Released posthumously |
See also Edit
References Edit
- ^ Vogel, Michelle (2014). Olive Thomas: The Life and Death of a Silent Film Beauty. McFarland. ISBN 9780786455263 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Golden 2001, p. 181
- ^ a b Vogel 2007, p. 13
- ^ Vogel 2007, pp. 41, 44
- ^ "Memories of Olive". Worcester, Massachusetts: assumption.edu. Archived from the original on December 14, 2012.
- ^ Pitz, Marylynne (September 26, 2010). "Olive Thomas, the original 'Flapper' and a Mon Valley native, still fascinates". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
- ^ "The Most Beautiful Girl In The Movies". Herald-Journal. October 22, 1919. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
- ^ a b Ogden 2009, pp. 12–13
- ^ Hladik 2010, p. 170
- ^ Golden 2001, p. 193
- ^ Hanson, Bruce K. 2011, p. 111
- ^ Mizejewski 1999, p. 162
- ^ Kenrick 2008, p. 168
- ^ "Vargas' work sold" The Orlando Sentinel. March 9, 1986
- ^ Vogel 2007, p. 2
- ^ Pizzitola 2002, p. 122
- ^ a b c d e f g h Long, Bruce, ed. (September 1995). "The Life and Death of Olive Thomas". Taylorology (33).
- ^ Golden 2001, p. 182
- ^ York, Cal. (1920). "Plays and Players". Photoplay. Macfadden Publications. 18 (2–6): 89.
- ^ Palmer 1922, p. 135
- ^ a b c Golden 2001, p. 183
- ^ Desser & Jowett 2000, p. 68
- ^ Sagert 2010, p. 89
- ^ a b "From $2.75 To $4,000 Weekly As A Movie Star". The Pittsburg Press. February 4, 1931. p. 19. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
- ^ "Thomas Death Starts Quiz Into Paris Night Orgies". The Milwaukee Journal. September 11, 1920. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
- ^ Lussier, Tim. "The Mysterious Death of Olive Thomas".
- ^ Pickford 1955, p. 330
- ^ Whitfield 2007, p. 120
- ^ Foster 2000, p. 257
- ^ Blum 2011, p. 107
- ^ a b Petrucelli 2009, pp. 14–15
- ^ Beauchamp 1998, p. 137
- ^ "Denies Olive Thomas Suicide". The Milwaukee Journal. September 26, 1920. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
- ^ "Bichloride of Mercury Killed Olive Thomas". The Toronto World. September 15, 1920. p. 6. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
- ^ "Olive Thomas' Death Declared An Accident". The Vancouver Sun. September 14, 1920. p. 1. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
- ^ Pickford 1955, p. 335
- ^ "Funeral Service For Olive Thomas Largely Attended". Meriden Morning Record. September 20, 1920. p. 1. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
- ^ "Women Faint At Olive Thomas Rite". The New York Times. September 20, 1920. Retrieved November 19, 2012. (subscription required)
- ^ Hanson, Nils 2011, p. 99
- ^ "Olive Thomas Leave No Will; Estate Is Value At $25,000". The Pittsburg Press. October 5, 1920. p. 16. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
- ^ "OLIVE THOMAS LEFT $27,644; Jack Pickford's Wife, Who Died by Poison, Left Everything to Mother". The New York Times. July 15, 1922. Retrieved November 19, 2012. (subscription required)
- ^ "Pickford Gets None Of Wife's Estate". Ellensburg Daily Record. August 15, 1922. p. 8. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
- ^ "$30,000 Realized As Olive Thomas' Effects Are Sold". The Pittsburg Press. November 23, 1920. p. 4. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
- ^ Fleming 2008, p. 54
- ^ DiMare 2011, p. XXXIII
- ^ Lowe 2005, p. 526
- ^ Hanson, Nils 2011, pp. 101–102
- ^ Hetrick, Adam (September 26, 2011). "Daisy Eagan, Michael Hayden and Rachel York Step Into Ghostlight at NYMF Sept. 26". playbill.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
- ^ "The Forgotten Flapper - A Novel of Olive Thomas -". Retrieved July 3, 2018.
Works cited Edit
- Beauchamp, Cari (1998). Without Lying Down Frances Marion and the Powerful Women of Early Hollywood. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21492-7.
- Blum, Deborah (2011). The Poisoner's Handbook Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York. Penguin Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-14-311882-4.
- Desser, David; Jowett, Garth (2000). Hollywood Goes Shopping. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-3513-9.
- DiMare, Philip C. (2011). Movies in American History An Encyclopedia [3 volumes] An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-297-5.
- Fleming, E.J. (2008). Paul Bern The Life and Famous Death of the MGM Director and Husband of Harlow. McFarland & Company Incorporated Pub. ISBN 978-0-7864-3963-8.
- Foster, Charles (2000). Stardust and Shadows Canadians in Early Hollywood. Dundurn. ISBN 1-55002-348-9.
- Golden, Eve (2001). Golden Images 41 Essays on Silent Film Stars. McFarland & Company Incorporated Pub. ISBN 978-0-7864-0834-4.
- Hanson, Bruce K. (2011). Peter Pan on Stage and Screen, 1904–2010. McFarland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7864-4778-7.
- Hanson, Nils (2011). Lillian Lorraine The Life and Times of a Ziegfeld Diva. McFarland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7864-6407-4.
- Hladik, L'Aura (2010). Ghosthunting New York City. Clerisy Press. ISBN 978-1-57860-448-7.
- Kenrick, John (2008). Musical theatre a history. Continuum Intl Pub Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-2860-8.
- Lowe, Denise (2005). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Women in Early American Films, 1895–1930. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7890-1843-4.
- Menefee, David W. (2004). The First Female Stars Women of the Silent Era. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-98259-1.
- Mizejewski, Linda (1999). Ziegfeld Girl Image and Icon in Culture and Cinema. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-2323-5.
- Ogden, Tom (2009). Haunted Theaters Playhouse Phantoms, Opera House Horrors, and Backstage Banshees. ISBN 978-0-7627-4949-2.
- Palmer, Frederick (1922). Photoplay Plot Encyclopedia: An Analysis Of the Use In Photoplays Of the Thirty-Six Dramatic Situations and Their Subdivisions (2 ed. Palmer Photoplay Corporation Department of Education.
- Petrucelli, Alan W. (2009). Morbid Curiosity The Disturbing Demises of the Famous and Infamous. Perigee Trade. ISBN 978-0-399-53527-7.
- Pizzitola, Louis (2002). Hearst Over Hollywood Power, Passion, and Propaganda in the Movies. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11646-6.
- Pickford, Mary (1955). Sunshine and Shadows. Doubleday.
- Sagert, Kelly Boyer (2010). Flappers A Guide to an American Subculture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-37690-0.
- Vogel, Michelle (2007). Olive Thomas The Life and Death of a Silent Film Beauty. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2908-0.
- Whitfield, Eileen (2007). Pickford The Woman Who Made Hollywood. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-9179-9.
External links Edit
- Literature on Olive Thomas
- Olive Thomas at the Internet Broadway Database
- Olive Thomas at IMDb
- Olive Thomas at AllMovie
- at the TCM Movie Database