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Northeast India border disputes

January 01, 1970

Border disputes of Northeast India mainly include inter-state conflict between Assam–Mizoram, Assam–Arunachal Pradesh, Assam–Nagaland and Assam–Meghalaya.[1][2] The disputes, including clashes between rival police forces, have resulted in the loss of life, livelihood and property.[3] The border disputes in some cases are part of the larger national (separatist), sub-regional and ethnic conflicts, as well as criminal enterprise fuelled.[4] This internal land conflict in the districts of the northeast are part of the 322 districts affected by ongoing land conflicts out of a total of 703 districts in India.[5]

Boundaries are not authoritative

Assam–Mizoram edit

Conflict between the British and Lushai Hills (Mizo) tribes caused both sides to feel the need for a boundary.[6] Cachar (Assam) Deputy Commissioner John Ware Edgar signed a treaty/boundary agreement with Lushai (Mizo) Chief Suakpuilala in 1871.[6] Following this the boundary was marked with 46 boundary pillars.[6] One of the first recorded instances of the enforcement of political borders between Assam and Lushai Hills (now Mizoram) was in 1926 when five men, returning from Shillong (then Assam), were arrested by the then Superintendent of Lushai Hills N.E. Parry.[7] In 1933, a notification defined an Inner Line or Boundary Line between then Assam and Lushai Hills district (Mizoram).[8][9]

Inner Line or Boundary Line of 1933

The 9th March, 1933. No 2106-A.P.

[…] in exercise of the power conferred by section 2 of the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873 (v of 1873), as extended to the Lushai Hills District, the Governor in Council with the previous sanction of the Governor General in Council, is pleased to prescribe the line described below as the 'Inner Line' of the Lushai Hills District.

[9]

The North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 defines the boundary between Assam and Mizoram in independent India;[8] this is based on the 1933 notification.[8] However, the usage of the 1933 notification in the modern context is disputed.[6] In 1972 Mizoram was carved out of Assam as a union territory, and following the Mizoram Peace Accord, in 1987 it became a state.[10][11] Initially Mizoram accepted the border with Assam but following encroachment, Mizoram started disputing the border.[12]

1980s onwards, there have been skirmishes, small buildings have been set on fire, economic blockades have been attempted, and in 2021, 6 Assam Police personnel died in a firing incident by Mizoram Police.[13][14] Both sides blame each for this serious escalation of the conflict which resulted in 80 persons also getting injured.[15] The central government stepped in to assist in de-escalating the immediate situation between the rival state police forces and attempt a future solution.[8]

Assam–Nagaland edit

Assam-Nagaland borders timeline
1826 Treaty of Yandabo (Naga territory divided between Burma and India without Nagas knowing) [16]
1866 Naga Hills District, British India established
1880 Nagas resist British forces until fall of Khonoma Village[16]
1925 Notification 3102R (25 November), suppresses all previous definitions of Naga Hills District, provides amended definition for the whole boundary[17]
1947 14 August, Nagas declare Independence[18]
1957 Naga Hills-Tuensang Area Act, 1957
1962 State of Nagaland Act, 1962
1972 Sundaram Commission with boundary mandate, initiated 4 interim agreements to maintain status quo[19]
1985 Shastri Commission constituted with boundary mandate[19]
1997 J.K. Pillai Commission with boundary mandate[19]
1998 Assam government goes to Supreme Court with regard to the boundary with Nagaland[19]
2006 Justice Variava Commission, later Justice Tarun Chatterjee, with boundary mandate[20][21]

As with the case of the Assam–Mizoram, the Assam-Nagaland dispute, has a decades-old history which was worsened by the creation of Nagaland as a separate state in 1963.[10] In June 1968, a clash between government forces and militants resulted in the deaths of at least 150.[22][23] Kalyan Sundaram was appointed on 7 August 1971[24] to look into the problem with the specific mandate of looking into the border. This resulted in four interim agreements, however in the long run this did not have much of an impact on the dispute.[25] Following this some major events in the conflict include— 54 killed and 23,500 forced into relief camps in 1979 (between Rengma and Karbi tribes); 41 killed including 28 police personnel in 1985 (Merapani incident) and 17 killed and 10,000 forced into relief camps in 2014.[10][26][27]

Territorial claims of Nagaland in Assam include parts of Golaghat district, Jorhat district and Sibsagar district in the Disputed Area Belt (DAB).[28] 4 interim-agreements signed in 1972 put the reserve forests of "Geleki, Abhoypur, Tiru Hills, Dessoi Valley and Doyang" off limits for activity like construction of roads.[29][30] The interim-agreements remained in place for longer than what was intended.[31]

 
"This deplorable situation was brought to an end by four Interim Agreements. Two of them were signed by the Chief Secretaries on 31-3-1972 (at) Shillong […] These four agreements between them covered the boundary between Assam and Nagaland from the Taukok river to the Doyang river." — Shastri report, 1985.[32] (Represented by the light blue/cyan area). The red line denotes Guwahati-Dibrugarh rail route, the NSCN(IM) claim in the four districts.[33]
 
 
 
45km
30miles
Ronsuyan (2014)
 
Lachit Gaon (2014)
 
Jotsoma (1968)
MANIPUR
NAGALAND
ASSAM
 
Merapani (1985)
 
Chungajan (1979)
Dima Hasao (D)
KARBI ANGLONG
GOLAGHAT
JORHAT
SIVASAGAR
 
Uriamghat
 
Chandalashung (2014)
 
 
 
Assam-Nagaland sensitive areas.   Major conflict events.[34][35]

Disputed Area Belt edit

The DAB, officially, is forest land (Forest Reserves or reserved forests) and linked with the British Inner Line, "put up to protect the civilized state in the plains from raids and encroachment from the ungoverned Naga areas".[36] Doyang RF designated in 1911 is now no longer a forest, though its official designation remains.[37] DAB has been converted to an agricultural zone from the official protected forest it once was and on paper remains.[31] These encroachments have helped the governments in both Assam and Nagaland,[31] as well as the various factions of separatist NSCN, lay claim to the territory, despite an official status quo is supposed to be in place.[38] And while the status quo is in place, no "regularisation" has taken place.[39] No patta rights or land rights exist, but encroachments are supported.[40] Once these encroached lands were on the edges, but now are at the center of the border dispute.[39]

To further cement their claims both Assam and Nagaland abide by informal practices in the DAB. Supporting encroachment in the 1960s led to population growth in DAB areas, resulting in the need to build schools. Both government and private school have been set up since 1971.[41] Overlapping administrative have been created such as Niuland and Kohobotu.[42] In 1979 the CRPF was called into the DAB as a "neutral" force, following the 1985 Merapani incident DAB was put under the CRPF.[42] State transport bus services are present in DAB.[41] "Insurgent taxation" was a reality in the DAB.[43]

Divisions of the Disputed Area Belt (DAB)
Sector Size Location
A 131.12 sq mi (339.6 km2)[44] Diphu RF[28]
B 586 sq mi (1,520 km2)[44] South Nambor RF[28]
C 2,825.76 sq mi (7,318.7 km2)[44] Rengma RF[28]
D 285.76 sq mi (740.1 km2)[44] Doyang RF[28]
E Jorhat[45]
F Sivasagar[45]
Total 12,882 km2 (4,974 sq mi)[45]

Assam–Meghalaya edit

The Assam Meghalaya dispute was further exacerbated by disagreements related to the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act of 1969.[46]

Dispute management and resolution edit

Peace accords, autonomous councils and states edit

 
Autonomous councils in North East India

To address the larger conflict in the northeast which directly impacts the situation of the internal borders, the Indian government has signed more than 13 peace accords between 1949 and 2005.[47] Creation of autonomous council, and its upgradation to states, is part of this process. However, after the creation of Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram in 1986, no new states have been created, only autonomous administrative divisions.[48]

Demarcation edit

The task of demarcating the boundaries would be assisted by the North-Eastern Space Applications Centre (set up by the North Eastern Council and Department of Space), thus integrating space technology and satellite imagery into the mapping process.[49][50]

Supreme Court edit

In 1989, Assam filed a case before the Supreme Court of India in relation to the border dispute with Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.[51]

Commissions and mediators edit

Assam-Nagaland

Border Peace Coordination Committee edit

Border Peace Coordination Committee provides for localised negotiation on the borderlands between Assam and Nagaland, such as when a localised land disputes arise.[55][56] As ownership is not attached to the state, informal direct negotiations take place, usually in CRPF camp.[56]

Background edit

  • Evolution of states and borders
  •  
    1826
  •  
    1951
  •  
    1970
  •  
    Today

References edit

  1. ^ Parashar, Utpal (2020-10-20). "North-east border disputes: All you need to know". Hindustan Times. from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
  2. ^ "12 Areas of Dispute on Meghalaya-Assam Border". Outlook India. 12 March 2012. from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  3. ^ Kalita, Prabin (23 August 2014). "Unhappy with boundaries, NE sisters nibbling away at our land, Gogoi says". The Times of India. from the original on 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
  4. ^ Second Administrative Reforms Commission Seventh Report (2008), p. 39.
  5. ^ Worsdell, T; Shrivastava, K (2020). "Locating the Breach: Mapping the nature of land conflicts in India" (PDF). Land Conflict Watch. New Delhi: Nut Graph LLP, Rights and Resources Initiative, and Oxfam India. (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d Hnamte, Thanchungnunga (2020-12-19). "Historical and political perspectives". Sentinel Assam. from the original on 2021-07-31. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  7. ^ Hluna & Tochhawng 2013, p. 1.
  8. ^ a b c d Das 2021, p. 1-2.
  9. ^ a b Hluna & Tochhawng 2013, p. 335-337.
  10. ^ a b c Wahlang 2021, p. 4-5.
  11. ^ Pachuau 2009, p. 17-18.
  12. ^ Das, Pushpita (12 June 2008). "Interstate Border Disputes in the Northeast". Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. from the original on 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  13. ^ Deb, Debraj (2021-07-28). "Explained: How did the 150-year-old Assam-Mizoram dispute get so violent now?". The Indian Express. from the original on 2022-04-03. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
  14. ^ Hasnat, Karishma (2020-10-21). "All about Assam-Mizoram border dispute, which dates back 50 yrs & still remains unresolved". ThePrint. from the original on 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
  15. ^ "Assam-Mizoram clash: Why peace is fragile between two India states". BBC News. 2021-07-30. from the original on 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  16. ^ a b Chasie 2005, p. 253.
  17. ^ Sharma 2006, p. 107.
  18. ^ Chasie 2005, p. 262.
  19. ^ a b c d Das 2021, p. 4-5.
  20. ^ "Commission appointed to identify boundaries of Assam, Nagaland". Outlook India. 25 September 2006. from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  21. ^ "Disputed land should be returned to Arunachal, says panel report". The Indian Express. 1 February 2014. from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  22. ^ "17. India/Nagas (1947-present)". University of Central Arkansas. from the original on 2021-08-07. Retrieved 2021-08-07.
  23. ^ Shimray, A. S. Atai (2005). Let Freedom Ring?: Story of Naga Nationalism. Bibliophile South Asia. p. 313. ISBN 978-81-85002-61-3. from the original on 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  24. ^ Title: Inter State Border dispute between Assam and Nagaland. 2021-08-07 at the Wayback Machine Sarbananda Sonowal. Digital Library. Lok Sabha. Parliament of India. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  25. ^ Das 2021, p. 3-4.
  26. ^ Bhattacharya, Ashmita (31 March 2021). "Nagas Target Assamese People as Assam-Nagaland Border Dispute Continues since 1960s". Land Conflict Watch. from the original on 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
  27. ^ Misra, Udayon (2014). "Assam-Nagaland Border Violence". Economic and Political Weekly. 49 (38): 15–18. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 24480698. from the original on 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
  28. ^ a b c d e Das 2021, p. 4.
  29. ^ Saikia, Rupam; Saikia, Anjan (2014). "Assam – Nagaland border dispute "vis a vis" stability in regional politics (a micro-analysis from historical perspective)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 75: 1304. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44158522. from the original on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2021-08-08 – via JSTOR.
  30. ^ Shastri 1987, p. 13.
  31. ^ a b c Suykens 2013, p. 3.
  32. ^ Shastri 1987, p. 28.
  33. ^ Kashyap, Samudra Gupta (2014-08-22). "Assam vs Nagaland, a border dispute of five decades". The Financial Express. from the original on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2021-08-08. The NSCN(IM), incidentally, wants the entire Assam tract south of the Guwahati-Dibrugarh railway track in these four districts in Greater Nagalim.
  34. ^ Roychoudhury, Shibaji (27 August 2014). "What you need to know about the five-decade border conflict between Assam and Nagaland". Scroll.in. from the original on 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
  35. ^ Das, Tanmoy; Sarma, Angshuman (9 September 2014). "Nagaland-Assam Border Dispute: Past Perspective". Newslaundry. from the original on 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
  36. ^ Suykens 2013, p. 3, 17.
  37. ^ Suykens 2013, p. 10.
  38. ^ Suykens 2013, p. 16-18.
  39. ^ a b Suykens 2013, p. 11.
  40. ^ Suykens 2013, p. 13-14.
  41. ^ a b Suykens 2013, p. 12.
  42. ^ a b Suykens 2013, p. 5.
  43. ^ Suykens 2013, p. 16.
  44. ^ a b c d Das, Tanmoy; Sarma, Angshuman (9 September 2014). "Nagaland-Assam Border Dispute: Past Perspective". Newslaundry. from the original on 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
  45. ^ a b c Mazumdar, Prasanta (2014-08-21). "Assam burns over border row". DNA India. from the original on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
  46. ^ Das 2021, p. 7.
  47. ^ Raja 2008, p. ix.
  48. ^ Raja 2008, p. 43.
  49. ^ "Centre to rely on satellite imaging to resolve border disputes between northeastern states; here's how". India Today. 1 August 2021. from the original on 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  50. ^ Jain, Bharti (1 August 2021). "Assam-Mizoram row: Northeast borders to be demarcated through satellite imaging". The Times of India. from the original on 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  51. ^ "Border Dispute, Border Protection and Development, Government Of Assam, India". bpdd.assam.gov.in. from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  52. ^ a b "Explainer: How Assam's border disputes with north-eastern states bedevils relations". The New Indian Express. 29 July 2021. from the original on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
  53. ^ "Assam sees no end to border disputes with neighbouring states". archive.indianexpress.com. The Indian Express. 13 August 2007. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
  54. ^ a b "SC-appointed panel submits report". The Assam Tribune. 2010-09-15. from the original on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
  55. ^ "Peace committee tours Assam-Nagaland border". Eastern Mirror Nagaland. 12 December 2014. from the original on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
  56. ^ a b Suykens 2013, p. 14.

Bibliography edit

  • Wahlang, Jason (April 2021), Internal Border Conflicts of the North East Region: Special Focus on Assam and its Bordering States (PDF), Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS)
  • Das, Pushpita (29 July 2021), Inter-state Border Disputes in Northeast India, Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses (MP-IDSA), p. 11
  • Hluna, J. V.; Tochhawng, Rini (2013). The Mizo Uprising: Assam Assembly Debates on the Mizo Movement, 1966-1971. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443845021.
  • Pachuau, Rintluanga (2009). Mizoram: A Study in Comprehensive Geography. Northern Book Centre. ISBN 9788172112646.
  • Raja, Swarna (2008). Peace Accords in Northeast India: Journey over Milestones (PDF). Carnegie Corporation, New York. East West Center. eISSN 1547-1330. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • "12: Conflicts in the Northeast". Capacity Building for Conflict Resolution (PDF). Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) Seventh Report. Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances. February 2008. pp. 143–179.

Assam-Nagaland

  • Chasie, Charles (2005). "Nagaland in Transition". India International Centre Quarterly. 32 (2/3): 253–264. ISSN 0376-9771. JSTOR 23006032.
  • Sharma, Suresh K. (2006). Documents on North-East India: Nagaland. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-8324-095-6.
  • Suykens, Bert (2013). (PDF). In Korf, Benedikt; Raeymaekers, Timothy (eds.). Violence on the Margins: States, Conflict, and Borderlands. Springer. ISBN 9781137333995. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2021.
  • Shastri, R K. (1987), Report of the Commission of Inquiry on the Incidents Relating to the Assam-Nagaland Border Conflict April-June 1985, New Delhi, Ministry of Home Affairs

January 01, 1970
northeast, india, border, disputes, border, disputes, northeast, india, mainly, include, inter, state, conflict, between, assam, mizoram, assam, arunachal, pradesh, assam, nagaland, assam, meghalaya, disputes, including, clashes, between, rival, police, forces. Border disputes of Northeast India mainly include inter state conflict between Assam Mizoram Assam Arunachal Pradesh Assam Nagaland and Assam Meghalaya 1 2 The disputes including clashes between rival police forces have resulted in the loss of life livelihood and property 3 The border disputes in some cases are part of the larger national separatist sub regional and ethnic conflicts as well as criminal enterprise fuelled 4 This internal land conflict in the districts of the northeast are part of the 322 districts affected by ongoing land conflicts out of a total of 703 districts in India 5 Boundaries are not authoritative Contents 1 Assam Mizoram 2 Assam Nagaland 2 1 Disputed Area Belt 3 Assam Meghalaya 4 Dispute management and resolution 4 1 Peace accords autonomous councils and states 4 2 Demarcation 4 3 Supreme Court 4 4 Commissions and mediators 4 5 Border Peace Coordination Committee 5 Background 6 References 6 1 BibliographyAssam Mizoram editConflict between the British and Lushai Hills Mizo tribes caused both sides to feel the need for a boundary 6 Cachar Assam Deputy Commissioner John Ware Edgar signed a treaty boundary agreement with Lushai Mizo Chief Suakpuilala in 1871 6 Following this the boundary was marked with 46 boundary pillars 6 One of the first recorded instances of the enforcement of political borders between Assam and Lushai Hills now Mizoram was in 1926 when five men returning from Shillong then Assam were arrested by the then Superintendent of Lushai Hills N E Parry 7 In 1933 a notification defined an Inner Line or Boundary Line between then Assam and Lushai Hills district Mizoram 8 9 Inner Line or Boundary Line of 1933 The 9th March 1933 No 2106 A P in exercise of the power conferred by section 2 of the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation 1873 v of 1873 as extended to the Lushai Hills District the Governor in Council with the previous sanction of the Governor General in Council is pleased to prescribe the line described below as the Inner Line of the Lushai Hills District 9 The North Eastern Areas Reorganisation Act 1971 defines the boundary between Assam and Mizoram in independent India 8 this is based on the 1933 notification 8 However the usage of the 1933 notification in the modern context is disputed 6 In 1972 Mizoram was carved out of Assam as a union territory and following the Mizoram Peace Accord in 1987 it became a state 10 11 Initially Mizoram accepted the border with Assam but following encroachment Mizoram started disputing the border 12 1980s onwards there have been skirmishes small buildings have been set on fire economic blockades have been attempted and in 2021 6 Assam Police personnel died in a firing incident by Mizoram Police 13 14 Both sides blame each for this serious escalation of the conflict which resulted in 80 persons also getting injured 15 The central government stepped in to assist in de escalating the immediate situation between the rival state police forces and attempt a future solution 8 Assam Nagaland editAssam Nagaland borders timeline 1826Treaty of Yandabo Naga territory divided between Burma and India without Nagas knowing 16 1866Naga Hills District British India established1880Nagas resist British forces until fall of Khonoma Village 16 1925Notification 3102R 25 November suppresses all previous definitions of Naga Hills District provides amended definition for the whole boundary 17 194714 August Nagas declare Independence 18 1957Naga Hills Tuensang Area Act 19571962State of Nagaland Act 19621972Sundaram Commission with boundary mandate initiated 4 interim agreements to maintain status quo 19 1985Shastri Commission constituted with boundary mandate 19 1997J K Pillai Commission with boundary mandate 19 1998Assam government goes to Supreme Court with regard to the boundary with Nagaland 19 2006Justice Variava Commission later Justice Tarun Chatterjee with boundary mandate 20 21 As with the case of the Assam Mizoram the Assam Nagaland dispute has a decades old history which was worsened by the creation of Nagaland as a separate state in 1963 10 In June 1968 a clash between government forces and militants resulted in the deaths of at least 150 22 23 Kalyan Sundaram was appointed on 7 August 1971 24 to look into the problem with the specific mandate of looking into the border This resulted in four interim agreements however in the long run this did not have much of an impact on the dispute 25 Following this some major events in the conflict include 54 killed and 23 500 forced into relief camps in 1979 between Rengma and Karbi tribes 41 killed including 28 police personnel in 1985 Merapani incident and 17 killed and 10 000 forced into relief camps in 2014 10 26 27 Territorial claims of Nagaland in Assam include parts of Golaghat district Jorhat district and Sibsagar district in the Disputed Area Belt DAB 28 4 interim agreements signed in 1972 put the reserve forests of Geleki Abhoypur Tiru Hills Dessoi Valley and Doyang off limits for activity like construction of roads 29 30 The interim agreements remained in place for longer than what was intended 31 nbsp This deplorable situation was brought to an end by four Interim Agreements Two of them were signed by the Chief Secretaries on 31 3 1972 at Shillong These four agreements between them covered the boundary between Assam and Nagaland from the Taukok river to the Doyang river Shastri report 1985 32 Represented by the light blue cyan area The red line denotes Guwahati Dibrugarh rail route the NSCN IM claim in the four districts 33 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 45km30milesRonsuyan 2014 nbsp Lachit Gaon 2014 nbsp Jotsoma 1968 MANIPURNAGALANDASSAM nbsp Merapani 1985 nbsp Chungajan 1979 Dima Hasao D KARBI ANGLONGGOLAGHATJORHATSIVASAGAR nbsp Uriamghat nbsp Chandalashung 2014 nbsp nbsp nbsp Assam Nagaland sensitive areas nbsp Major conflict events 34 35 Disputed Area Belt edit The DAB officially is forest land Forest Reserves or reserved forests and linked with the British Inner Line put up to protect the civilized state in the plains from raids and encroachment from the ungoverned Naga areas 36 Doyang RF designated in 1911 is now no longer a forest though its official designation remains 37 DAB has been converted to an agricultural zone from the official protected forest it once was and on paper remains 31 These encroachments have helped the governments in both Assam and Nagaland 31 as well as the various factions of separatist NSCN lay claim to the territory despite an official status quo is supposed to be in place 38 And while the status quo is in place no regularisation has taken place 39 No patta rights or land rights exist but encroachments are supported 40 Once these encroached lands were on the edges but now are at the center of the border dispute 39 To further cement their claims both Assam and Nagaland abide by informal practices in the DAB Supporting encroachment in the 1960s led to population growth in DAB areas resulting in the need to build schools Both government and private school have been set up since 1971 41 Overlapping administrative have been created such as Niuland and Kohobotu 42 In 1979 the CRPF was called into the DAB as a neutral force following the 1985 Merapani incident DAB was put under the CRPF 42 State transport bus services are present in DAB 41 Insurgent taxation was a reality in the DAB 43 Divisions of the Disputed Area Belt DAB Sector Size Location A 131 12 sq mi 339 6 km2 44 Diphu RF 28 B 586 sq mi 1 520 km2 44 South Nambor RF 28 C 2 825 76 sq mi 7 318 7 km2 44 Rengma RF 28 D 285 76 sq mi 740 1 km2 44 Doyang RF 28 E Jorhat 45 F Sivasagar 45 Total 12 882 km2 4 974 sq mi 45 Assam Meghalaya editThe Assam Meghalaya dispute was further exacerbated by disagreements related to the Assam Reorganisation Meghalaya Act of 1969 46 Dispute management and resolution editPeace accords autonomous councils and states edit nbsp Autonomous councils in North East India To address the larger conflict in the northeast which directly impacts the situation of the internal borders the Indian government has signed more than 13 peace accords between 1949 and 2005 47 Creation of autonomous council and its upgradation to states is part of this process However after the creation of Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram in 1986 no new states have been created only autonomous administrative divisions 48 Demarcation edit The task of demarcating the boundaries would be assisted by the North Eastern Space Applications Centre set up by the North Eastern Council and Department of Space thus integrating space technology and satellite imagery into the mapping process 49 50 Supreme Court edit In 1989 Assam filed a case before the Supreme Court of India in relation to the border dispute with Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland 51 Commissions and mediators edit Assam Nagaland Sundaram Commission 1971 52 Shastri Commission 1985 52 Variava Tarun Chatterjee Commission 2006 53 54 Mediators Sriram Panchu and Niranjan Bhatt 2010 54 Border Peace Coordination Committee edit Border Peace Coordination Committee provides for localised negotiation on the borderlands between Assam and Nagaland such as when a localised land disputes arise 55 56 As ownership is not attached to the state informal direct negotiations take place usually in CRPF camp 56 Background editEvolution of states and borders nbsp 1826 nbsp 1951 nbsp 1970 nbsp TodayReferences edit Parashar Utpal 2020 10 20 North east border disputes All you need to know Hindustan Times Archived from the original on 2020 11 24 Retrieved 2021 07 28 12 Areas of Dispute on Meghalaya Assam Border Outlook India 12 March 2012 Archived from the original on 2021 07 29 Retrieved 2021 07 29 Kalita Prabin 23 August 2014 Unhappy with boundaries NE sisters nibbling away at our land Gogoi says The Times of India Archived from the original on 2021 07 28 Retrieved 2021 07 28 Second Administrative Reforms Commission Seventh Report 2008 p 39 Worsdell T Shrivastava K 2020 Locating the Breach Mapping the nature of land conflicts in India PDF Land Conflict Watch New Delhi Nut Graph LLP Rights and Resources Initiative and Oxfam India Archived PDF from the original on 15 February 2021 Retrieved 29 July 2021 a b c d Hnamte Thanchungnunga 2020 12 19 Historical and political perspectives Sentinel Assam Archived from the original on 2021 07 31 Retrieved 2021 08 01 Hluna amp Tochhawng 2013 p 1 a b c d Das 2021 p 1 2 a b Hluna amp Tochhawng 2013 p 335 337 a b c Wahlang 2021 p 4 5 Pachuau 2009 p 17 18 Das Pushpita 12 June 2008 Interstate Border Disputes in the Northeast Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses Archived from the original on 2021 08 01 Retrieved 2021 08 01 Deb Debraj 2021 07 28 Explained How did the 150 year old Assam Mizoram dispute get so violent now The Indian Express Archived from the original on 2022 04 03 Retrieved 2021 07 28 Hasnat Karishma 2020 10 21 All about Assam Mizoram border dispute which dates back 50 yrs amp still remains unresolved ThePrint Archived from the original on 2021 07 28 Retrieved 2021 07 28 Assam Mizoram clash Why peace is fragile between two India states BBC News 2021 07 30 Archived from the original on 2021 08 01 Retrieved 2021 08 01 a b Chasie 2005 p 253 Sharma 2006 p 107 Chasie 2005 p 262 a b c d Das 2021 p 4 5 Commission appointed to identify boundaries of Assam Nagaland Outlook India 25 September 2006 Archived from the original on 8 August 2021 Retrieved 8 August 2021 Disputed land should be returned to Arunachal says panel report The Indian Express 1 February 2014 Archived from the original on 8 August 2021 Retrieved 8 August 2021 17 India Nagas 1947 present University of Central Arkansas Archived from the original on 2021 08 07 Retrieved 2021 08 07 Shimray A S Atai 2005 Let Freedom Ring Story of Naga Nationalism Bibliophile South Asia p 313 ISBN 978 81 85002 61 3 Archived from the original on 2023 11 24 Retrieved 2023 12 02 Title Inter State Border dispute between Assam and Nagaland Archived 2021 08 07 at the Wayback Machine Sarbananda Sonowal Digital Library Lok Sabha Parliament of India Retrieved 7 August 2021 Das 2021 p 3 4 Bhattacharya Ashmita 31 March 2021 Nagas Target Assamese People as Assam Nagaland Border Dispute Continues since 1960s Land Conflict Watch Archived from the original on 2021 08 06 Retrieved 2021 08 06 Misra Udayon 2014 Assam Nagaland Border Violence Economic and Political Weekly 49 38 15 18 ISSN 0012 9976 JSTOR 24480698 Archived from the original on 2021 08 06 Retrieved 2021 08 06 a b c d e Das 2021 p 4 Saikia Rupam Saikia Anjan 2014 Assam Nagaland border dispute vis a vis stability in regional politics a micro analysis from historical perspective Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 75 1304 ISSN 2249 1937 JSTOR 44158522 Archived from the original on 2021 08 08 Retrieved 2021 08 08 via JSTOR Shastri 1987 p 13 a b c Suykens 2013 p 3 Shastri 1987 p 28 Kashyap Samudra Gupta 2014 08 22 Assam vs Nagaland a border dispute of five decades The Financial Express 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