Non-Partisan Association
The Non-Partisan Association (NPA) is a municipal political party in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was established by the city's business leaders in 1937 to challenge the democratic socialist Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in that year's municipal election. The party has historically been described as centre-right and drawn its strongest support from Vancouver's business community.
Non-Partisan Association | |
|---|---|
| Active municipal party | |
| Abbreviation | NPA |
| President | David Mawhinney |
| Founded | November 13, 1937 |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre-right to right-wing |
| Colours | Purple |
| City council | 0 / 11 |
| Park board | 0 / 7 |
| School board | 0 / 9 |
| Website | |
| npavancouver | |
In the years following the 2018 municipal election, seven of the NPA's ten elected officials resigned from the party, claiming that it had become right-wing and undemocratic. Several other prominent members, such as the NPA's 2018 mayoral candidate Ken Sim, also resigned. Most of those departing later joined ABC Vancouver in the run-up to the 2022 municipal election, which saw Sim elected as mayor and the NPA lose all its remaining seats.
History edit
Early years edit
The NPA was established by Vancouver's business leaders on November 13, 1937, to counteract the growing influence of the CCF.[1] Fearful of a CCF victory in the Vancouver municipal election on December 8, 1937, provincial politicians from the then-ruling BC Liberal Party launched an initiative to create a pro-business municipal party to challenge the CCF.[1][2] The NPA's first chairman was Victor Odlum, a prominent member of Vancouver's business and political elite who had served as a Liberal MLA from 1924 to 1928.[1] Other founding members of the NPA include W. C. Woodward of Woodward's department store, Victor Spencer of Spencer's department store, and industrialist Austin Taylor.[1] Despite its party connections, the NPA claimed it was not a party, but rather a "free enterprise coalition"[3] which "oppose[d] the introduction of party politics into Vancouver's civic administration".[1]
The NPA first fielded candidates in the December 9, 1936, municipal election, which saw their mayoral candidate, George Miller, elected to office. Miller later ran in provincial elections for the BC Progressive Conservative Party.[1] Prior to the 1939 election, a member of the NPA's executive, Nelson Spencer, broke away from the party and ran independently after the NPA chose the then-incumbent Miller as its mayoral candidate instead of Spencer. The result was that the right-wing vote was split, and CCF candidate Lyle Telford was elected.[1] Telford would only serve one term before NPA candidate Jack Cornett was elected in the 1940 election, beginning a decades-long period of NPA dominance on Vancouver City Council.[4]
21st century edit
Jennifer Clarke was chosen to be the NPA's mayoral candidate for the 2002 municipal election, as opposed to the then-incumbent mayor Philip Owen. Owen had been in disagreement with the rest of the party leadership due to his support for harm reduction programs in the Downtown Eastside, although Clarke stated she was also in favour of such programs. The NPA ultimately lost the mayoral race, as well as its majority on city council that it had maintained since 1986.[5]
Long-time city councillor Sam Sullivan was chosen as the NPA's candidate for the 2005 mayoral race,[6] which he later won. The NPA also regained its majority on city council, winning a total of six seats.[7]
Peter Ladner was the NPA's mayoral candidate for the 2008 municipal election but was defeated by Gregor Robertson, the candidate for Vision Vancouver.[8] The NPA's electoral platform during the 2008 election focused on reducing crime, improving housing affordability, leveraging the 2010 Winter Olympics, protecting the environment, advancing the city's arts and culture sector, and working collaboratively with senior levels of government, community groups, and the private sector.[9]
The party, led by Suzanne Anton as the NPA's mayoral candidate, once again lost to Robertson and Vision Vancouver in the 2011 municipal election but elected two members to Vancouver City Council. Two members were also elected to the Park Board, and three members to the Vancouver School Board.[10]
On October 16, 2016, provincial education minister Mike Bernier fired the school trustees elected during the 2014 municipal election for failing to pass a balanced budget.[11] NPA incumbent Fraser Ballantyne was re-elected in the subsequent 2017 municipal by-election, alongside newcomer Lisa Dominato.[12]
City councillor Rebecca Bligh announced on December 6, 2019, that she was leaving the NPA but would continue to serve as an independent.[13] She cited concerns over the NPA's newly elected executive team, which included members publicly opposed to the provincial sexual orientation and gender identification (SOGI) curriculum[14] and former staff of the far-right Rebel Media.[15][16] Other high profile NPA members, such as city councillor Sarah Kirby-Yung and 2018 mayoral candidate Ken Sim, also voiced concerns over the party's perceived shift to the right.[17]
Three of the NPA's four remaining councillors – Lisa Dominato, Colleen Hardwick, and Sarah Kirby-Yung – announced on April 21, 2021, that they would be leaving the NPA to sit as independents, following the decision of the board to appoint Park Board commissioner John Coupar as the 2022 NPA mayoral candidate, the board's refusal to hold an annual general meeting despite a request to do so from all its elected politicians, and broad accusations of a lack of transparency on the board's behalf.[18] Two days later, all three of the NPA's school trustees resigned from the party as well,[19] leaving an elected caucus of one councillor (Melissa De Genova) and two Park Board commissioners (John Coupar and Tricia Barker). On August 5, 2022, Coupar resigned as the NPA's mayoral candidate, with the party indicating it would nominate a new candidate before the ballot deadline.[20] Fred Harding, a retired police officer who ran for mayor with the Vancouver 1st party in the 2018 election, was subsequently announced as the NPA's new mayoral candidate.[21]
Most of the elected officials who resigned from the NPA later joined ABC Vancouver in the run-up to the 2022 municipal election, which saw Ken Sim elected as mayor and the defeat of all NPA incumbents.[22][23]
Electoral results edit
The NPA held a majority on Vancouver City Council from 1941 to 1967, 1970 to 1972, 1978 to 1980, 1986 to 2002, and from 2005 to 2008.[citation needed] It held the mayor's office from 1941 to 1958, from 1963 to 1966, from 1986 to 2002, and from 2005 to 2008.[24] However, it has elected only three of the last eight mayors since 1972. Over the years, its opposition has been The Electors' Action Movement (TEAM) in the 1970s, the left-wing Coalition of Progressive Electors (COPE) in the 1980s and 1990s, and centre-left Vision Vancouver in the 2000s and 2010s.
There have been eleven NPA mayors of Vancouver:
- Jack (Jonathan Webster) Cornett (1941–1946)
- Gerry McGeer (1947)
- Charles E. Jones (1947–1948)
- George Clark Miller (acting) (1948)
- Charles Edwin Thompson (1949–1950)
- Frederick Hume (1951–1958)
- William Rathie (1963–1966)
- Tom Campbell (1967–1972)[a]
- Gordon Campbell (1986–1993)
- Philip Owen (1993–2002)
- Sam Sullivan (2005–2008)
Results since 1970 edit
| Election year | Candidate | Votes | % | Position | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Tom Campbell | 54,253 | 45.1 | 1st | Elected |
| 1972 | None | – | – | – | Did not contest |
| 1974 | George Puil | 27,686 | 35.1 | 2nd | Not elected |
| 1976 | Edward Sweeney | 21,924 | 24.4 | 2nd | Not elected |
| 1978 | Supported Jack Volrich (independent) | 45,742 | 49.2 | 1st | Elected |
| 1980 | Jack Volrich | 47,107 | 44.1 | 2nd | Not elected |
| 1982 | Jonathan Baker | 36,073 | 31.2 | 2nd | Not elected |
| 1984 | Bill Vander Zalm | 49,957 | 35.7 | 2nd | Not elected |
| 1986 | Gordon Campbell | 77,562 | 55.7 | 1st | Elected |
| 1988 | Gordon Campbell | 75,545 | 62.6 | 1st | Elected |
| 1990 | Gordon Campbell | 67,950 | 53.7 | 1st | Elected |
| 1993 | Philip Owen | 46,687 | 50.0 | 1st | Elected |
| 1996 | Philip Owen | 50,969 | 53.15 | 1st | Elected |
| 1999 | Philip Owen | 51,085 | 54.19 | 1st | Elected |
| 2002 | Jennifer Clarke | 41,936 | 30.01 | 2nd | Not elected |
| 2005 | Sam Sullivan | 61,543 | 47.34 | 1st | Elected |
| 2008 | Peter Ladner | 48,794 | 39.26 | 2nd | Not elected |
| 2011 | Suzanne Anton | 58,152 | 40.15 | 2nd | Not elected |
| 2014 | Kirk LaPointe | 73,443 | 40.42 | 2nd | Not elected |
| 2018 | Ken Sim | 48,748 | 28.16 | 2nd | Not elected |
| 2022 | Fred Harding | 3,905 | 2.32 | 5th | Not elected |
| Election | Seats | +/– | Votes | % | Change (pp) | Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 7 / 11 | 1 | 435,906 | 41.9 | 5.5 | Majority government |
| 1972 | 1 / 11 | 6 | 141,762 | 19.3 | 22.6 | Opposition |
| 1974 | 4 / 11 | 3 | 237,764 | 34.4 | 15.1 | Opposition |
| 1976 | 3 / 11 | 1 | 228,164 | 29.4 | 5.0 | Opposition |
| 1978 | 5 / 11 | 2 | 216,176 | 28.8 | 0.6 | Minority government |
| 1980 | 5 / 11 | 351,802 | 38.2 | 9.4 | Opposition | |
| 1982 | 3 / 11 | 2 | 367,305 | 37.0 | 1.2 | Opposition |
| 1984 | 3 / 11 | 428,884 | 36.0 | 1.0 | Opposition | |
| 1985[b] | 3 / 11 | 44,096 | 47.2 | 11.2 | ||
| 1986 | 8 / 11 | 5 | 503,683 | 42.2 | 5.0 | Majority government |
| 1988 | 7 / 11 | 1 | 485,295 | 43.0 | 0.8 | Majority government |
| 1990 | 6 / 11 | 1 | 446,624 | 41.4 | 1.6 | Majority government |
| 1992[b] | 7 / 11 | 1 | 11,573 | 42.5 | 1.1 | |
| 1993 | 10 / 11 | 3 | 378,505 | 47.7 | 5.2 | Majority government |
| 1996 | 11 / 11 | 1 | 422,118 | 50.54 | 2.84 | Majority government |
| 1999 | 9 / 11 | 2 | 361,315 | 45.29 | 5.25 | Majority government |
| 2002 | 2 / 11 | 7 | 368,068 | 32.13 | 13.16 | Opposition |
| 2005 | 6 / 11 | 4 | 498,082 | 45.96 | 13.83 | Majority government |
| 2008 | 1 / 11 | 5 | 394,839 | 38.00 | 7.96 | Opposition |
| 2011 | 2 / 11 | 1 | 456,256 | 37.88 | 0.12 | Opposition |
| 2014 | 3 / 11 | 1 | 474,841 | 32.68 | 5.20 | Opposition |
| 2017[b] | 4 / 11 | 1 | 13,372 | 27.83 | 4.85 | |
| 2018 | 5 / 11 | 1 | 347,752 | 24.83 | 3.00 | Crossbench |
| 2022 | 0 / 11 | 5 | 82,608 | 6.14 | 18.69 | No seats |
See also edit
Notes edit
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ a b c d e f g MacKie, John (November 13, 2012). "THIS DAY IN HISTORY: NOVEMBER 13, 1937". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ Smith 1982, p. 59.
- ^ Miller 1975, p. 4.
- ^ Paulsen, Monte (April 27, 2010). "'New' NPA to consider name change". The Tyee. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ Mutimer, David (2008). Canadian Annual Review of Politics and Public Affairs 2002. University of Toronto Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8020-9819-1. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ "NPA mayoral race heats up". The Georgia Straight. September 15, 2005. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ "Election Summary Report: November 19, 2005". City of Vancouver. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ "Election summary - Election 2008 - City of Vancouver Elections". City of Vancouver. Retrieved July 27, 2014.
- ^ NPA Action Plan Brochure[dead link]
- ^ "2011 election results". Vancouver.ca. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
- ^ Shaw, Rob; Sherlock, Tracy (October 18, 2016). "B.C. education minister Bernier fires Vancouver school board". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "2017 by-election results".
- ^ Boynton, Sean (December 6, 2019). "Vancouver councillor Rebecca Bligh resigns from NPA over alleged anti-SOGI board members". Global News. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ Li, Wanyee (December 7, 2019). "Vancouver political party's 'veer to the right' not a winning strategy, say NPA party insiders". The Star. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ Fumano, Dan (December 7, 2019). "Vancouver councillor quits NPA, citing concerns over party's shift to 'far right'". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ Smith, Charlie (November 27, 2019). "NPA members elect a former Rebel Media bureau chief and the B.C. Conservatives president to party board". The Georgia Straight. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ Bula, Frances (April 10, 2020). "Former Vancouver mayoral candidate Ken Sim alarmed at NPA swing to the right". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ Fumano, Dan. "3 of 4 NPA councillors quit party citing 'backroom deal'". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- ^ Crawford, Tiffany. "Three Vancouver school trustees resign membership with NPA to sit as independents". Canada.com. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
- ^ "John Coupar resigns from being NPA's Vancouver mayoral candidate". dailyhive.com. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
- ^ McElroy, Justin (August 30, 2022). "NPA names Fred Harding as its new Vancouver mayoral candidate". CBC News. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ Howell, Mike (April 22, 2021). "So now what happens to Vancouver's NPA party?". Vancouver Is Awesome. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
- ^ Azpiri, Jon (October 13, 2021). "Ken Sim to lead new party as mayoral candidate in 2022 Vancouver election". Global News. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
- ^ "History of Vancouver - Mayors of Vancouver". www.vancouverhistory.ca. The History of Metropolitan Vancouver. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
Sources edit
- Miller, Fern (1975). "Vancouver Civic Political Parties: Developing a Model of Party-system Change and Stabilization". BC Studies: The British Columbian Quarterly. Spring 1975 (25): 3–31.
- Smith, Andrea (1982). "The CCF, NPA and Civic Change: Provincial Forces Behind Vancouver Politics 1930-1940". BC Studies (53): 45–65. doi:10.14288/bcs.v0i53. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
Further reading edit
- Smith, Andrea Barbara (1981). The Origins of the NPA: A Study in Vancouver Politics 1930–1940 (MA). University of British Columbia.
External links edit
- Official website