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Noble train of artillery

The noble train of artillery, also known as the Knox Expedition, was an expedition led by Continental Army Colonel Henry Knox to transport heavy weaponry that had been captured at Fort Ticonderoga to the Continental Army camps outside Boston during the winter of 1775–76.

Noble train of artillery
An ox team hauling Ticonderoga's guns
DateNovember 17, 1775 (1775-11-17) – January 25, 1776 (1776-01-25) (70 days)
LocationBritish provinces of New York and Massachusetts Bay
ParticipantsColonel Henry Knox
OutcomeFortification of Dorchester Heights

Knox went to Ticonderoga in November 1775 and moved 60 tons[1] of cannon and other armaments over the course of three winter months by boat, horse, ox-drawn sledges, and manpower along poor-quality roads, across two semi-frozen rivers, and through the forests and swamps of the lightly inhabited Berkshires to the Boston area,[2][3] covering approximately 300 miles (500 km). Historian Victor Brooks has called Knox's exploit "one of the most stupendous feats of logistics" of the entire American Revolutionary War.[4] The route which he followed is now known as the Henry Knox Trail, and the states of New York and Massachusetts have erected markers along the way.

Background

The American Revolutionary War erupted with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775. Benedict Arnold was a militia leader from Connecticut who had arrived with his unit in support of the Siege of Boston; he proposed to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety that Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain in the Province of New York be captured from its small British garrison. One reason that he gave to justify the move was the presence of heavy weaponry at Ticonderoga. On May 3, the committee gave Arnold a Massachusetts colonel's commission and authorized the operation.[5]

The idea to capture Ticonderoga had also been raised to Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys in the disputed New Hampshire Grants territory in Vermont.[6] Allen and Arnold joined forces, and a force of 83 men captured the fort without a fight on May 10. The next day, a detachment captured the nearby Fort Crown Point, again without combat.[7] Arnold began to inventory the two forts for usable military equipment,[8] but he was hampered by a lack of resources and conflict over command of the forts, first with Allen and then with a Connecticut militia company sent to hold the fort in June. He eventually abandoned the idea of transporting the armaments to Boston and resigned his commission.[9]

Expedition planning

In July 1775, George Washington assumed command of the forces outside Boston,[10] and one of the significant problems which he identified in the nascent Continental Army was a lack of heavy weaponry, which made offensive operations virtually impossible. It is not known who proposed the operation to retrieve the Ticonderoga cannons, but historians tend to credit either Henry Knox or Benedict Arnold with giving Washington the idea; regardless, Washington chose Knox for the job.[11]

 
Henry Knox later in life

Knox was a 25-year-old bookseller with an interest in military matters who served in the Massachusetts militia, and he had become good friends with Washington on his arrival at Boston. When Washington gave him the assignment, he wrote that "no trouble or expense must be spared to obtain them."[12] On November 16, Washington issued orders to Knox to retrieve the cannons and authorized £1000 for the purpose, and he wrote to General Philip Schuyler asking him to assist Knox in the endeavor.[13] Washington's call for the weapons was echoed by the Second Continental Congress, and they issued Knox a colonel's commission in November—although it did not reach him until he returned from the expedition.[14]

Knox departed Washington's camp on November 17 and traveled to New York City for supplies, reaching Ticonderoga on December 5. He shared a cabin with a young British prisoner named John André at Fort George at the southern end of Lake George. André had been taken prisoner during the Siege of Fort St. Jean and was on his way south to a prison camp. The two were of a similar age and temperament, and found much common ground to talk about.[15] The next time they met, however, Knox presided over the court martial which convicted André and sentenced him to death for his role in Benedict Arnold's treason.[16]

Sources

 
The apparent route of the expedition, overlaid on a 1779 map

Knox's letters and diaries provide the primary sources for much of the daily activity in this journey. His description is detailed for some of the events and dates, but there are also significant gaps, and significant portions of the journey are poorly documented, especially much of the Massachusetts section. Some of these gaps occur because Knox did not write about them, and others because pages are missing from the diary.[17] Other sources confirm some of Knox's details or report additional details, but parts of the route are not known with certainty, and modern descriptions of those parts are based on what is known about Massachusetts roads at the time, including the placement of markers for the Henry Knox Trail.[18] Regardless, the route was more or less in the corridor of today's Massachusetts Turnpike (Interstate 90).

Albany

Upon arrival at Ticonderoga, Knox immediately set about identifying the equipment to take and organizing its transport.[19] He selected 59 pieces of equipment, including cannons ranging in size from 4- to 24-pounders, mortars, and howitzers. He estimated the total weight to be transported at 119,000 pounds (about 60 tons or 54 metric tons). The largest pieces were the 24-pounders which were 11 feet (3.4 m) long and estimated to weigh over 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg).[12]

The equipment was first carried overland from Ticonderoga to the northern end of Lake George, where most of the train was loaded onto a scow-like ship called a gundalow.[12] On December 6, the gundalow set sail for the southern end of the lake, with Knox sailing ahead in a small boat. Ice was already beginning to cover the lake, but the gundalow reached Sabbath Day Point, after grounding once on a submerged rock. They sailed on again the next day, with Knox going ahead. He reached Fort George in good time, but the gundalow did not appear when expected. A boat went to check on its progress and reported that the gundalow had foundered and sunk not far from Sabbath Day Point. This appeared to be a serious setback at first, but Knox's brother William, captain of the gundalow, reported that she had foundered but her gunnels were above the water line, and that she could be bailed out. This was done, the ship was refloated, and the gundalow arrived at the southern end of the lake two days later.[20]

 

On December 17, 1775, Knox wrote to Washington that he had built "42 exceeding strong sleds, and have provided 80 yoke of oxen to drag them as far as Springfield",[21] and that he hoped "in 16 or 17 days to be able to present your Excellency a noble train of artillery".[19] He then set out for Albany ahead of the train, crossed the frozen Hudson River at Glens Falls, and proceeded on through Saratoga to reach Lansingburg, New York on Christmas Day. Two feet (60 cm) of snow fell that day, slowing his progress, as the snow-covered route needed to be broken open. He finally reached Albany the next day, again slowed by significant snow on the ground. There he met with General Philip Schuyler, and the two of them worked over the next few days to locate and send north equipment and personnel to assist in moving the train south from Lake George. The snowfall was sufficient to enable sleds to move the train overland, but the river ice was still too thin to move it over the Hudson. Knox and his men tried to accelerate the process of thickening the river ice by pouring additional water on top of existing ice. The first of the cannon arrived at Albany by January 4, but some cannons crashed through the ice into the river on the way to Albany, and again on crossing the Hudson heading east toward Massachusetts. In every instance, however, the cannon was recovered. On January 9, the last of cannons had crossed the Hudson, and Knox rode ahead to oversee the next stage of the journey.[22]

Crossing the Berkshires

 
19th-century drawing depicting the arrival of the weapons

Details are sketchy concerning the remaining journey, as Knox's journal ends on January 12. He reached the vicinity of Claverack, New York on January 9, 1776, and proceeded through the Berkshires, reaching Blandford, Massachusetts two days later.[23] There the lead crew refused to continue owing to a lack of snow and the upcoming steep descent to the Connecticut River valley, but Knox hired additional oxen and persuaded the crew to go on. As the train moved east, news of it spread and people came out to watch it pass. In Westfield, Massachusetts, Knox loaded one of the big guns with powder and fired it to the applause of the assembled crowd.[24]

At Springfield, Knox had to hire new work crews, as his New York-based crews wanted to return home.[25] John Adams reported seeing the artillery train pass through Framingham, Massachusetts on January 25, and Knox arrived in Cambridge two days later and personally reported to Washington that they had arrived. According to Knox's accounting, he spent £521 on an operation that he had hoped would take two weeks but actually took ten weeks.[26]

Arrival

Washington wanted to end the siege, and he formulated a plan to draw at least some of the British out of Boston once the equipment began to arrive, at which point he would launch an attack on the city across the Charles River. He placed cannons from Ticonderoga at Lechmere's Point and Cobble Hill in Cambridge, and on Lamb's Dam in Roxbury.[27][28] These batteries opened fire on Boston on the night of March 2, 1776, while preparations were made to fortify the Dorchester Heights from which cannons could threaten both the city and the British fleet in the harbor. Continental Army troops occupied this high ground on the night of March 4.[29][30]

 
An engraving depicting the evacuation of British troops from Boston

British General William Howe first planned to contest this move by assaulting the position, but a snowstorm prevented its execution. After further consideration, he decided instead to withdraw from the city. On March 17, British troops and Loyalist colonists boarded ships and sailed for Halifax, Nova Scotia.[31]

Henry Knox went on to become the chief artillery officer of the Continental Army, and later served as the first United States Secretary of War.[32]

Legacy

At the time of the exploit's sesquicentennial (150th anniversary), the State of New York and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts both placed historical markers along the route that Knox was believed to have taken. In 1972, some markers were moved in New York after new information surfaced about the train's movements between Albany and the state boundary. Given the lack of documentation for the Massachusetts portion of the journey, most of the markers there were placed along the route that the train was only assumed to have taken, based on what was known about Massachusetts roads of the time.[33]

Fort Knox, an Army post in Kentucky famous as the site of the United States Bullion Depository, was named after Henry Knox.

Types and numbers of cannon

Source:[34]

  • Coehorn (brass)
    • 5710 in: 2
    • 412 in: 4
  • Mortar (brass)
    • 412 in: 1
  • Mortar (iron)
    • 612 in: 1
    • 10 in: 1
    • 10 14 in: 1
    • 13 in: 3
  • Cannon (brass)
    • 3-pounder: 8
    • 6-pounder: 3
    • 18-pounder: 1
    • 24-pounder: 1
  • Cannon (iron)
    • 6-pounder: 6
    • 9-pounder: 4
    • 12-pounder: 10
    • 18-pounder: 11
  • Howitzer (iron)
    • 8 in: 1
    • 812 in: 1

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Ware (2000), p. 18
  2. ^ Ware (2000), pp. 19–24
  3. ^ N. Brooks (1900), p. 38
  4. ^ V. Brooks (1999), p. 210
  5. ^ Martin (1997), pp. 63–65
  6. ^ Martin (1997), p. 67
  7. ^ Martin (1997), pp. 70–73
  8. ^ Martin (1997), p. 76
  9. ^ Martin (1997), pp. 80–95
  10. ^ N. Brooks (1900), p. 32
  11. ^ See N. Brooks, p. 38, and Martin, p. 106.
  12. ^ a b c Ware (200), p. 19
  13. ^ N. Brooks (1900), pp. 38–39
  14. ^ N. Brooks (1900), p. 34
  15. ^ Callahan (1958), p. 39
  16. ^ Callahan (1958), p. 40
  17. ^ See the diary contents at Knox (1876), pp. 322–26
  18. ^ See the inventory record for marker 21 on the trail.
  19. ^ a b N. Brooks (1900), p. 40
  20. ^ Ware (2000), p. 20
  21. ^ Ware (2000), pp. 21–22
  22. ^ Knox (1867), pp. 323–324. Callahan (1958), pp. 46–50
  23. ^ Knox (1867), p. 325
  24. ^ Ware (2000), p. 24
  25. ^ Callahan (1958), p. 54
  26. ^ Drake (1873), p. 23
  27. ^ V. Brooks (1999), p. 224
  28. ^ Gagnon, D. (5 June 2007). "Letter from General John Thomas to his wife, March 9, 1776". Roxbury during the Siege of Boston, April 1775 – March 1776 (PDF). National Park Service, Historic Roxbury/Boston National Historical Park. pp. 18. Retrieved 4 December 2020. About sunrise the enemy and others in Boston appeared numerous on the tops of houses and on the wharfs viewing us with astonishment, for our appearance was unexpected to them. The cannonading which kept up all night from our lines at Lamb’s Dam and from the enemy’s lines, likewise at Lechmere Point, now ceased from those quarters, and the enemy turned their fire toward us on the hills, but they soon found it was to little effect.
  29. ^ French (1911), p. 406
  30. ^ V. Brooks (1999), p. 225
  31. ^ V. Brooks (1999), pp. 228–230
  32. ^ Drake (1873), pp. 21, 127
  33. ^ Knox Trail official New York site
  34. ^ Campeau, Thomas M. (2015). The Noble Train of Artillery: A Study Comparison of Current Doctrinal Concepts of the Mission Command Philosophy in History. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. pp. 47, 48.

General references

  • Brooks, Noah (1900). Henry Knox, a Soldier of the Revolution: Major-general in the Continental Army, Washington's Chief of Artillery, First Secretary of War Under the Constitution, Founder of the Society of the Cincinnati; 1750–1806. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 77547631.
  • Brooks, Victor (1999). The Boston Campaign. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing. ISBN 1-58097-007-9. OCLC 42581510.
  • Callahan, North (1958). Henry Knox: General Washington's General. New York: Rinehart.
  • Drake, Francis Samuel (1873). Life and correspondence of Henry Knox. S. G. Drake. p. 21. OCLC 2358685.
  • French, Allen (1911). The Siege of Boston. New York: Macmillan. OCLC 3927532.
  • Knox, Henry (1876). Waters, Henry Fitz-Gilbert (ed.). Henry Knox's Diary. New England Historical and Genealogical Register.
  • Martin, James Kirby (1997). Benedict Arnold: Revolutionary Hero (An American Warrior Reconsidered). New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-5560-7. (This book is primarily about Arnold's service on the American side in the Revolution, giving overviews of the periods before the war and after he changes sides.)
  • . New York State Museum. Archived from the original on 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
  • . New York State Museum. Archived from the original on 2010-01-05. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
  • Ware, Susan (2000). Forgotten Heroes: Inspiring American Portraits from Our Leading Historians. Portland, OR: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86872-1. OCLC 45179918.

External links

  • HMDB listing of commemorative markers

noble, train, artillery, noble, train, artillery, also, known, knox, expedition, expedition, continental, army, colonel, henry, knox, transport, heavy, weaponry, that, been, captured, fort, ticonderoga, continental, army, camps, outside, boston, during, winter. The noble train of artillery also known as the Knox Expedition was an expedition led by Continental Army Colonel Henry Knox to transport heavy weaponry that had been captured at Fort Ticonderoga to the Continental Army camps outside Boston during the winter of 1775 76 Noble train of artilleryAn ox team hauling Ticonderoga s gunsDateNovember 17 1775 1775 11 17 January 25 1776 1776 01 25 70 days LocationBritish provinces of New York and Massachusetts BayParticipantsColonel Henry KnoxOutcomeFortification of Dorchester HeightsKnox went to Ticonderoga in November 1775 and moved 60 tons 1 of cannon and other armaments over the course of three winter months by boat horse ox drawn sledges and manpower along poor quality roads across two semi frozen rivers and through the forests and swamps of the lightly inhabited Berkshires to the Boston area 2 3 covering approximately 300 miles 500 km Historian Victor Brooks has called Knox s exploit one of the most stupendous feats of logistics of the entire American Revolutionary War 4 The route which he followed is now known as the Henry Knox Trail and the states of New York and Massachusetts have erected markers along the way Contents 1 Background 2 Expedition planning 3 Sources 4 Albany 5 Crossing the Berkshires 6 Arrival 7 Legacy 8 Types and numbers of cannon 9 See also 10 Explanatory notes 11 General references 12 External linksBackground EditMain article Boston campaign The American Revolutionary War erupted with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775 Benedict Arnold was a militia leader from Connecticut who had arrived with his unit in support of the Siege of Boston he proposed to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety that Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain in the Province of New York be captured from its small British garrison One reason that he gave to justify the move was the presence of heavy weaponry at Ticonderoga On May 3 the committee gave Arnold a Massachusetts colonel s commission and authorized the operation 5 The idea to capture Ticonderoga had also been raised to Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys in the disputed New Hampshire Grants territory in Vermont 6 Allen and Arnold joined forces and a force of 83 men captured the fort without a fight on May 10 The next day a detachment captured the nearby Fort Crown Point again without combat 7 Arnold began to inventory the two forts for usable military equipment 8 but he was hampered by a lack of resources and conflict over command of the forts first with Allen and then with a Connecticut militia company sent to hold the fort in June He eventually abandoned the idea of transporting the armaments to Boston and resigned his commission 9 Expedition planning EditIn July 1775 George Washington assumed command of the forces outside Boston 10 and one of the significant problems which he identified in the nascent Continental Army was a lack of heavy weaponry which made offensive operations virtually impossible It is not known who proposed the operation to retrieve the Ticonderoga cannons but historians tend to credit either Henry Knox or Benedict Arnold with giving Washington the idea regardless Washington chose Knox for the job 11 Henry Knox later in life Knox was a 25 year old bookseller with an interest in military matters who served in the Massachusetts militia and he had become good friends with Washington on his arrival at Boston When Washington gave him the assignment he wrote that no trouble or expense must be spared to obtain them 12 On November 16 Washington issued orders to Knox to retrieve the cannons and authorized 1000 for the purpose and he wrote to General Philip Schuyler asking him to assist Knox in the endeavor 13 Washington s call for the weapons was echoed by the Second Continental Congress and they issued Knox a colonel s commission in November although it did not reach him until he returned from the expedition 14 Knox departed Washington s camp on November 17 and traveled to New York City for supplies reaching Ticonderoga on December 5 He shared a cabin with a young British prisoner named John Andre at Fort George at the southern end of Lake George Andre had been taken prisoner during the Siege of Fort St Jean and was on his way south to a prison camp The two were of a similar age and temperament and found much common ground to talk about 15 The next time they met however Knox presided over the court martial which convicted Andre and sentenced him to death for his role in Benedict Arnold s treason 16 Sources Edit The apparent route of the expedition overlaid on a 1779 map Knox s letters and diaries provide the primary sources for much of the daily activity in this journey His description is detailed for some of the events and dates but there are also significant gaps and significant portions of the journey are poorly documented especially much of the Massachusetts section Some of these gaps occur because Knox did not write about them and others because pages are missing from the diary 17 Other sources confirm some of Knox s details or report additional details but parts of the route are not known with certainty and modern descriptions of those parts are based on what is known about Massachusetts roads at the time including the placement of markers for the Henry Knox Trail 18 Regardless the route was more or less in the corridor of today s Massachusetts Turnpike Interstate 90 Albany EditUpon arrival at Ticonderoga Knox immediately set about identifying the equipment to take and organizing its transport 19 He selected 59 pieces of equipment including cannons ranging in size from 4 to 24 pounders mortars and howitzers He estimated the total weight to be transported at 119 000 pounds about 60 tons or 54 metric tons The largest pieces were the 24 pounders which were 11 feet 3 4 m long and estimated to weigh over 5 000 pounds 2 300 kg 12 The equipment was first carried overland from Ticonderoga to the northern end of Lake George where most of the train was loaded onto a scow like ship called a gundalow 12 On December 6 the gundalow set sail for the southern end of the lake with Knox sailing ahead in a small boat Ice was already beginning to cover the lake but the gundalow reached Sabbath Day Point after grounding once on a submerged rock They sailed on again the next day with Knox going ahead He reached Fort George in good time but the gundalow did not appear when expected A boat went to check on its progress and reported that the gundalow had foundered and sunk not far from Sabbath Day Point This appeared to be a serious setback at first but Knox s brother William captain of the gundalow reported that she had foundered but her gunnels were above the water line and that she could be bailed out This was done the ship was refloated and the gundalow arrived at the southern end of the lake two days later 20 General Philip Schuyler On December 17 1775 Knox wrote to Washington that he had built 42 exceeding strong sleds and have provided 80 yoke of oxen to drag them as far as Springfield 21 and that he hoped in 16 or 17 days to be able to present your Excellency a noble train of artillery 19 He then set out for Albany ahead of the train crossed the frozen Hudson River at Glens Falls and proceeded on through Saratoga to reach Lansingburg New York on Christmas Day Two feet 60 cm of snow fell that day slowing his progress as the snow covered route needed to be broken open He finally reached Albany the next day again slowed by significant snow on the ground There he met with General Philip Schuyler and the two of them worked over the next few days to locate and send north equipment and personnel to assist in moving the train south from Lake George The snowfall was sufficient to enable sleds to move the train overland but the river ice was still too thin to move it over the Hudson Knox and his men tried to accelerate the process of thickening the river ice by pouring additional water on top of existing ice The first of the cannon arrived at Albany by January 4 but some cannons crashed through the ice into the river on the way to Albany and again on crossing the Hudson heading east toward Massachusetts In every instance however the cannon was recovered On January 9 the last of cannons had crossed the Hudson and Knox rode ahead to oversee the next stage of the journey 22 Crossing the Berkshires Edit 19th century drawing depicting the arrival of the weapons Details are sketchy concerning the remaining journey as Knox s journal ends on January 12 He reached the vicinity of Claverack New York on January 9 1776 and proceeded through the Berkshires reaching Blandford Massachusetts two days later 23 There the lead crew refused to continue owing to a lack of snow and the upcoming steep descent to the Connecticut River valley but Knox hired additional oxen and persuaded the crew to go on As the train moved east news of it spread and people came out to watch it pass In Westfield Massachusetts Knox loaded one of the big guns with powder and fired it to the applause of the assembled crowd 24 At Springfield Knox had to hire new work crews as his New York based crews wanted to return home 25 John Adams reported seeing the artillery train pass through Framingham Massachusetts on January 25 and Knox arrived in Cambridge two days later and personally reported to Washington that they had arrived According to Knox s accounting he spent 521 on an operation that he had hoped would take two weeks but actually took ten weeks 26 Arrival EditFurther information Fortification of Dorchester Heights Washington wanted to end the siege and he formulated a plan to draw at least some of the British out of Boston once the equipment began to arrive at which point he would launch an attack on the city across the Charles River He placed cannons from Ticonderoga at Lechmere s Point and Cobble Hill in Cambridge and on Lamb s Dam in Roxbury 27 28 These batteries opened fire on Boston on the night of March 2 1776 while preparations were made to fortify the Dorchester Heights from which cannons could threaten both the city and the British fleet in the harbor Continental Army troops occupied this high ground on the night of March 4 29 30 An engraving depicting the evacuation of British troops from Boston British General William Howe first planned to contest this move by assaulting the position but a snowstorm prevented its execution After further consideration he decided instead to withdraw from the city On March 17 British troops and Loyalist colonists boarded ships and sailed for Halifax Nova Scotia 31 Henry Knox went on to become the chief artillery officer of the Continental Army and later served as the first United States Secretary of War 32 Legacy EditMain article Henry Knox Trail At the time of the exploit s sesquicentennial 150th anniversary the State of New York and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts both placed historical markers along the route that Knox was believed to have taken In 1972 some markers were moved in New York after new information surfaced about the train s movements between Albany and the state boundary Given the lack of documentation for the Massachusetts portion of the journey most of the markers there were placed along the route that the train was only assumed to have taken based on what was known about Massachusetts roads of the time 33 Fort Knox an Army post in Kentucky famous as the site of the United States Bullion Depository was named after Henry Knox Types and numbers of cannon EditSource 34 Coehorn brass 57 10 in 2 41 2 in 4 Mortar brass 41 2 in 1 Mortar iron 61 2 in 1 10 in 1 10 1 4 in 1 13 in 3 Cannon brass 3 pounder 8 6 pounder 3 18 pounder 1 24 pounder 1 Cannon iron 6 pounder 6 9 pounder 4 12 pounder 10 18 pounder 11 Howitzer iron 8 in 1 81 2 in 1See also Edit American Revolutionary War portalGundalow Hannibal s crossing of the AlpsExplanatory notes Edit Ware 2000 p 18 Ware 2000 pp 19 24 N Brooks 1900 p 38 V Brooks 1999 p 210 Martin 1997 pp 63 65 Martin 1997 p 67 Martin 1997 pp 70 73 Martin 1997 p 76 Martin 1997 pp 80 95 N Brooks 1900 p 32 See N Brooks p 38 and Martin p 106 a b c Ware 200 p 19 N Brooks 1900 pp 38 39 N Brooks 1900 p 34 Callahan 1958 p 39 Callahan 1958 p 40 See the diary contents at Knox 1876 pp 322 26 See the inventory record for marker 21 on the trail a b N Brooks 1900 p 40 Ware 2000 p 20 Ware 2000 pp 21 22 Knox 1867 pp 323 324 Callahan 1958 pp 46 50 Knox 1867 p 325 Ware 2000 p 24 Callahan 1958 p 54 Drake 1873 p 23 V Brooks 1999 p 224 Gagnon D 5 June 2007 Letter from General John Thomas to his wife March 9 1776 Roxbury during the Siege of Boston April 1775 March 1776 PDF National Park Service Historic Roxbury Boston National Historical Park pp 18 Retrieved 4 December 2020 About sunrise the enemy and others in Boston appeared numerous on the tops of houses and on the wharfs viewing us with astonishment for our appearance was unexpected to them The cannonading which kept up all night from our lines at Lamb s Dam and from the enemy s lines likewise at Lechmere Point now ceased from those quarters and the enemy turned their fire toward us on the hills but they soon found it was to little effect French 1911 p 406 V Brooks 1999 p 225 V Brooks 1999 pp 228 230 Drake 1873 pp 21 127 Knox Trail official New York site Campeau Thomas M 2015 The Noble Train of Artillery A Study Comparison of Current Doctrinal Concepts of the Mission Command Philosophy in History U S Army Command and General Staff College pp 47 48 General references EditBrooks Noah 1900 Henry Knox a Soldier of the Revolution Major general in the Continental Army Washington s Chief of Artillery First Secretary of War Under the Constitution Founder of the Society of the Cincinnati 1750 1806 New York G P Putnam s Sons OCLC 77547631 Brooks Victor 1999 The Boston Campaign Conshohocken PA Combined Publishing ISBN 1 58097 007 9 OCLC 42581510 Callahan North 1958 Henry Knox General Washington s General New York Rinehart Drake Francis Samuel 1873 Life and correspondence of Henry Knox S G Drake p 21 OCLC 2358685 French Allen 1911 The Siege of Boston New York Macmillan OCLC 3927532 Knox Henry 1876 Waters Henry Fitz Gilbert ed Henry Knox s Diary New England Historical and Genealogical Register Martin James Kirby 1997 Benedict Arnold Revolutionary Hero An American Warrior Reconsidered New York University Press ISBN 0 8147 5560 7 This book is primarily about Arnold s service on the American side in the Revolution giving overviews of the periods before the war and after he changes sides Knox Trail official New York site New York State Museum Archived from the original on 2010 01 07 Retrieved 2010 01 08 Knox Trail marker 21 New York State Museum Archived from the original on 2010 01 05 Retrieved 2010 01 08 Ware Susan 2000 Forgotten Heroes Inspiring American Portraits from Our Leading Historians Portland OR Simon and Schuster ISBN 978 0 684 86872 1 OCLC 45179918 External links EditHMDB listing of commemorative markers Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Noble train of artillery amp oldid 1125780120, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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