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Nityayoga

January 01, 1970

In Indian astronomy, yoga (also called nityayoga) is a period of time, of varying lengths, during which the sum of the nirayana longitudes of the Sun and the Moon increases by an amount of 13 degrees 20 minutes (or, equivalently, 800 minutes).[1] While considering the sum, when the sum is 360 degrees or more, then the angle 360 degrees is subtracted from the sum to make the sum an angle between 0 degree and 360 minutes. Consider a moment T1 when the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon is 0 degree and let T2 be the next immediate moment when the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon is 13 degree 20 minutes. The duration of time between the moments T1 and T2 is the first yoga. Similarly, let the next immediate moment when the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and Moon is 26 degrees 40 minutes. The duration of time between the moments T2 and T3 is the second yoga. The third, fourth and higher yoga-s are defined in a similar way. Since 27 X 13 degrees 20 minutes = 360 degrees, at the end-moment of the 27th yoga, the sum of the nirayana longitudes of the Sun and Moon would be 0 degree. The numbering of the yoga-s then starts afresh from that point. It appears that the astronomical yoga-s are in no way related to any astronomical phenomena.[2] S. B. Dikshit in his Bhāratīya Jyotiṣ Śāstra observes: "It is not known what planetary position in the sky is indicated by yoga, and it is useful only in astrology."[3]

The astronomical yoga as defined above is not be confused with the concept of yoga widely used in Indian astrological traditions. In Indian astrology, the term yoga has been used to indicate luni-solar distances and planetary situations, associations, and combinations. When one planet or house is related to another by placement, aspect or conjunction in a particular way then it is said that the planets and houses are in a particular yoga.

In the traditional Indian calendars or almanacs, that is in Pañcāṅg-s, Yoga or Nityayoga is one of the five elements or organs or limbs that constitute the Pañcāṅg-s, the "five organs" in the literary meaning of the term Pañcāṅg. The other four elements are Nakṣatra, Tithi, Vāra and Karaṇa.

Names of the yoga-s edit

In Indian astronomical literature, each of the 27 yoga-s has been given unique name as below. The literal meanings in English of the names are given in parentheses.

  1. Viṣkaṃbha (Support or obstacle)
  2. Prīti (Kindness, fondness)
  3. Āyuṣmān (Long lived)
  4. Saubhāgya (Good fortune)
  5. Śobhana (Prosperity, splendor)
  6. Atigaṇḑa (Having large cheeks or temples)
  7. Sukarmā (Virtuous)
  8. Dhṛti (Courage, determination)
  9. Śūla (Spear, pike)
  10. Gaṇḑa (Spot, mark, pimple)
  11. Vṛddhi (Growth)
  12. Dhruva (Unchangeable, constant)
  13. Vyāghāta (Hindrance, defeat)
  14. Harṣaṇa (Thrilling)
  15. Vajra (Diamond, thunderbolt)
  16. Siddha (Success)
  17. Vyātīpāta (Calamity)
  18. Varīyān (Very welcome)
  19. Parigha (Obstacle)
  20. Śiva (Benign, gracious)
  21. Siddha (Accomplished)
  22. Sādhya (Amenable)
  23. Śubha (Auspicious)
  24. Śukla (White substance)
  25. Brahma (Supreme spirit, priest)
  26. Indra (Chief)
  27. Vaidhṛta (Great calamity)

History of the yoga concept edit

Nityayoga or yoga has a prominent place in traditional Indian almanac known as Pañcāṅg. It is one of the five elements that constitutes the pañcāṅg-s, that is, the five elements that define a Pañcāṅg. However, the yoga-s entered the Pañcāṅg calculations only several centuries after the other four elements became parts of the Indian alamanac. Pancha-siddhantika, a text on astronomy composed around 505 CE by Varāhamihira gives the methods of calculating nakṣatra-s and tithi-s but does not give any method for calculating yoga-s. Similarly, Bṛhat Saṃhitā, a work on astrology also by Varāhamihira has long discussions on the effects of nakṣatra-s but is silent on the effects of yoga-s. These facts indicate that the concept of yoga-s did not exist at the time of Varāhamihira. The currently available Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta composed by Brahmagupta in c.628 CE has just one verse containing a reference to yoga, but all internal evidences point to the possibility of the verse being a much later interpolation. Khaṇḍakhādyaka, another treatise composed by Brahmagupta in c.665 CE has a couplet of verses referring to yoga. These verses have also been determined as later interpolations. All these point to the fact that the concept of yoga in astronomy arose post Brahmagupta. Lalla (c. 720–790 CE) in his Śiṣyadhīvṛddhidatantra mentions the yoga-s in detail. Surya Siddhanta, the founding text of the Saura-pakṣa in Indian astronomy, of undetermined authorship believed to have been composed in the 4th-5th century CE but again believed to have undergone a substantial revision in around 800 CE presents the list of all the 27 yoga-s as they are used in modern Pañcāṅg-s and also methods of calculating the yoga-s. All these evidences suggest that the concept of yoga arose sometime around 700 CE and became an integral part of the Pañcāṅg-s only after around 700 CE.[3]

On the origin of the concept of yoga edit

The word vyātīpāta occurs in two verses in Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, but from the context of the occurrence of the word, it is clear that it is not referring to the vyātīpāta that occurs as the 17th yoga in the list of 27 yoga-s. It is referring to one of two mahāpāta-s which occur when the Sun and the Moon are in parallel declination and this happens when the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and Moon is 180°. There are two moments in every lunar month when this happens. One of them is called the vyātīpāta and other vaidhṛti. In order to find these mahāpāta-s one has find the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon. This must have led to the idea of finding yoga-s by finding the sum of longitudes just as tithi is determined by the difference of longitudes.[3]

There is another theory regarding the origin of the yoga concept in Indian astronomy. According this view, the astronomical yoga came into being in attempts to predict the phenomena of eclipses.[4]

Determination of Yoga edit

Robert Sewell's The Indian Calendar contains a section which explains in meticulous detail how the Yoga at sunrise on a day specified by a date in the Common Era can be determined. The procedure also explains how to find how much time has elapsed at the moment of sunrise since the beginning of the Yoga.[5]

Lengths of Yoga-s edit

The lengths of the various toga-s varies from yoga to yoga. The following table gives the mean length, the greatest length and the least length of the yoga-s.[6] It follows that the total length of a yoga-cycle consisting of 27 yoga-s is 26 days 10 hours 12 minutes 47 seconds.

Lengths of Yoga-s
Hours Minutes Seconds
Mean 22 35 44.7
Greatest 24 36 24
Least 20 52 58

A different system of yoga-s edit

There is a different system of yoga-s in use in India. This system consists of 28 yoga-s, in contrast to 27 yoga-s in the system already explained, and the names and the rules for the determination of these yoga-s are different from the ones given earlier. In this system, the succession of the yoga-s depends the day of the week. Hence it has absolutely no connection whatsoever with any astronomical phenomena as the week has no definable relation to the motion of the moon or the sun. This system of yoga-s do not find any mention in Sūrya-sddhānta. In some Hindu calendars yoga-s of this system are also given for each day of the month. But these yogas are only of astrological interest.

The names as well as the rules for the determination of the 28 yoga-s as given in Śrīpati's Jyotiṡa Ratnamāla are given below.[7][8]

Names of the 28 yoga-s in the different system edit

  1. Ānanda
  2. Kāladaṇḍa
  3. Dhūmra
  4. Prajāpati
  5. Saumya
  6. Dhvānkṣa
  7. Dhvaja
  8. Śrīvatsa
  9. Vajra
  10. Mudgara
  11. Chattra
  12. Maitra
  13. Mānasa
  14. Padma
  15. Lambaka
  16. Utpāta
  17. Mrtyu
  18. Kāṇa
  19. Siddhi
  20. Śubha
  21. Amṛta
  22. Musala
  23. Gada
  24. Mātaṅga
  25. Rākṣasa
  26. Cara
  27. Sthira
  28. Pravardha

Rule for assigning the yoga-s in the different system edit

The rule assumes a cycle of 28 nakṣatra-s which includes the 28th nakṣatra, namely, Abhijit. The 28 yoga-s are assigned as follows:[7]

  • If on a day, if the week day is Sunday and the nakṣatra is Aśvinī, the yoga is Ānanda, if the nakṣatra is Bharaṇī the yoga is Kāladaṇḍa, and so on.
  • If on a day, if the week day is Monday and the nakṣatra is Mṛgaśīrṣa, the yoga is Ānanda, if the nakṣatra is Ārdrā the yoga is Kāladaṇḍa, and so on.
  • If on a day, if the week day is Tuesday and the nakṣatra is Āśleṣa, the yoga is Ānanda, if the nakṣatra is Magha the yoga is Kāladaṇḍa, and so on.
  • If on a day, if the week day is Wednesday and the nakṣatra is Hasta, the yoga is Ānanda, if the nakṣatra is Citra the yoga is Kāladaṇḍa, and so on.
  • If on a day, if the week day is Thursday and the nakṣatra is Anurādha, the yoga is Ānanda, if the nakṣatra is Jyeṣtha the yoga is Kāladaṇḍa, and so on.
  • If on a day, if the week day is Friday and the nakṣatra is Uttara-āṣādha, the yoga is Ānanda, if the nakṣatra is Śrāvaṇa the yoga is Kāladaṇḍa, and so on.
  • If on a day, if the week day is Saturday and the nakṣatra is Śatabhiṣaj, the yoga is Ānanda, if the nakṣatra is Pūrva-bhādrapada the yoga is Kāladaṇḍa, and so on.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ S. Balachandra Rao (2000). Indian Astronomy: An Introduction. Hyderabad: Universities Press. p. 68. ISBN 81 7371 205 0. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  2. ^ "The astronomical definition of Yoga". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Sankar Balakrishna Dikshit (1981). English translation of "Bharatiya Jyotish Shastra" (History of Indian Astronomy) Part II. Kolkota: India Metereological Department, Govt of India. p. 277 - 279. Retrieved 3 January 2024. (Translated by R. V. Vaidya from Marathi originally published in 1896.)
  4. ^ Shakti Dhara Sharma (1998). "Development of Pancanga from vedic times upto the present". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 26: 75–90. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  5. ^ Robert Sewell and Sankara Balakrishna Dikshit (1896). The Indian Calendar. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. p. 3. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  6. ^ Robert Sewell and Sankara Balakrishna Dikshit (1896). The Indian Calendar. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. p. 97. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  7. ^ a b Ebenezer Burgess (1858). "Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 6: 141–498. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  8. ^ H. T. Colebrooke (1872). Miscellaneous Essays Vol. II. Higginbotham & Co. p. 363. Retrieved 25 January 2024.

January 01, 1970
nityayoga, indian, astronomy, yoga, also, called, nityayoga, period, time, varying, lengths, during, which, nirayana, longitudes, moon, increases, amount, degrees, minutes, equivalently, minutes, while, considering, when, degrees, more, then, angle, degrees, s. In Indian astronomy yoga also called nityayoga is a period of time of varying lengths during which the sum of the nirayana longitudes of the Sun and the Moon increases by an amount of 13 degrees 20 minutes or equivalently 800 minutes 1 While considering the sum when the sum is 360 degrees or more then the angle 360 degrees is subtracted from the sum to make the sum an angle between 0 degree and 360 minutes Consider a moment T1 when the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon is 0 degree and let T2 be the next immediate moment when the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon is 13 degree 20 minutes The duration of time between the moments T1 and T2 is the first yoga Similarly let the next immediate moment when the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and Moon is 26 degrees 40 minutes The duration of time between the moments T2 and T3 is the second yoga The third fourth and higher yoga s are defined in a similar way Since 27 X 13 degrees 20 minutes 360 degrees at the end moment of the 27th yoga the sum of the nirayana longitudes of the Sun and Moon would be 0 degree The numbering of the yoga s then starts afresh from that point It appears that the astronomical yoga s are in no way related to any astronomical phenomena 2 S B Dikshit in his Bharatiya Jyotiṣ Sastra observes It is not known what planetary position in the sky is indicated by yoga and it is useful only in astrology 3 The astronomical yoga as defined above is not be confused with the concept of yoga widely used in Indian astrological traditions In Indian astrology the term yoga has been used to indicate luni solar distances and planetary situations associations and combinations When one planet or house is related to another by placement aspect or conjunction in a particular way then it is said that the planets and houses are in a particular yoga In the traditional Indian calendars or almanacs that is in Pancaṅg s Yoga or Nityayoga is one of the five elements or organs or limbs that constitute the Pancaṅg s the five organs in the literary meaning of the term Pancaṅg The other four elements are Nakṣatra Tithi Vara and Karaṇa Contents 1 Names of the yoga s 2 History of the yoga concept 3 On the origin of the concept of yoga 4 Determination of Yoga 5 Lengths of Yoga s 6 A different system of yoga s 6 1 Names of the 28 yoga s in the different system 6 2 Rule for assigning the yoga s in the different system 7 See also 8 ReferencesNames of the yoga s editIn Indian astronomical literature each of the 27 yoga s has been given unique name as below The literal meanings in English of the names are given in parentheses Viṣkaṃbha Support or obstacle Priti Kindness fondness Ayuṣman Long lived Saubhagya Good fortune Sobhana Prosperity splendor Atigaṇḑa Having large cheeks or temples Sukarma Virtuous Dhṛti Courage determination Sula Spear pike Gaṇḑa Spot mark pimple Vṛddhi Growth Dhruva Unchangeable constant Vyaghata Hindrance defeat Harṣaṇa Thrilling Vajra Diamond thunderbolt Siddha Success Vyatipata Calamity Variyan Very welcome Parigha Obstacle Siva Benign gracious Siddha Accomplished Sadhya Amenable Subha Auspicious Sukla White substance Brahma Supreme spirit priest Indra Chief Vaidhṛta Great calamity History of the yoga concept editNityayoga or yoga has a prominent place in traditional Indian almanac known as Pancaṅg It is one of the five elements that constitutes the pancaṅg s that is the five elements that define a Pancaṅg However the yoga s entered the Pancaṅg calculations only several centuries after the other four elements became parts of the Indian alamanac Pancha siddhantika a text on astronomy composed around 505 CE by Varahamihira gives the methods of calculating nakṣatra s and tithi s but does not give any method for calculating yoga s Similarly Bṛhat Saṃhita a work on astrology also by Varahamihira has long discussions on the effects of nakṣatra s but is silent on the effects of yoga s These facts indicate that the concept of yoga s did not exist at the time of Varahamihira The currently available Brahmasphuṭasiddhanta composed by Brahmagupta in c 628 CE has just one verse containing a reference to yoga but all internal evidences point to the possibility of the verse being a much later interpolation Khaṇḍakhadyaka another treatise composed by Brahmagupta in c 665 CE has a couplet of verses referring to yoga These verses have also been determined as later interpolations All these point to the fact that the concept of yoga in astronomy arose post Brahmagupta Lalla c 720 790 CE in his Siṣyadhivṛddhidatantra mentions the yoga s in detail Surya Siddhanta the founding text of the Saura pakṣa in Indian astronomy of undetermined authorship believed to have been composed in the 4th 5th century CE but again believed to have undergone a substantial revision in around 800 CE presents the list of all the 27 yoga s as they are used in modern Pancaṅg s and also methods of calculating the yoga s All these evidences suggest that the concept of yoga arose sometime around 700 CE and became an integral part of the Pancaṅg s only after around 700 CE 3 On the origin of the concept of yoga editThe word vyatipata occurs in two verses in Brahmasphuṭasiddhanta but from the context of the occurrence of the word it is clear that it is not referring to the vyatipata that occurs as the 17th yoga in the list of 27 yoga s It is referring to one of two mahapata s which occur when the Sun and the Moon are in parallel declination and this happens when the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and Moon is 180 There are two moments in every lunar month when this happens One of them is called the vyatipata and other vaidhṛti In order to find these mahapata s one has find the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon This must have led to the idea of finding yoga s by finding the sum of longitudes just as tithi is determined by the difference of longitudes 3 There is another theory regarding the origin of the yoga concept in Indian astronomy According this view the astronomical yoga came into being in attempts to predict the phenomena of eclipses 4 Determination of Yoga editRobert Sewell s The Indian Calendar contains a section which explains in meticulous detail how the Yoga at sunrise on a day specified by a date in the Common Era can be determined The procedure also explains how to find how much time has elapsed at the moment of sunrise since the beginning of the Yoga 5 Lengths of Yoga s editThe lengths of the various toga s varies from yoga to yoga The following table gives the mean length the greatest length and the least length of the yoga s 6 It follows that the total length of a yoga cycle consisting of 27 yoga s is 26 days 10 hours 12 minutes 47 seconds Lengths of Yoga s Hours Minutes Seconds Mean 22 35 44 7 Greatest 24 36 24 Least 20 52 58A different system of yoga s editThere is a different system of yoga s in use in India This system consists of 28 yoga s in contrast to 27 yoga s in the system already explained and the names and the rules for the determination of these yoga s are different from the ones given earlier In this system the succession of the yoga s depends the day of the week Hence it has absolutely no connection whatsoever with any astronomical phenomena as the week has no definable relation to the motion of the moon or the sun This system of yoga s do not find any mention in Surya sddhanta In some Hindu calendars yoga s of this system are also given for each day of the month But these yogas are only of astrological interest The names as well as the rules for the determination of the 28 yoga s as given in Sripati s Jyotiṡa Ratnamala are given below 7 8 Names of the 28 yoga s in the different system edit Ananda Kaladaṇḍa Dhumra Prajapati Saumya Dhvankṣa Dhvaja Srivatsa Vajra Mudgara Chattra Maitra Manasa Padma Lambaka Utpata Mrtyu Kaṇa Siddhi Subha Amṛta Musala Gada Mataṅga Rakṣasa Cara Sthira Pravardha Rule for assigning the yoga s in the different system edit The rule assumes a cycle of 28 nakṣatra s which includes the 28th nakṣatra namely Abhijit The 28 yoga s are assigned as follows 7 If on a day if the week day is Sunday and the nakṣatra is Asvini the yoga is Ananda if the nakṣatra is Bharaṇi the yoga is Kaladaṇḍa and so on If on a day if the week day is Monday and the nakṣatra is Mṛgasirṣa the yoga is Ananda if the nakṣatra is Ardra the yoga is Kaladaṇḍa and so on If on a day if the week day is Tuesday and the nakṣatra is Asleṣa the yoga is Ananda if the nakṣatra is Magha the yoga is Kaladaṇḍa and so on If on a day if the week day is Wednesday and the nakṣatra is Hasta the yoga is Ananda if the nakṣatra is Citra the yoga is Kaladaṇḍa and so on If on a day if the week day is Thursday and the nakṣatra is Anuradha the yoga is Ananda if the nakṣatra is Jyeṣtha the yoga is Kaladaṇḍa and so on If on a day if the week day is Friday and the nakṣatra is Uttara aṣadha the yoga is Ananda if the nakṣatra is Sravaṇa the yoga is Kaladaṇḍa and so on If on a day if the week day is Saturday and the nakṣatra is Satabhiṣaj the yoga is Ananda if the nakṣatra is Purva bhadrapada the yoga is Kaladaṇḍa and so on See also editNakshatra Karaṇa Tithi Vara VyatipataReferences edit S Balachandra Rao 2000 Indian Astronomy An Introduction Hyderabad Universities Press p 68 ISBN 81 7371 205 0 Retrieved 1 January 2024 The astronomical definition of Yoga www wisdomlib org Retrieved 1 January 2024 a b c Sankar Balakrishna Dikshit 1981 English translation of Bharatiya Jyotish Shastra History of Indian Astronomy Part II Kolkota India Metereological Department Govt of India p 277 279 Retrieved 3 January 2024 Translated by R V Vaidya from Marathi originally published in 1896 Shakti Dhara Sharma 1998 Development of Pancanga from vedic times upto the present Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India 26 75 90 Retrieved 1 January 2024 Robert Sewell and Sankara Balakrishna Dikshit 1896 The Indian Calendar London Swan Sonnenschein amp Co p 3 Retrieved 1 January 2024 Robert Sewell and Sankara Balakrishna Dikshit 1896 The Indian Calendar London Swan Sonnenschein amp Co p 97 Retrieved 1 January 2024 a b Ebenezer Burgess 1858 Translation of the Surya Siddhanta Journal of the American Oriental Society 6 141 498 Retrieved 25 January 2024 H T Colebrooke 1872 Miscellaneous Essays Vol II Higginbotham amp Co p 363 Retrieved 25 January 2024 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nityayoga amp oldid 1200013626, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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