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Nikolay Semyonov

March 03, 2023

For the Russian handball player, see Nikolay Semyonov (handballer).

Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov (or Semënov), ForMemRS[1] (Russian: Никола́й Никола́евич Семёнов; 15 April [O.S. 3 April] 1896 – 25 September 1986) (often referred to in English as Semenoff, Semenov, Semionov, or Semyonova) was a Soviet physicist and chemist. Semyonov was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the mechanism of chemical transformation.

Nikolay Semyonov
Semyonov in 1956
Born
Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov

15 April [O.S. 3 April] 1896
Saratov, Russian Empire
Died25 September 1986(1986-09-25) (aged 90)
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
NationalityRussian
Known forchemical transformation
AwardsNobel Prize in chemistry (1956)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1969)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics, chemistry
Doctoral advisorAbram Ioffe
Doctoral studentsDavid A. Frank-Kamenetskii

Life and career

Semyonov was born in Saratov, the son of Elena Dmitrieva and Nikolai Alex Semyonov.[2] He graduated from the department of physics of Petrograd University (1913–1917), where he was a student of Abram Fyodorovich Ioffe. In 1918, he moved to Samara, where he was enlisted into Kolchak's White Army during Russian Civil War.

Semyonov published his first research paper in 1916 and became a lecturer at the University of Tomsk in western Siberia.

After graduating from Saint Petersburg State University, he worked as an assistant and lecturer at the Tomsk and Tomsk University Institute of Technology, where he published his first research paper in 1916. He returned to western Siberia, Petrograd and took charge of the electron phenomena laboratory of the Petrograd Physico-Technical Institute in 1920. He also became the vice-director of the institute. In 1921, he married philologist Maria Boreishe-Liverovsky (student of Zhirmunsky). She died two years later. On September 15-1924, Nikolay married Maria's niece, Natalia Nikolaevna Burtseva. They had two children, one son Yurii Nikolaevich and one daughter Ludmilla Nikolaevna.

During that difficult time, Semyonov, together with Pyotr Kapitsa, discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an atomic nucleus (1922). Later the experimental setup was improved by Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach and became known as Stern–Gerlach experiment.

In 1925, Semyonov, together with Yakov Frenkel, studied kinetics of condensation and adsorption of vapors. In 1927, he studied ionisation in gases and published an important book, Chemistry of the Electron. In 1928, he, together with Vladimir Fock, created a theory of thermal disruptive discharge of dielectrics.

In 1927, Semyonov studied the ionization of gases, the chemistry of the electron. In 1928, he created the theory of the broken discharge of dielectrics with Valdímir Fok.

He lectured at the Petrograd Polytechnical Institute and was appointed Professor in 1928. In 1931, he organized the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences (which moved to Chernogolovka in 1943) and became its first director. In 1932, he became a full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.

The ideas of Semyonov have been applied in the science of reaction and production of polymerization reactions. His ideas are also applied in catalysis studies in biological systems.


Semyonov married Natalya Nikolaevna Semyonov and together they both have a son and a daughter. Semyonov died on September 25, 1986 in Moscow, and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Significant works

 
Semyonov (right) and Kapitsa, portrait by Boris Kustodiev, 1921.
 
Semyonov on a 2021 stamp of Russia

Semyonov's outstanding work on the mechanism of chemical transformation includes an exhaustive analysis of the application of the chain theory to varied reactions (1934–1954) and, more significantly, to combustion processes. He proposed a theory of degenerate branching, which led to a better understanding of the phenomena associated with the induction periods of oxidation processes. He spent most of his career focusing and developing the field of chemical chain reactions.

Semyonov wrote two important books outlining his work. Chemical Kinetics and Chain Reactions was published in 1934, with an English edition in 1935. It was the first book in the U.S.S.R. to develop a detailed theory of unbranched and branched chain reactions in chemistry. Some Problems of Chemical Kinetics and Reactivity, first published in 1954, was revised in 1958; there are also English, American, German, and Chinese editions. He is the only Soviet/Russian Chemistry Nobel Laureate, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood) for his work in 1956.

Semyonov had long been a supporter of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union. After the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists accused the Soviet Union of heavy scientific censorship in 1953, he coauthored the Soviet response which denied all accusations. He is also noted as being the most famous signatory to a 1971 public letter from Soviet scientists to United States president Richard Nixon, on displeasure in the murder trial of Angela Davis.

Semyonov trained Russian organometallic chemist Alexandr Shilov, who discovered platinum catalyzed C-H activation.

Honours and awards

Semyonov was also an Honorary Doctor of several universities: Oxford (1960), Brussels (1962), London (1965), Budapest Technical University (1965), Polytechnic Institute of Milan (1964) and others.

Legacy

  • In 1990, the IHF RAS was named after N. N. Semenov;
  • In 1994, a memorial plaque was unveiled in honor of Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov on the main building of the St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University (29 Politechnicheskaya Street);[6]
  • The memorial plaque is installed on the facade of the Main building of the A.F. Ioffe Institute of Physics and Technology in St. Petersburg (26 Politechnicheskaya str.).[7]
  • On July 27 1996 and one of the streets in the South-Western Administrative District of the city of Moscow on the territory of the district Yuzhnoye Butovo was given the name Academician Semenov Street;
  • In Saratov , one of the streets is named after Semenov;[8]
  • In Tyumen , one of the streets is named after Semenov;[9]
  • A memorial plaque is installed on the house in Moscow at 24 Frunzenskaya Embankment, where Semenov spent his last years of life;
  • The Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences has a Commission for the development of the scientific heritage of Academician N. N. Semenov;
  • Airliner Airbus A321 (VQ-BOI) of the airline "Aeroflot" "N. Semenov";[10]
  • On April 5, 2019 in Moscow on the territory of National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI" a monument was erected by the sculptor Alexandra Mironova[11]
  • At the beginning of April 2022, a monument to Academician Nikolai Semenov was unveiled in Moscow on Kosygin Street, house 4.[12]

See also

Reference

  1. ^ a b Dainton, L. (1990). "Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov. 16 April 1896-25 September 1986". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 36: 526–546. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1990.0042.
  2. ^ Nikolai N. Semenov Summary.
  3. ^ "1956 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry : Soviet Scientist Nikolai Semyonov Dies". Los Angeles Times. 1 October 1986.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov". encyclopedia.com. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  5. ^ "List of Members". leopoldina.org. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  6. ^ "Семёнов Николай Николаевич". warheroes.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  7. ^ "Семёнов Николай Николаевич". warheroes.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  8. ^ "Саратовскую улицу назвали в честь нобелевского лауреата". nversia.ru (in Russian). 1 November 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  9. ^ "Улица Николая Семенова - химика и физика" (in Russian). 9 December 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  10. ^ "АЭРОФЛОТ ВВЕЛ В ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЮ ЛАЙНЕР А321 "Н.СЕМЕНОВ"". www.aviaport.ru (in Russian). 11 March 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  11. ^ "В НИЯУ МИФИ ОТКРЫЛИ ПАМЯТНИК ЛАУРЕАТУ НОБЕЛЕВСКОЙ ПРЕМИИ, СОЗДАТЕЛЮ КАФЕДРЫ ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ФИЗИКИ МИФИ НИКОЛАЮ НИКОЛАЕВИЧУ СЕМЕНОВУ". mephi.ru (in Russian). 9 April 2019.
  12. ^ "Четыре новых памятника установили в Москве". vm.ru (in Russian). 31 July 2022.

External links

  Media related to Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov at Wikimedia Commons

  • Nikolay Semyonov on Nobelprize.org   including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1956 Some Problems Relating to Chain Reactions and to the Theory of Combustion
  • Semyonov's Nobel Lecture Some Problems Relating to Chain Reactions and to the Theory of Combustion
  • (in Russian) .
  • (in Russian) .

March 03, 2023
nikolay, semyonov, russian, handball, player, handballer, nikolay, nikolayevich, semyonov, semënov, formemrs, russian, Никола, Никола, евич, Семёнов, april, april, 1896, september, 1986, often, referred, english, semenoff, semenov, semionov, semyonova, soviet,. For the Russian handball player see Nikolay Semyonov handballer Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov or Semenov ForMemRS 1 Russian Nikola j Nikola evich Semyonov 15 April O S 3 April 1896 25 September 1986 often referred to in English as Semenoff Semenov Semionov or Semyonova was a Soviet physicist and chemist Semyonov was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the mechanism of chemical transformation Nikolay SemyonovSemyonov in 1956BornNikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov15 April O S 3 April 1896Saratov Russian EmpireDied25 September 1986 1986 09 25 aged 90 Moscow Russian SFSR Soviet UnionNationalityRussianKnown forchemical transformationAwardsNobel Prize in chemistry 1956 Lomonosov Gold Medal 1969 Scientific careerFieldsPhysics chemistryDoctoral advisorAbram IoffeDoctoral studentsDavid A Frank Kamenetskii Contents 1 Life and career 2 Significant works 3 Honours and awards 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 Reference 7 External linksLife and career EditSemyonov was born in Saratov the son of Elena Dmitrieva and Nikolai Alex Semyonov 2 He graduated from the department of physics of Petrograd University 1913 1917 where he was a student of Abram Fyodorovich Ioffe In 1918 he moved to Samara where he was enlisted into Kolchak s White Army during Russian Civil War Semyonov published his first research paper in 1916 and became a lecturer at the University of Tomsk in western Siberia After graduating from Saint Petersburg State University he worked as an assistant and lecturer at the Tomsk and Tomsk University Institute of Technology where he published his first research paper in 1916 He returned to western Siberia Petrograd and took charge of the electron phenomena laboratory of the Petrograd Physico Technical Institute in 1920 He also became the vice director of the institute In 1921 he married philologist Maria Boreishe Liverovsky student of Zhirmunsky She died two years later On September 15 1924 Nikolay married Maria s niece Natalia Nikolaevna Burtseva They had two children one son Yurii Nikolaevich and one daughter Ludmilla Nikolaevna During that difficult time Semyonov together with Pyotr Kapitsa discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an atomic nucleus 1922 Later the experimental setup was improved by Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach and became known as Stern Gerlach experiment In 1925 Semyonov together with Yakov Frenkel studied kinetics of condensation and adsorption of vapors In 1927 he studied ionisation in gases and published an important book Chemistry of the Electron In 1928 he together with Vladimir Fock created a theory of thermal disruptive discharge of dielectrics In 1927 Semyonov studied the ionization of gases the chemistry of the electron In 1928 he created the theory of the broken discharge of dielectrics with Valdimir Fok He lectured at the Petrograd Polytechnical Institute and was appointed Professor in 1928 In 1931 he organized the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences which moved to Chernogolovka in 1943 and became its first director In 1932 he became a full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences The ideas of Semyonov have been applied in the science of reaction and production of polymerization reactions His ideas are also applied in catalysis studies in biological systems Semyonov married Natalya Nikolaevna Semyonov and together they both have a son and a daughter Semyonov died on September 25 1986 in Moscow and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery Significant works Edit Semyonov right and Kapitsa portrait by Boris Kustodiev 1921 Semyonov on a 2021 stamp of Russia Semyonov s outstanding work on the mechanism of chemical transformation includes an exhaustive analysis of the application of the chain theory to varied reactions 1934 1954 and more significantly to combustion processes He proposed a theory of degenerate branching which led to a better understanding of the phenomena associated with the induction periods of oxidation processes He spent most of his career focusing and developing the field of chemical chain reactions Semyonov wrote two important books outlining his work Chemical Kinetics and Chain Reactions was published in 1934 with an English edition in 1935 It was the first book in the U S S R to develop a detailed theory of unbranched and branched chain reactions in chemistry Some Problems of Chemical Kinetics and Reactivity first published in 1954 was revised in 1958 there are also English American German and Chinese editions He is the only Soviet Russian Chemistry Nobel Laureate who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood for his work in 1956 Semyonov had long been a supporter of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union After the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists accused the Soviet Union of heavy scientific censorship in 1953 he coauthored the Soviet response which denied all accusations He is also noted as being the most famous signatory to a 1971 public letter from Soviet scientists to United States president Richard Nixon on displeasure in the murder trial of Angela Davis Semyonov trained Russian organometallic chemist Alexandr Shilov who discovered platinum catalyzed C H activation Honours and awards EditOrders of Lenin nine times 3 incl 1945 1953 1956 1966 1971 1976 1981 4 Stalin Prize 1941 1949 4 Honorary Member of the British Chemical Society 1943 Order of the Red Banner of Labour 1946 4 Honorary member of the Indian Academy of Sciences 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956 Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London 1958 1 Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina 1959 5 Honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 1961 Honorary member of the New York Academy of Sciences 1962 Foreign member of the United States National Academy of Sciences 1963 Honorary Member of the Romanian Academy 1965 Hero of Socialist Labour twice 1966 1976 4 Lomonosov Gold Medal 1969 Lenin Prize 1976 4 Order of the October Revolution 1986 4 Medal In commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Mendeleev Prize 4 5 total badges of the Order of Lenin Honorary Member of The Soviet Academy of Sciences 1932 Semyonov was also an Honorary Doctor of several universities Oxford 1960 Brussels 1962 London 1965 Budapest Technical University 1965 Polytechnic Institute of Milan 1964 and others Legacy EditIn 1990 the IHF RAS was named after N N Semenov In 1994 a memorial plaque was unveiled in honor of Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov on the main building of the St Petersburg State Polytechnic University 29 Politechnicheskaya Street 6 The memorial plaque is installed on the facade of the Main building of the A F Ioffe Institute of Physics and Technology in St Petersburg 26 Politechnicheskaya str 7 On July 27 1996 and one of the streets in the South Western Administrative District of the city of Moscow on the territory of the district Yuzhnoye Butovo was given the name Academician Semenov Street In Saratov one of the streets is named after Semenov 8 In Tyumen one of the streets is named after Semenov 9 A memorial plaque is installed on the house in Moscow at 24 Frunzenskaya Embankment where Semenov spent his last years of life The Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences has a Commission for the development of the scientific heritage of Academician N N Semenov Airliner Airbus A321 VQ BOI of the airline Aeroflot N Semenov 10 On April 5 2019 in Moscow on the territory of National Research Nuclear University MEPhI a monument was erected by the sculptor Alexandra Mironova 11 At the beginning of April 2022 a monument to Academician Nikolai Semenov was unveiled in Moscow on Kosygin Street house 4 12 See also EditChain reaction Chemical kinetics Chemical reaction network theory Evans Polanyi Semenov principleReference Edit a b Dainton L 1990 Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov 16 April 1896 25 September 1986 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 36 526 546 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1990 0042 Nikolai N Semenov Summary 1956 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry Soviet Scientist Nikolai Semyonov Dies Los Angeles Times 1 October 1986 a b c d e f g Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov encyclopedia com Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography 2008 Retrieved 10 October 2011 List of Members leopoldina org Retrieved 6 October 2017 Semyonov Nikolaj Nikolaevich warheroes ru in Russian Retrieved 23 January 2023 Semyonov Nikolaj Nikolaevich warheroes ru in Russian Retrieved 23 January 2023 Saratovskuyu ulicu nazvali v chest nobelevskogo laureata nversia ru in Russian 1 November 2013 Retrieved 23 January 2023 Ulica Nikolaya Semenova himika i fizika in Russian 9 December 2015 Retrieved 23 January 2023 AEROFLOT VVEL V EKSPLUATACIYu LAJNER A321 N SEMENOV www aviaport ru in Russian 11 March 2012 Retrieved 23 January 2023 V NIYaU MIFI OTKRYLI PAMYaTNIK LAUREATU NOBELEVSKOJ PREMII SOZDATELYu KAFEDRY HIMIChESKOJ FIZIKI MIFI NIKOLAYu NIKOLAEVIChU SEMENOVU mephi ru in Russian 9 April 2019 Chetyre novyh pamyatnika ustanovili v Moskve vm ru in Russian 31 July 2022 Nikolay Semenov https persona rin ru eng view f 0 28293 nikolay semenov Retrieved 27 October 2022 Nikolay Semenov https www nobelprize org prizes chemistry 1956 semenov biographical Retrieved 27 October 2022 Nikolai Nikolayevich Semyonov great physicist chemist and mathematician https rinconeducativo org en recursos educativos nikolai nikolayevich semionov gran fisico quimico y matematico Retrieved 8 December Nikolay Semyonov https www nndb com people 542 000100242 Retrieved 2019 Uns Date Format External links Edit Media related to Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov at Wikimedia Commons Nikolay Semyonov on Nobelprize org including the Nobel Lecture 11 December 1956 Some Problems Relating to Chain Reactions and to the Theory of Combustion Semyonov s Nobel Lecture Some Problems Relating to Chain Reactions and to the Theory of Combustion N N Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics in Russian Semyonov s Biography in Russian Another Semyonov s Biography Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nikolay Semyonov amp oldid 1141484073, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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