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Nikolai Yudenich

Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich (Russian: Никола́й Никола́евич Юде́нич; July 30 [O.S. July 18] 1862 – 5 October 1933) was a commander of the Russian Imperial Army during World War I. He was a leader of the anti-communist White movement in northwestern Russia during the Civil War.[1]

Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich
General Nikolai Yudenich, c. 1916
Native name
Николай Николаевич Юденич
Born(1862-07-30)30 July 1862
Moscow, Moskovsky Uyezd, Moscow Governorate, Russian Empire
Died5 October 1933(1933-10-05) (aged 71)
Saint-Laurent-du-Var, France
Buried
Allegiance Russian Empire (1879-1917)
White Movement (1917-1919)
Service/branch Imperial Russian Army
White Army
Years of service1879–1919
RankGeneral of the Infantry
Commands heldRussian Caucasus Army
Battles/wars
AwardsSee below

Early life Edit

Yudenich was born in Moscow, where his father was a minor court official. Yudenich graduated from the Alexandrovsky Military College in 1881 and the General Staff Academy in 1887. He first served with the Life Guards Regiment in Lithuania from November 1889 to December 1890. In January 1892, he was transferred to the Turkestan Military District and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in April 1892. He was a member of the Pamir Expedition in 1894 and was promoted to colonel in 1896. From September 20, 1900, Yudenich served on the staff of the 1st Turkestan Rifle Brigade.

In 1902, Yudenich was appointed commander of the 18th Infantry Regiment, which he continued to command during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. He was wounded in the arm during the Battle of Sandepu and wounded in the neck during the Battle of Mukden. At the end of the war, he was promoted to major general.

From February 1907, Yudenich served as quartermaster of the General Staff of the Caucasus Military District. He was promoted to lieutenant general in 1912 and served as chief of staff at Kazan, followed by the Caucasus Military District in 1913.

World War I Edit

 
Nikolai Yudenich

At the beginning of World War I, Yudenich was appointed Chief of Staff of the Russian Caucasus Army. Major operations included the Battle of Sarikamish, a victory against Enver Pasha of the Ottoman Empire. In January 1915, Yudenich was promoted to General of Infantry and replaced Count Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov as commander of the Caucasus Campaign. Yudenich tried to exploit the Ottoman defeat by attacking into Turkish territory, specifically around Lake Van during the Siege of Van. The Russians captured Van in May 1915, but they were forced to withdraw from the city two months later. The Ottoman 3rd Army reoccupied Van in August.

Grand Duke Nicholas, having been removed from command of all of Russia's armies, was then put in charge of the Caucasus. Yudenich was given a free hand by the Grand Duke, and, in September the Russians retook Van and re-established the Administration for Western Armenia in June 1916. Fighting back and forth around the region continued for the next 14 months without a clear victory for either side.

In 1916, Yudenich successfully carried out an offensive, winning the Battle of Erzurum (1916) and the Trebizond Campaign. In the summer of that year, his forces fought off a Turkish counterattack, culminating in the Battle of Erzincan, which included the presence of Ottoman General Mustafa Kemal. During the battle, Yudenich was awarded the Order of St. George (2nd degree), the final time the decoration was awarded in the Russian Empire.

After the February Revolution, Yudenich was appointed commander of the Caucasus Front in 1917, but in May, the Russian Provisional Government removed him from command for insubordination. On direct orders from Alexander Kerensky, he retired from the army. Yudenich then relocated from Tbilisi to Petrograd, where he supported the Kornilov revolt.

White Army Edit

 
The building of barricades in Petrograd during the offensive of General Yudenich in 1919

After the October Revolution of 1917, Yudenich went into hiding from the Bolsheviks and was sheltered by a former sergeant of the Life Guards of Lithuania, who had served with Yudenich from his time in the Pamirs. He managed to escape to exile in Finland in January 1919. In Helsinki, Yudenich joined the "Russian Committee," which had formed in November 1918 to oppose the Bolsheviks, and he was proclaimed as leader of the White movement in northwestern Russia with absolute powers. In the spring of 1919, Yudenich visited Stockholm, where he met with diplomatic representatives of Britain, France, and the United States anfld tried with limited success to obtain assistance in developing a Russian volunteer corps to fight the Bolsheviks.

In June 1919, Yudenich made contact with Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak's All-Russian Government based in Omsk, which subsequently acknowledged him as commander-in-chief of all Russian armed forces operating against the Bolsheviks in the Baltic Sea and in northwestern Russia. Kolchak also provided much-needed funds to pay and equip his forces. In June 1919, Yudenich went to Tallinn to meet with General Aleksandr Rodzyanko, the commander of the White Russian Northern Army, attacking Petrograd formally under the Estonian High Command. Yudenich appointed Rodzyanko as his aide.

In August 1919, under pressure from the British government, ad hoc to issue a legally-binding guarantee of the independence of his key ally Estonia, Yudenich was forced to create the counterrevolutionary "Regional Government of Northwest Russia,"[2] which included monarchists, Socialist-Revolutionaries, and Mensheviks. Yudenich served as Minister of War and spent the next two months organizing and training his army. By September 1919, he had a fairly well-organized army of approximately 17,000 troops, with 53 guns and six tanks. The six tanks were supplied by Britain, together with their volunteer crews, who were the only British ground troops to fight alongside the Northwestern Army.[3]

In early October 1919, Yudenich launched his army against Petrograd, which was only lightly defended, as the Red Army was actively engaged on several other fronts in fighting Kolchak's forces in Siberia and several Cossack armies in the Ukraine. Yudenich's friend from the Imperial Russian Army, General Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim, asked Finnish President Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg to join Yudenich's force and to attack Petrograd with help from the Finnish White Guards. Yudenich would have recognized Finland's independence, and the country's pro-Triple Entente relationships would be recognized. As Kolchak, nominally the leader of the White Armies, would not recognize Finland's independence, Stålhberg denied Mannerheim's request. Overall, the Northwestern Army was nationalistic and patriotic and thus rejected ethnic particularism and separatism.[citation needed] The Northwestern Army generally believed in a united multinational Russia and opposed separatists wanting to create nation-states.

On 12 October 1919, the Whites retook Yamburg. Two days later, Yudenich was approaching Gatchina. On 19 October 1919 his troops reached the outskirts of Petrograd, but his forces failed to secure the vital Moscow – Saint Petersburg Railway, which allowed the Revolutionary Military Council to send in massive reinforcements to prevent the fall of the city. Yudenich's stalled offensive collapsed in late October, and the 7th and the 15th Red Armies repulsed the White Russian troops back into Estonia in November. Distrustful of the White Russians, the Estonian High Command disarmed and interned the remains of Northwestern Army, which retreated behind Estonian lines. Politically, the Bolsheviks secured a separate armistice with Estonia on 3 January by promising to recognize Estonian independence, an offer contrary to the White Army's and the Kolchak government's position.[4]

On 28 January 1920, General Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz, together with several Russian officers and the Estonian Police, arrested Yudenich as he tried to escape to Western Europe. Yudenich was later released from prison.

Later life Edit

After his release, Yudenich departed for exile in France.[5] During his remaining 13 years, he played no significant role among White émigré community there.

Yudenich died at Saint-Laurent-du-Var, near Nice, on the French Riviera, on 5 October 1933.

Honors Edit

 
Nikolai Yudenich grave

Sources Edit

  • Biography of Yudenich at First World War.com

References Edit

  1. ^ Egorov, O. (December 27, 2019). "Meet Russian Imperial officers who almost stopped the Bolsheviks". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  2. ^ Richard K. Debo Survival and Consolidation. The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921, p. 126. McGill-Queens University Books, 1992
  3. ^ Lt Col A J Parrott RLC British Army. With Lieutenant Colonel Hope Carson in Estonia and Russia September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Baltic Defence Review, February, 1999
  4. ^ Richard K. Debo Survival and Consolidation. The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921, pp. 137-139 McGill-Queens University Books, 1992
  5. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2013). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 762. ISBN 978-1135506940.

External links Edit

nikolai, yudenich, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, november. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Nikolai Yudenich news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich Russian Nikola j Nikola evich Yude nich July 30 O S July 18 1862 5 October 1933 was a commander of the Russian Imperial Army during World War I He was a leader of the anti communist White movement in northwestern Russia during the Civil War 1 Nikolai Nikolayevich YudenichGeneral Nikolai Yudenich c 1916Native nameNikolaj Nikolaevich YudenichBorn 1862 07 30 30 July 1862Moscow Moskovsky Uyezd Moscow Governorate Russian EmpireDied5 October 1933 1933 10 05 aged 71 Saint Laurent du Var FranceBuriedCimetiere orthodoxe de Caucade Nice FranceAllegiance Russian Empire 1879 1917 White Movement 1917 1919 Service wbr branchImperial Russian Army White ArmyYears of service1879 1919RankGeneral of the InfantryCommands heldRussian Caucasus ArmyBattles warsRussian conquest of Central Asia Russo Japanese War Battle of Sandepu Russian involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution World War I Caucasus Campaign Battle of Sarikamish Battle of Manzikert 1915 Battle of Kara Killisse 1915 Battle of Koprukoy Erzurum offensive Battle of Trebizond Battle of Erzincan Battle of Bitlis Russian Civil War Estonian War of IndependenceAwardsSee below Contents 1 Early life 2 World War I 3 White Army 4 Later life 5 Honors 6 Sources 7 References 8 External linksEarly life EditYudenich was born in Moscow where his father was a minor court official Yudenich graduated from the Alexandrovsky Military College in 1881 and the General Staff Academy in 1887 He first served with the Life Guards Regiment in Lithuania from November 1889 to December 1890 In January 1892 he was transferred to the Turkestan Military District and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in April 1892 He was a member of the Pamir Expedition in 1894 and was promoted to colonel in 1896 From September 20 1900 Yudenich served on the staff of the 1st Turkestan Rifle Brigade In 1902 Yudenich was appointed commander of the 18th Infantry Regiment which he continued to command during the Russo Japanese War of 1904 1905 He was wounded in the arm during the Battle of Sandepu and wounded in the neck during the Battle of Mukden At the end of the war he was promoted to major general From February 1907 Yudenich served as quartermaster of the General Staff of the Caucasus Military District He was promoted to lieutenant general in 1912 and served as chief of staff at Kazan followed by the Caucasus Military District in 1913 World War I Edit nbsp Nikolai YudenichMain article Caucasus Campaign At the beginning of World War I Yudenich was appointed Chief of Staff of the Russian Caucasus Army Major operations included the Battle of Sarikamish a victory against Enver Pasha of the Ottoman Empire In January 1915 Yudenich was promoted to General of Infantry and replaced Count Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov Dashkov as commander of the Caucasus Campaign Yudenich tried to exploit the Ottoman defeat by attacking into Turkish territory specifically around Lake Van during the Siege of Van The Russians captured Van in May 1915 but they were forced to withdraw from the city two months later The Ottoman 3rd Army reoccupied Van in August Grand Duke Nicholas having been removed from command of all of Russia s armies was then put in charge of the Caucasus Yudenich was given a free hand by the Grand Duke and in September the Russians retook Van and re established the Administration for Western Armenia in June 1916 Fighting back and forth around the region continued for the next 14 months without a clear victory for either side In 1916 Yudenich successfully carried out an offensive winning the Battle of Erzurum 1916 and the Trebizond Campaign In the summer of that year his forces fought off a Turkish counterattack culminating in the Battle of Erzincan which included the presence of Ottoman General Mustafa Kemal During the battle Yudenich was awarded the Order of St George 2nd degree the final time the decoration was awarded in the Russian Empire After the February Revolution Yudenich was appointed commander of the Caucasus Front in 1917 but in May the Russian Provisional Government removed him from command for insubordination On direct orders from Alexander Kerensky he retired from the army Yudenich then relocated from Tbilisi to Petrograd where he supported the Kornilov revolt White Army EditFurther information Estonian War of Independence nbsp The building of barricades in Petrograd during the offensive of General Yudenich in 1919After the October Revolution of 1917 Yudenich went into hiding from the Bolsheviks and was sheltered by a former sergeant of the Life Guards of Lithuania who had served with Yudenich from his time in the Pamirs He managed to escape to exile in Finland in January 1919 In Helsinki Yudenich joined the Russian Committee which had formed in November 1918 to oppose the Bolsheviks and he was proclaimed as leader of the White movement in northwestern Russia with absolute powers In the spring of 1919 Yudenich visited Stockholm where he met with diplomatic representatives of Britain France and the United States anfld tried with limited success to obtain assistance in developing a Russian volunteer corps to fight the Bolsheviks In June 1919 Yudenich made contact with Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak s All Russian Government based in Omsk which subsequently acknowledged him as commander in chief of all Russian armed forces operating against the Bolsheviks in the Baltic Sea and in northwestern Russia Kolchak also provided much needed funds to pay and equip his forces In June 1919 Yudenich went to Tallinn to meet with General Aleksandr Rodzyanko the commander of the White Russian Northern Army attacking Petrograd formally under the Estonian High Command Yudenich appointed Rodzyanko as his aide In August 1919 under pressure from the British government ad hoc to issue a legally binding guarantee of the independence of his key ally Estonia Yudenich was forced to create the counterrevolutionary Regional Government of Northwest Russia 2 which included monarchists Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks Yudenich served as Minister of War and spent the next two months organizing and training his army By September 1919 he had a fairly well organized army of approximately 17 000 troops with 53 guns and six tanks The six tanks were supplied by Britain together with their volunteer crews who were the only British ground troops to fight alongside the Northwestern Army 3 In early October 1919 Yudenich launched his army against Petrograd which was only lightly defended as the Red Army was actively engaged on several other fronts in fighting Kolchak s forces in Siberia and several Cossack armies in the Ukraine Yudenich s friend from the Imperial Russian Army General Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim asked Finnish President Kaarlo Juho Stahlberg to join Yudenich s force and to attack Petrograd with help from the Finnish White Guards Yudenich would have recognized Finland s independence and the country s pro Triple Entente relationships would be recognized As Kolchak nominally the leader of the White Armies would not recognize Finland s independence Stalhberg denied Mannerheim s request Overall the Northwestern Army was nationalistic and patriotic and thus rejected ethnic particularism and separatism citation needed The Northwestern Army generally believed in a united multinational Russia and opposed separatists wanting to create nation states On 12 October 1919 the Whites retook Yamburg Two days later Yudenich was approaching Gatchina On 19 October 1919 his troops reached the outskirts of Petrograd but his forces failed to secure the vital Moscow Saint Petersburg Railway which allowed the Revolutionary Military Council to send in massive reinforcements to prevent the fall of the city Yudenich s stalled offensive collapsed in late October and the 7th and the 15th Red Armies repulsed the White Russian troops back into Estonia in November Distrustful of the White Russians the Estonian High Command disarmed and interned the remains of Northwestern Army which retreated behind Estonian lines Politically the Bolsheviks secured a separate armistice with Estonia on 3 January by promising to recognize Estonian independence an offer contrary to the White Army s and the Kolchak government s position 4 On 28 January 1920 General Stanislaw Bulak Balachowicz together with several Russian officers and the Estonian Police arrested Yudenich as he tried to escape to Western Europe Yudenich was later released from prison Later life EditAfter his release Yudenich departed for exile in France 5 During his remaining 13 years he played no significant role among White emigre community there Yudenich died at Saint Laurent du Var near Nice on the French Riviera on 5 October 1933 Honors Edit nbsp Nikolai Yudenich grave nbsp Order of St Stanislaus 3rd degree 1889 nbsp Order of St Anne 3rd degree 1893 nbsp Order of St Stanislaus 2nd degree 1895 nbsp Order of St Anne 2nd degree 1900 nbsp Order of St Vladimir 4th degree 1904 nbsp Order of St Vladimir 3rd degree with swords 1906 nbsp Order of St Stanislaus 1st degree with swords 1906 Gold Sword for Bravery 1906 nbsp Order of St Anne 1st degree 1909 nbsp Order of St Vladimir 2nd degree with swords 1913 nbsp Order of St George 4th class 1916 nbsp Order of St George 3rd class 1916 nbsp Order of St George 2nd class 2 February 1916Sources EditBiography of Yudenich at First World War comReferences Edit Egorov O December 27 2019 Meet Russian Imperial officers who almost stopped the Bolsheviks Russia Beyond the Headlines Retrieved January 29 2020 Richard K Debo Survival and Consolidation The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia 1918 1921 p 126 McGill Queens University Books 1992 Lt Col A J Parrott RLC British Army With Lieutenant Colonel Hope Carson in Estonia and Russia Archived September 27 2011 at the Wayback Machine Baltic Defence Review February 1999 Richard K Debo Survival and Consolidation The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia 1918 1921 pp 137 139 McGill Queens University Books 1992 Tucker Spencer C 2013 The European Powers in the First World War An Encyclopedia Routledge p 762 ISBN 978 1135506940 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich Yudenich Nikolai Encyclopaedia Britannica 12th ed 1922 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nikolai Yudenich amp oldid 1179654604, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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