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Ni'ilya

November 10, 2023

Ni'ilya was a Palestinian village in the Gaza Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War on November 4, 1948, under Operation Yo'av. It was located 19 km northeast of Gaza in the city territory of modern Ashkelon. The village was defended by the Egyptian Army.

Ni'ilya
نعليا
Etymology: from personal name, meaning either "in the form of a horse-shoe" or from a word meaning "sterile, hard, ground"[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Ni'ilya (click the buttons)
Ni'ilya
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°38′46″N 34°34′18″E / 31.64611°N 34.57167°E / 31.64611; 34.57167
Palestine grid109/117
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictGaza
Date of depopulationNovember 4–5, 1948[4]
Area
[3]
 • Total5,233 dunams (5.233 km2 or 2.020 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total1,310[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesAshkelon[5]

History edit

Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here.[6] The village had tombs of people who were killed while battling the Crusades, according to the villagers.[5] The local mosque had an inscription dating to 645 AH (1247 CE).[7]

Ni'ilya was inhabited in the 15th century. Mamluk records mention its endowment as a waqf.[8]

Ottoman era edit

Ni'ilya was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with the rest of Palestine, and according to the 1596 tax records,[9] the village formed part of the nahiya (subdistrict) of Gaza, part of Gaza Sanjak, with a population of 70 households and 10 bachelors, or an estimated 440 people. All were Muslims. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on a number of crops, including wheat, barley, summer crops, vineyards, fruit trees, sesame, as well as on goats, beehives; a total of 20,780 akçe.[9][10]

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the area of Ni'ilya experienced a significant process of settlement decline due to nomadic pressures on local communities. The residents of abandoned villages moved to surviving settlements, but the land continued to be cultivated by neighboring villages.[11] Pierre Jacotin may have noted it as an unnamed village on his map from 1799.[12]

In 1863 Victor Guérin found it to be a village with 300 inhabitants. The village had a mosque which contained ancient fragments, such as trunks of marble columns.[13] An Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed that Na'lija had 39 houses and a population of 111, though the population count included men, only.[14][15]

In 1883 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Ni'ilya as a village resembling Barbara. They further noted: "A very extensive olive-grove extends thence to Majdal. On the south is a conspicuous white Mukam."[16]

British Mandate era edit

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Na'lia had a population of 687 inhabitants, all Muslims,[17] while in the 1931 census, Na'lia had 169 occupied houses and a population of 893 Muslims.[18]

In the 1930s the village mosque was inspected by Mayer from the Department of Antiquities. His report said: "Mosque on sand dune outside village on the South (see sketch plan). S. and W. walls entirely covered by sand. The mikhrab is flanked with two marble shafts and inscription on a fragment of column is placed over the column on the left side. Waqf property. The mosque is still in religious use. Inscription in ordinary writing, 8 lines, irregular height of letters. Measurement of the inscription, 0.38m (hgt) by 0.31m breadth over concave surface. Date given 645 AH (1247 CE). The inscription could not be photographed."[7]

 
Ni'ilya 1931 1:20,000
 
Ni'ilya 1945 1:250,000

In the 1945 statistics this had increased to 1310 Muslims,[2] with a total of 5,233 dunams of land.[3] Cultivated lands in the village in 1944–45 included a total of 1,084 dunums used for citrus and bananas, 2,215 dunums for cereals. An additional 1,436 dunums were irrigated or used for plantations,[19] while 29 dunams were built-up, urban, land.[20]

Ni'ilya students attended school in al-Majdal. A school was built in the village in 1948 shortly before the war but never opened.[5] The village also had a mosque.[5]

1948, aftermath edit

Ni'ilya was one of the villages named in the orders to the IDF battalions and engineers platoon, that the villagers were to be expelled to Gaza, and the IDF troops were "to prevent their return by destroying their villages". The path leading to the village was to be mined. The IDF troops were ordered to carry out the operation "with determination, accuracy and energy".[21] The operation took place on 30 November. The troops found "about 40" villagers in Barbara and al-Jiyya, "composed of women, old men and children", who offered no resistance. They were expelled to Beit Hanun, in the northern Gaza strip. Eight young men who were found were sent to a POW camp.[22]

Since the war, Ashkelon has expanded onto village land.[5]

In 1992, the village site was described: "The village has been obliterated, and the site is overgrown with wild plants and a few sycamore trees. One house that had probably been built in a fruit orchard still stands and is currently inhabited by a Palestinian family. It has a flat roof and rectangular windows and door. The land in the vicinity is cultivated by Israeli farmers."[5]

References edit

  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 376
  2. ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 32
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 46
  4. ^ Morris, 2004, village p. xix, #309, Also gives the cause for depopulation
  5. ^ a b c d e f Khalidi, 1992, p. 129
  6. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 873
  7. ^ a b Petersen, 2001, p. 245
  8. ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2023-10-01). "Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE". Journal of Historical Geography. 82: 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003. ISSN 0305-7488.
  9. ^ a b Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 144
  10. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 144, as estimated in Khalidi, 1992, p. 129
  11. ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2023-01-01). "Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalān's hinterland, 1270 - 1750 CE". Journal of Historical Geography. 82: 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003.
  12. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 173 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Guérin, 1869, p. 172
  14. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 158
  15. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 130, noted 37 houses
  16. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 259
  17. ^ Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. 8
  18. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 5
  19. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 88
  20. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 138
  21. ^ Coastal Plain District HQ to battalions 151 and '1 Volunteers', etc., 19:55 hours, 25 Nov. 1948, IDFA (=Israeli Defence Forces and Defence Ministry Archive) 6308\49\\141. Cited in Morris, 2004, p. 517
  22. ^ Coastal Plain HQ to Southern Front\Operations, 30 Nov. 1948, IDFA 1978\50\\1; and Southern Front\Operations to General Staff Divisions, 2. Dec. 1948, IDFA 922\75\\1025. Cited in Morris, 2004, p. 518

Bibliography edit

  • Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4.
  • Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
  • Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
  • Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.
  • Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
  • Karmon, Y. (1960). (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2015-03-26.
  • Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  • Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. I. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.
  • Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.

See also edit

November 10, 2023
ilya, palestinian, village, gaza, subdistrict, depopulated, during, 1948, arab, israeli, november, 1948, under, operation, located, northeast, gaza, city, territory, modern, ashkelon, village, defended, egyptian, army, نعلياetymology, from, personal, name, mea. Ni ilya was a Palestinian village in the Gaza Subdistrict It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab Israeli War on November 4 1948 under Operation Yo av It was located 19 km northeast of Gaza in the city territory of modern Ashkelon The village was defended by the Egyptian Army Ni ilya نعلياEtymology from personal name meaning either in the form of a horse shoe or from a word meaning sterile hard ground 1 1870s map 1940s map modern map 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Ni ilya click the buttons Ni ilyaLocation within Mandatory PalestineCoordinates 31 38 46 N 34 34 18 E 31 64611 N 34 57167 E 31 64611 34 57167Palestine grid109 117Geopolitical entityMandatory PalestineSubdistrictGazaDate of depopulationNovember 4 5 1948 4 Area 3 Total5 233 dunams 5 233 km2 or 2 020 sq mi Population 1945 Total1 310 2 3 Cause s of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forcesCurrent LocalitiesAshkelon 5 Contents 1 History 1 1 Ottoman era 1 2 British Mandate era 1 3 1948 aftermath 2 References 3 Bibliography 4 See alsoHistory editCeramics from the Byzantine era have been found here 6 The village had tombs of people who were killed while battling the Crusades according to the villagers 5 The local mosque had an inscription dating to 645 AH 1247 CE 7 Ni ilya was inhabited in the 15th century Mamluk records mention its endowment as a waqf 8 Ottoman era edit Ni ilya was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with the rest of Palestine and according to the 1596 tax records 9 the village formed part of the nahiya subdistrict of Gaza part of Gaza Sanjak with a population of 70 households and 10 bachelors or an estimated 440 people All were Muslims The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33 3 on a number of crops including wheat barley summer crops vineyards fruit trees sesame as well as on goats beehives a total of 20 780 akce 9 10 During the 17th and 18th centuries the area of Ni ilya experienced a significant process of settlement decline due to nomadic pressures on local communities The residents of abandoned villages moved to surviving settlements but the land continued to be cultivated by neighboring villages 11 Pierre Jacotin may have noted it as an unnamed village on his map from 1799 12 In 1863 Victor Guerin found it to be a village with 300 inhabitants The village had a mosque which contained ancient fragments such as trunks of marble columns 13 An Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed that Na lija had 39 houses and a population of 111 though the population count included men only 14 15 In 1883 the PEF s Survey of Western Palestine described Ni ilya as a village resembling Barbara They further noted A very extensive olive grove extends thence to Majdal On the south is a conspicuous white Mukam 16 British Mandate era edit In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities Na lia had a population of 687 inhabitants all Muslims 17 while in the 1931 census Na lia had 169 occupied houses and a population of 893 Muslims 18 In the 1930s the village mosque was inspected by Mayer from the Department of Antiquities His report said Mosque on sand dune outside village on the South see sketch plan S and W walls entirely covered by sand The mikhrab is flanked with two marble shafts and inscription on a fragment of column is placed over the column on the left side Waqf property The mosque is still in religious use Inscription in ordinary writing 8 lines irregular height of letters Measurement of the inscription 0 38m hgt by 0 31m breadth over concave surface Date given 645 AH 1247 CE The inscription could not be photographed 7 nbsp Ni ilya 1931 1 20 000 nbsp Ni ilya 1945 1 250 000In the 1945 statistics this had increased to 1310 Muslims 2 with a total of 5 233 dunams of land 3 Cultivated lands in the village in 1944 45 included a total of 1 084 dunums used for citrus and bananas 2 215 dunums for cereals An additional 1 436 dunums were irrigated or used for plantations 19 while 29 dunams were built up urban land 20 Ni ilya students attended school in al Majdal A school was built in the village in 1948 shortly before the war but never opened 5 The village also had a mosque 5 1948 aftermath edit Ni ilya was one of the villages named in the orders to the IDF battalions and engineers platoon that the villagers were to be expelled to Gaza and the IDF troops were to prevent their return by destroying their villages The path leading to the village was to be mined The IDF troops were ordered to carry out the operation with determination accuracy and energy 21 The operation took place on 30 November The troops found about 40 villagers in Barbara and al Jiyya composed of women old men and children who offered no resistance They were expelled to Beit Hanun in the northern Gaza strip Eight young men who were found were sent to a POW camp 22 Since the war Ashkelon has expanded onto village land 5 In 1992 the village site was described The village has been obliterated and the site is overgrown with wild plants and a few sycamore trees One house that had probably been built in a fruit orchard still stands and is currently inhabited by a Palestinian family It has a flat roof and rectangular windows and door The land in the vicinity is cultivated by Israeli farmers 5 References edit Palmer 1881 p 376 a b Department of Statistics 1945 p 32 a b c Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 46 Morris 2004 village p xix 309 Also gives the cause for depopulation a b c d e f Khalidi 1992 p 129 Dauphin 1998 p 873 a b Petersen 2001 p 245 Marom Roy Taxel Itamar 2023 10 01 Ḥamama The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal Asqalan s hinterland 1270 1750 CE Journal of Historical Geography 82 49 65 doi 10 1016 j jhg 2023 08 003 ISSN 0305 7488 a b Hutteroth and Abdulfattah 1977 p 144 Hutteroth and Abdulfattah 1977 p 144 as estimated in Khalidi 1992 p 129 Marom Roy Taxel Itamar 2023 01 01 Ḥamama The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal Asqalan s hinterland 1270 1750 CE Journal of Historical Geography 82 49 65 doi 10 1016 j jhg 2023 08 003 Karmon 1960 p 173 Archived 2019 12 22 at the Wayback Machine Guerin 1869 p 172 Socin 1879 p 158 Hartmann 1883 p 130 noted 37 houses Conder and Kitchener 1883 SWP III p 259 Barron 1923 Table V Sub district of Gaza p 8 Mills 1932 p 5 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 88 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 138 Coastal Plain District HQ to battalions 151 and 1 Volunteers etc 19 55 hours 25 Nov 1948 IDFA Israeli Defence Forces and Defence Ministry Archive 6308 49 141 Cited in Morris 2004 p 517 Coastal Plain HQ to Southern Front Operations 30 Nov 1948 IDFA 1978 50 1 and Southern Front Operations to General Staff Divisions 2 Dec 1948 IDFA 922 75 1025 Cited in Morris 2004 p 518Bibliography editBarron J B ed 1923 Palestine Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 Government of Palestine Conder C R Kitchener H H 1883 The Survey of Western Palestine Memoirs of the Topography Orography Hydrography and Archaeology Vol 3 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Dauphin C 1998 La Palestine byzantine Peuplement et Populations BAR International Series 726 in French Vol III Catalogue Oxford Archeopress ISBN 0 860549 05 4 Department of Statistics 1945 Village Statistics April 1945 Government of Palestine Guerin V 1869 Description Geographique Historique et Archeologique de la Palestine in French Vol 1 Judee pt 2 Paris L Imprimerie Nationale Hadawi S 1970 Village Statistics of 1945 A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center Hartmann M 1883 Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem turkischen Staatskalender fur Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht 1871 Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins 6 102 149 Hutteroth Wolf Dieter Abdulfattah Kamal 1977 Historical Geography of Palestine Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten Sonderband 5 Erlangen Germany Vorstand der Frankischen Geographischen Gesellschaft ISBN 3 920405 41 2 Karmon Y 1960 An Analysis of Jacotin s Map of Palestine PDF Israel Exploration Journal 10 3 4 155 173 244 253 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 12 22 Retrieved 2015 03 26 Khalidi W 1992 All That Remains The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 Washington D C Institute for Palestine Studies ISBN 0 88728 224 5 Mills E ed 1932 Census of Palestine 1931 Population of Villages Towns and Administrative Areas Jerusalem Government of Palestine Morris B 2004 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 00967 6 Palmer E H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener R E Transliterated and Explained by E H Palmer Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Petersen Andrew 2001 A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine British Academy Monographs in Archaeology Vol I Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 727011 0 Socin A 1879 Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins 2 135 163 See also editWelcome To Ni ilya Ni ilya Zochrot Survey of Western Palestine Map 20 IAA Wikimedia commons Ni ilya from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ni 27ilya amp oldid 1184410251, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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