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Nellie Griswold Francis

January 01, 1970

Nellie F. Griswold Francis (November 7, 1874 – December 13, 1969) was an African-American suffragist, civic leader, and civil rights activist. Francis founded and led the Everywoman Suffrage Club, an African-American suffragist group that helped win women the right to vote in Minnesota.[1] She initiated, drafted, and lobbied for the adoption of a state anti-lynching bill that was signed into law in 1921.[2][3] When she and her lawyer husband, William T. Francis, bought a home in a white neighborhood, they were the targets of a Ku Klux Klan terror campaign.[4] In 1927, she moved to Monrovia, Liberia, with her husband when he was appointed U.S. envoy to Liberia.[5] He died there from yellow fever in 1929. Francis is one of 25 women honored for their roles in achieving the women's right to vote in the Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial on the grounds of the State Capitol.[6]

Nellie Griswold Francis
Francis c. 1921
Born
Nellie Griswold

(1874-11-07)November 7, 1874
Nashville, Tennessee
DiedDecember 13, 1969(1969-12-13) (aged 95)
Nashville, Tennessee
NationalityAmerican
Occupation(s)Suffragist, anti-lynching activist
Known forMinnesota Anti-Lynching Bill, 1921

Early life edit

Nellie Griswold Francis was born in Nashville, Tennessee, on November 7, 1874.[7] Her parents were Maggie Seay and Thomas Garrison Griswold, and she had a sister, Lula Griswold Chapman, who died in 1925.[7][8][9] Her grandmother was Nellie Seay (1814–1931), a house slave to Colonel Robert Allen, a Tennessee congressman.[10] Her aunt on her mother's side, Juno Frankie Pierce, was also a prominent suffragist and civil rights activist.[11][10][12]

Francis attended Knowles Street School, the first school in Nashville to employ African-American teachers.[7] Her family moved to Saint Paul, Minnesota in 1883.[13] She was the only African American among 84 students graduating from her high school in Saint Paul in 1891.[3] She gave a passionate talk at the high school's commencement titled "The Race Problem", winning second place for oratory.[14]

Francis was offered scholarships for a college and a drama school, but took a stenography course.[7] She began working as a stenographer at the Great Northern Railway in 1891, and later with the Western Publishing Company.[7]

In addition to her work and community activism, Francis enjoyed singing and acting, sometimes combining her enjoyment of performing with the causes to which she was committed. In 1892, for example, The Appeal reported that "several young ladies will conduct a mock trial, Misses Fannie Dodd and Nellie Griswold will act as lawyers. Every one must come and see this, one of the most novel affairs of the season. This is pushing women's rights".[15] As well as performing, she also wrote and produced, including a play called "Magic Mirrors".[16]

Suffragist and anti-lynching activism edit

"Your children will reap the harvest of our solidarity,—of our determination to stand together, to fight together, and, if needs be, to die together; for they are dying, every day, the men and women of our race, martyrs to lynch-law, the fiery stake and the awful savagery of peonage; that these, your children, may know full liberty and an equal chance in life. Or they must reap in the bitterness of sorrow the fruits of our passivity and indifference; the frittering of our strength by suffering, petty strife and narrow jealousies to becloud the larger vision of our responsibility to coming generations."

—Nellie Griswold Francis[2]

In 1914, Francis resigned from her job to devote herself full-time to community work and civil rights activism, particularly women's suffrage and racial discrimination and violence.[17] Across her life, she was involved in national civil rights networks, attending a dinner in honor of W.E.B. du Bois, and visiting with Booker T. Washington's wife.[18][8] She attended the 1916 National Republican Convention at which her husband was an elector, and met President Harding in 1921.[9]

Among many activities, including fundraising for a pipe organ for her church,[7] Francis was president of the Baptist Missionary Circle and secretary of the Tri-State Women's Baptist Convention.[13] She also served as the president of the Minnesota State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs,[8] the board of the local NAACP chapter, and was active in the Republican Party. She held shorthand classes in her home when African-Americans were unable to enter business schools.[13]

The two issues for which Francis is best known are founding an African-American suffragist group, and anti-lynching activism. It was an intense time in both areas. After World War I, there was a sharp increase in lynching, as well as an increase in migration of African-Americans from the southern to northern states, including Minnesota.[19] In 1918, Francis led a resolution of her church, the Pilgrim Baptist Church, against lynching and burning of people that was delivered to the President of the United States.[20]

That year, white suffragists in Minnesota rejected an amendment that would have secured women's suffrage, in exchange for excluding black women from the vote: "keen would have been my disappointment if they had failed to make this sacrifice", Francis said.[12] Although it would not come into force till 1920, the battle for women's vote in Minnesota was won in 1919. Francis' group turned its attention to social progress on race, particularly for black women.

In June 1920, Minnesota became a national focus of attention because of the Duluth lynching. Three young African-Americans who worked in a visiting circus, 19-year-old Elias Clayton, 22-year-old Elmer Jackson, and 20-year-old Isaac McGhie, were among a group accused of gang-raping a white woman, although there was no direct evidence a rape occurred. A mob of white people, estimated to be from 1,000 to 10,000 people – a considerable proportion of Duluth's residents, stormed the police station and lynched the young men in the middle of town.[21][22]

Francis responded by initiating a campaign for legislation, drafting an anti-lynching bill, and using her considerable community and political influence to build support for the law.[3] Her husband was an influential lawyer and member of the Republican party. He supported the anti-lynching bill effort by contacting W.E.B. DuBois at NAACP for data, contributing his legal expertise to the final form of the bill, and lobbying.[3] The campaign included mass meetings, and W.E.B. DuBois traveled to St. Paul to speak at churches in St. Paul and Duluth.[3] The final votes in the legislature were almost unanimous, and the Bill was signed into law in April 1921.[3] Minnesota was reported as the 15th state in the US to pass anti-lynching legislation.[23] The bill's provisions were reported by the NAACP in The Crisis.[24]

The Appeal (also known as National Afro-American newspaper),[25] reported a celebration to honor Francis in detail.[2] In presenting her with a silver loving cup, James Loomis, of the NAACP, said: "Ever since girlhood and her graduation she has devoted the principal activities of her life to the uplift of our race. The creation of the Anti-Lynching Bill and the work, time and energy spent by her in order to secure its passage, proves that her ambition is to help her fellowmen. That law will go down in history as the most important piece of legislation affecting our race that has ever been passed in our state".[2][26] The anti-lynching law was repealed in Minnesota without comment in 1984.[27]

The Francis' would themselves become the targets of escalating racist abuse and Ku Klux Klan attacks a few years later when they bought a home in a white neighborhood in St. Paul.[4] The couple bought a two-storey house (with a title held in Juno Frankie Pierce's name) in Sargent Avenue, Groveland Park, experiencing an increasingly vicious Ku Klux Klan campaign to stop them moving in.[4] First, the local improvement association offered to buy the house. When they refused, a campaign including marches with burning flares and threatening letters and phone calls followed. The Ku Klux Klan burned a cross on the lawn twice, said to typically be the final warning.[4] The Francises moved in, and remained there until they moved to Liberia.[4]

Liberian years edit

 
William T. Francis, ca 1904

William T. Francis was a very successful and prominent lawyer, who sought political office on several occasions.[4] He became Minnesota's first African-American diplomat when he was appointed U.S. Minister/Consul General to Liberia in 1927.[5]

In Liberia, he undertook a nine-month investigation into government and high official involvement in slavery and forced labor.[28] W.T. Francis' report was able to show that the country's president, Charles D.B. King, had profited from the selling of young Liberians into forced labor for Spanish plantations on Bioko Island.[28]

The pressure from the Francis report led to a League of Nations investigation, which ultimately resulted in the president and vice president of Liberia resigning.[28] However, he would not live to see this outcome. After a month of intense suffering from yellow fever, which was initially diagnosed as malaria, W.T. Thomas died in Monrovia.[4] A funeral was held at the couple's church, St. Paul's Pilgrim Baptist Church on August 11, 1929.[4] A second funeral service and Masonic burial followed in Nashville.[29]

Personal and later life edit

Francis met her husband, William T. Francis, when they both worked for a railway company, and they married on August 14, 1893.[13] According to a biographical profile, they had particularly close and happy marriage.[4] Nellie called her husband Billy.[4] They shared commitment to gender, racial, and social progress as well as talent for singing and acting. They formed a strong partnership in life and politics, and often performed together.[4] Their celebration of their 25th wedding anniversary in 1918, including singing, was reported in newspapers.[30] Nellie's sister, Lula, and brother-in-law lived with them in Saint Paul.[4]

After her husband's death, Francis returned to Nashville. In 1930, the United States House of Representatives voted not to grant her the equivalent of a year of her husband's salary, on the grounds that it was not shown that she was dependent on him.[4] However, in 1935, Congress approved the grant.[4] Around that time, Francis was living in Long Beach, California, after attending the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.[9]

Francis died on December 13, 1969, age 95. She is buried with her husband in Greenwood Cemetery in Nashville.

Legacy edit

 
Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial

In 1921, Francis was honored with a silver loving cup and a ceremony at the Pilgrim Baptist Church, "on behalf of the race, men and women of St. Paul, as a small token of appreciation for your effort in behalf of the race, in conceiving and working for the consummation of the Anti-Lynch Law passed in the Legislature April 18, 1921".[2]

Francis was honored by the Nashville Chapter of the National Council of Negro Women in a tribute at the Student Union Center of Fisk University in 1962.[11]

On Women's Equality Day, August 26, 2000, the Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial was opened on the grounds of the Minnesota State Capitol.[6] Francis is one of 25 women honored for leading the fight for votes for women, each named on a steel trellis in the garden.[6]

References edit

  1. ^ "Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial, Cedar Avenue at Martin Luther King Boulevard, Saint Paul, Minnesota – Placeography". www.placeography.org. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e "St. Paul honors Mrs. W. T. Francis". The Appeal. St. Paul, Minn. May 7, 1921. p. 3. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Bessler, John D. (2003). Legacy of Violence: Lynch Mobs and Executions in Minnesota. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 216–217. ISBN 9781452905341. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Heidenreich, Douglas R (2000). "A citizen of fine spirit". William Mitchell Magazine. No. Fall. MH Mitchell School of Law. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  5. ^ a b "William Treyanne Francis (1870–1929)". History.State.gov. Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  6. ^ a b c "Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial, Cedar Avenue at Martin Luther King Boulevard, Saint Paul, Minnesota". PlaceGeography.org. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Mather, Frank Lincoln (1915). Who's who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent, Volume 1. Chicago, Il: (Unidentified). p. 107. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  8. ^ a b c "Visiting home people". The Nashville Globe. September 13, 1912. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  9. ^ a b c Henehan, Brendan. "Minnesota Black Newspaper Index" (PDF). Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  10. ^ a b Yellin, Carol Lynn; Sherman, Janann (July 1, 2013). The Perfect 36: Tennessee Delivers Woman Suffrage: Tennessee Delivers Woman Suffrage. Vote 70 Press. ISBN 9780974245638. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  11. ^ a b "Mrs. Francis paid tribute by Council". The Tennessean. November 28, 1962. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  12. ^ a b "Women's suffrage bill". The Nashville Globe. October 20, 1918. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  13. ^ a b c d Aby, Anne J., ed. (2002). The North Star State : a Minnesota history. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 0873514440. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  14. ^ "Nellie Francis Griswold". The Appeal. June 13, 1891. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  15. ^ "St. Paul". The Appeal. January 23, 1892. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  16. ^ "Saint Paul". The Appeal. January 9, 1892. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  17. ^ Taylor, David Vassar (2002). African Americans in Minnesota. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 62. ISBN 0873516532. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  18. ^ "St. Paul". The Appeal. July 19, 1902. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  19. ^ Rable, George C. (January 1, 1985). "The South and the Politics of Antilynching Legislation, 1920–1940". The Journal of Southern History. 51 (2): 201–220. doi:10.2307/2208825. JSTOR 2208825.
  20. ^ "Resolutions read before Baptist gathering by Mrs W.T. Francis of St. Paul, Minn". The Nashville. June 14, 1918. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  21. ^ Julin, Chris; Hemphill, Stephanie (June 2001). "A mob lynches three black men". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  22. ^ "Duluth Lynchings". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  23. ^ "Minnesota's anti-lynching law". The Appeal. April 30, 1921. p. 2. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  24. ^ "Minnesota Anti-Lynching Bill". The Crisis. No. 21. The Crisis Publishing Company. November 1920. pp. 67–68. Retrieved April 14, 2017. {{cite news}}: More than one of |number= and |issue= specified (help)
  25. ^ "About The Appeal". Chronicling America.loc.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  26. ^ Hatle, Elizabeth Dorsey (2013). The Ku Klux Klan in Minnesota. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781625846471. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  27. ^ Minn. Laws 1984, chapter 629, sec. 4, May 2, 1984
  28. ^ a b c Nelson, Paul. "Francis, William T. (1869–1929)". MNopedia. Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  29. ^ "Death Notices". The Tennessean. August 13, 1929. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  30. ^ "Atty. and Mrs. W.T. Francis celebrate the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of Their Wedding". Nashville Globe. August 30, 1918. Retrieved April 14, 2017.

Further reading edit

  • Green, William D. (January 5, 2021). Nellie Francis: Fighting for Racial Justice and Women's Equality in Minnesota. University Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1517910709.

External links edit

  • Photographic portrait, ca 1924.
  • Minnesota Black Newspaper Index, Minnesota Historical Society.

January 01, 1970
nellie, griswold, francis, nellie, griswold, francis, november, 1874, december, 1969, african, american, suffragist, civic, leader, civil, rights, activist, francis, founded, everywoman, suffrage, club, african, american, suffragist, group, that, helped, women. Nellie F Griswold Francis November 7 1874 December 13 1969 was an African American suffragist civic leader and civil rights activist Francis founded and led the Everywoman Suffrage Club an African American suffragist group that helped win women the right to vote in Minnesota 1 She initiated drafted and lobbied for the adoption of a state anti lynching bill that was signed into law in 1921 2 3 When she and her lawyer husband William T Francis bought a home in a white neighborhood they were the targets of a Ku Klux Klan terror campaign 4 In 1927 she moved to Monrovia Liberia with her husband when he was appointed U S envoy to Liberia 5 He died there from yellow fever in 1929 Francis is one of 25 women honored for their roles in achieving the women s right to vote in the Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial on the grounds of the State Capitol 6 Nellie Griswold FrancisFrancis c 1921BornNellie Griswold 1874 11 07 November 7 1874Nashville TennesseeDiedDecember 13 1969 1969 12 13 aged 95 Nashville TennesseeNationalityAmericanOccupation s Suffragist anti lynching activistKnown forMinnesota Anti Lynching Bill 1921 Contents 1 Early life 2 Suffragist and anti lynching activism 3 Liberian years 4 Personal and later life 5 Legacy 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksEarly life editNellie Griswold Francis was born in Nashville Tennessee on November 7 1874 7 Her parents were Maggie Seay and Thomas Garrison Griswold and she had a sister Lula Griswold Chapman who died in 1925 7 8 9 Her grandmother was Nellie Seay 1814 1931 a house slave to Colonel Robert Allen a Tennessee congressman 10 Her aunt on her mother s side Juno Frankie Pierce was also a prominent suffragist and civil rights activist 11 10 12 Francis attended Knowles Street School the first school in Nashville to employ African American teachers 7 Her family moved to Saint Paul Minnesota in 1883 13 She was the only African American among 84 students graduating from her high school in Saint Paul in 1891 3 She gave a passionate talk at the high school s commencement titled The Race Problem winning second place for oratory 14 Francis was offered scholarships for a college and a drama school but took a stenography course 7 She began working as a stenographer at the Great Northern Railway in 1891 and later with the Western Publishing Company 7 In addition to her work and community activism Francis enjoyed singing and acting sometimes combining her enjoyment of performing with the causes to which she was committed In 1892 for example The Appeal reported that several young ladies will conduct a mock trial Misses Fannie Dodd and Nellie Griswold will act as lawyers Every one must come and see this one of the most novel affairs of the season This is pushing women s rights 15 As well as performing she also wrote and produced including a play called Magic Mirrors 16 Suffragist and anti lynching activism edit Your children will reap the harvest of our solidarity of our determination to stand together to fight together and if needs be to die together for they are dying every day the men and women of our race martyrs to lynch law the fiery stake and the awful savagery of peonage that these your children may know full liberty and an equal chance in life Or they must reap in the bitterness of sorrow the fruits of our passivity and indifference the frittering of our strength by suffering petty strife and narrow jealousies to becloud the larger vision of our responsibility to coming generations Nellie Griswold Francis 2 In 1914 Francis resigned from her job to devote herself full time to community work and civil rights activism particularly women s suffrage and racial discrimination and violence 17 Across her life she was involved in national civil rights networks attending a dinner in honor of W E B du Bois and visiting with Booker T Washington s wife 18 8 She attended the 1916 National Republican Convention at which her husband was an elector and met President Harding in 1921 9 Among many activities including fundraising for a pipe organ for her church 7 Francis was president of the Baptist Missionary Circle and secretary of the Tri State Women s Baptist Convention 13 She also served as the president of the Minnesota State Federation of Colored Women s Clubs 8 the board of the local NAACP chapter and was active in the Republican Party She held shorthand classes in her home when African Americans were unable to enter business schools 13 The two issues for which Francis is best known are founding an African American suffragist group and anti lynching activism It was an intense time in both areas After World War I there was a sharp increase in lynching as well as an increase in migration of African Americans from the southern to northern states including Minnesota 19 In 1918 Francis led a resolution of her church the Pilgrim Baptist Church against lynching and burning of people that was delivered to the President of the United States 20 That year white suffragists in Minnesota rejected an amendment that would have secured women s suffrage in exchange for excluding black women from the vote keen would have been my disappointment if they had failed to make this sacrifice Francis said 12 Although it would not come into force till 1920 the battle for women s vote in Minnesota was won in 1919 Francis group turned its attention to social progress on race particularly for black women In June 1920 Minnesota became a national focus of attention because of the Duluth lynching Three young African Americans who worked in a visiting circus 19 year old Elias Clayton 22 year old Elmer Jackson and 20 year old Isaac McGhie were among a group accused of gang raping a white woman although there was no direct evidence a rape occurred A mob of white people estimated to be from 1 000 to 10 000 people a considerable proportion of Duluth s residents stormed the police station and lynched the young men in the middle of town 21 22 Francis responded by initiating a campaign for legislation drafting an anti lynching bill and using her considerable community and political influence to build support for the law 3 Her husband was an influential lawyer and member of the Republican party He supported the anti lynching bill effort by contacting W E B DuBois at NAACP for data contributing his legal expertise to the final form of the bill and lobbying 3 The campaign included mass meetings and W E B DuBois traveled to St Paul to speak at churches in St Paul and Duluth 3 The final votes in the legislature were almost unanimous and the Bill was signed into law in April 1921 3 Minnesota was reported as the 15th state in the US to pass anti lynching legislation 23 The bill s provisions were reported by the NAACP in The Crisis 24 The Appeal also known as National Afro American newspaper 25 reported a celebration to honor Francis in detail 2 In presenting her with a silver loving cup James Loomis of the NAACP said Ever since girlhood and her graduation she has devoted the principal activities of her life to the uplift of our race The creation of the Anti Lynching Bill and the work time and energy spent by her in order to secure its passage proves that her ambition is to help her fellowmen That law will go down in history as the most important piece of legislation affecting our race that has ever been passed in our state 2 26 The anti lynching law was repealed in Minnesota without comment in 1984 27 The Francis would themselves become the targets of escalating racist abuse and Ku Klux Klan attacks a few years later when they bought a home in a white neighborhood in St Paul 4 The couple bought a two storey house with a title held in Juno Frankie Pierce s name in Sargent Avenue Groveland Park experiencing an increasingly vicious Ku Klux Klan campaign to stop them moving in 4 First the local improvement association offered to buy the house When they refused a campaign including marches with burning flares and threatening letters and phone calls followed The Ku Klux Klan burned a cross on the lawn twice said to typically be the final warning 4 The Francises moved in and remained there until they moved to Liberia 4 Liberian years edit nbsp William T Francis ca 1904 William T Francis was a very successful and prominent lawyer who sought political office on several occasions 4 He became Minnesota s first African American diplomat when he was appointed U S Minister Consul General to Liberia in 1927 5 In Liberia he undertook a nine month investigation into government and high official involvement in slavery and forced labor 28 W T Francis report was able to show that the country s president Charles D B King had profited from the selling of young Liberians into forced labor for Spanish plantations on Bioko Island 28 The pressure from the Francis report led to a League of Nations investigation which ultimately resulted in the president and vice president of Liberia resigning 28 However he would not live to see this outcome After a month of intense suffering from yellow fever which was initially diagnosed as malaria W T Thomas died in Monrovia 4 A funeral was held at the couple s church St Paul s Pilgrim Baptist Church on August 11 1929 4 A second funeral service and Masonic burial followed in Nashville 29 Personal and later life editFrancis met her husband William T Francis when they both worked for a railway company and they married on August 14 1893 13 According to a biographical profile they had particularly close and happy marriage 4 Nellie called her husband Billy 4 They shared commitment to gender racial and social progress as well as talent for singing and acting They formed a strong partnership in life and politics and often performed together 4 Their celebration of their 25th wedding anniversary in 1918 including singing was reported in newspapers 30 Nellie s sister Lula and brother in law lived with them in Saint Paul 4 After her husband s death Francis returned to Nashville In 1930 the United States House of Representatives voted not to grant her the equivalent of a year of her husband s salary on the grounds that it was not shown that she was dependent on him 4 However in 1935 Congress approved the grant 4 Around that time Francis was living in Long Beach California after attending the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles 9 Francis died on December 13 1969 age 95 She is buried with her husband in Greenwood Cemetery in Nashville Legacy edit nbsp Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial In 1921 Francis was honored with a silver loving cup and a ceremony at the Pilgrim Baptist Church on behalf of the race men and women of St Paul as a small token of appreciation for your effort in behalf of the race in conceiving and working for the consummation of the Anti Lynch Law passed in the Legislature April 18 1921 2 Francis was honored by the Nashville Chapter of the National Council of Negro Women in a tribute at the Student Union Center of Fisk University in 1962 11 On Women s Equality Day August 26 2000 the Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial was opened on the grounds of the Minnesota State Capitol 6 Francis is one of 25 women honored for leading the fight for votes for women each named on a steel trellis in the garden 6 References edit Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial Cedar Avenue at Martin Luther King Boulevard Saint Paul Minnesota Placeography www placeography org Retrieved April 14 2017 a b c d e St Paul honors Mrs W T Francis The Appeal St Paul Minn May 7 1921 p 3 Retrieved April 12 2017 a b c d e f Bessler John D 2003 Legacy of Violence Lynch Mobs and Executions in Minnesota U of Minnesota Press pp 216 217 ISBN 9781452905341 Retrieved April 14 2017 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Heidenreich Douglas R 2000 A citizen of fine spirit William Mitchell Magazine No Fall MH Mitchell School of Law Retrieved April 11 2017 a b William Treyanne Francis 1870 1929 History State gov Department of State Office of the Historian Retrieved April 11 2017 a b c Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial Cedar Avenue at Martin Luther King Boulevard Saint Paul Minnesota PlaceGeography org Retrieved April 12 2017 a b c d e f Mather Frank Lincoln 1915 Who s who of the Colored Race A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent Volume 1 Chicago Il Unidentified p 107 Retrieved April 13 2017 a b c Visiting home people The Nashville Globe September 13 1912 Retrieved April 13 2017 a b c Henehan Brendan Minnesota Black Newspaper Index PDF Minnesota Historical Society Retrieved April 14 2017 a b Yellin Carol Lynn Sherman Janann July 1 2013 The Perfect 36 Tennessee Delivers Woman Suffrage Tennessee Delivers Woman Suffrage Vote 70 Press ISBN 9780974245638 Retrieved April 13 2017 a b Mrs Francis paid tribute by Council The Tennessean November 28 1962 Retrieved April 13 2017 a b Women s suffrage bill The Nashville Globe October 20 1918 Retrieved April 13 2017 a b c d Aby Anne J ed 2002 The North Star State a Minnesota history St Paul Minnesota Minnesota Historical Society Press ISBN 0873514440 Retrieved April 14 2017 Nellie Francis Griswold The Appeal June 13 1891 Retrieved April 14 2017 St Paul The Appeal January 23 1892 Retrieved April 14 2017 Saint Paul The Appeal January 9 1892 Retrieved April 14 2017 Taylor David Vassar 2002 African Americans in Minnesota St Paul MN Minnesota Historical Society Press p 62 ISBN 0873516532 Retrieved April 14 2017 St Paul The Appeal July 19 1902 Retrieved April 13 2017 Rable George C January 1 1985 The South and the Politics of Antilynching Legislation 1920 1940 The Journal of Southern History 51 2 201 220 doi 10 2307 2208825 JSTOR 2208825 Resolutions read before Baptist gathering by Mrs W T Francis of St Paul Minn The Nashville June 14 1918 Retrieved April 13 2017 Julin Chris Hemphill Stephanie June 2001 A mob lynches three black men Minnesota Public Radio Retrieved April 14 2017 Duluth Lynchings Minnesota Historical Society Retrieved April 14 2017 Minnesota s anti lynching law The Appeal April 30 1921 p 2 Retrieved April 13 2017 Minnesota Anti Lynching Bill The Crisis No 21 The Crisis Publishing Company November 1920 pp 67 68 Retrieved April 14 2017 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a More than one of number and issue specified help About The Appeal Chronicling America loc gov Library of Congress Retrieved April 14 2017 Hatle Elizabeth Dorsey 2013 The Ku Klux Klan in Minnesota Arcadia Publishing ISBN 9781625846471 Retrieved April 14 2017 Minn Laws 1984 chapter 629 sec 4 May 2 1984 a b c Nelson Paul Francis William T 1869 1929 MNopedia Minnesota Historical Society Retrieved April 11 2017 Death Notices The Tennessean August 13 1929 Retrieved April 13 2017 Atty and Mrs W T Francis celebrate the Twenty fifth Anniversary of Their Wedding Nashville Globe August 30 1918 Retrieved April 14 2017 Further reading editGreen William D January 5 2021 Nellie Francis Fighting for Racial Justice and Women s Equality in Minnesota University Of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 1517910709 External links editPhotographic portrait ca 1924 Minnesota Black Newspaper Index Minnesota Historical Society Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nellie Griswold Francis amp oldid 1223346432, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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