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Natterer's bat

January 30, 2023

Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri) is a European vespertilionid bat[2] with pale wings. It has brown fur tending to greyish-white on its underside. It is found across most of the continent of Europe, parts of the Near East and North Africa. It feeds on insects and other invertebrates which it catches on the wing or pursues on the ground.

Natterer's bat
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Genus: Myotis
Species:
M. nattereri
Binomial name
Myotis nattereri
(Kuhl, 1817)

In summer it roosts in deciduous and coniferous trees, buildings or bat boxes close to its feeding habitats. In winter it hibernates in caves, tunnels, mines or cellars, usually hiding in crevices. This bat was first described in 1817 by Heinrich Kuhl, who named it in honour of the Austrian naturalist Johann Natterer.[3][4][5]

Description

Natterer's bat is a medium-sized species and grows to a head and body length of 1.75 to 2 inches (44 to 51 mm) with a forearm (elbow to wrist) length of 1.75 inches (44 mm). It weighs between 5 and 9.5 grams (0.18 and 0.34 oz). The short, dense fur on the dorsal (upper) surface of head and body is greyish-brown while the ventral (under) surface is whitish-grey. [6] The ears and the wing membranes are smoky grey. This bat can be distinguished from other similar species by the fact that the free edge of the interfemoral membrane between the hind limbs is wrinkled and fringed with stiff, curved hairs and the calcar, a spur of cartilage that supports the membrane, is shaped like a "S".[7]

Distribution and habitat

The Natterer's bat species complex has a western Palaearctic distribution and is native to most of Europe, parts of the Middle East and parts of northern Africa. Its range extends from southern Sweden, Finland and western Russia in the north to Ireland, the United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal to the west. It extends eastwards to Ukraine, western and southwestern Asia Minor, the Levant, the Caucasus region, the Kopet Dag Mountains in Turkmenistan, Iran and northern Kazakhstan. Its southern limit is Morocco and Algeria, southwards as far as the Atlas Mountains. Records from North Africa are few in number and the population there is likely to be small. Its historic range included Norway, in which it is now a possibly extirpated species.[citation needed]

It is found from sea level up to an altitude of about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).[1] It is found in forests, parkland, and in open countryside with scattered woodland. It roosts in holes in trees, buildings and nestboxes. In winter it hibernates in caves, mineshafts, tunnels and cellars, hiding itself away in cracks and crevices usually near the cave entrance.[7] It is largely a resident species and the summer roosts and winter hibernation sites are usually within 120 kilometres (75 mi) of each other.[1]

 
Distribution of the M. nattereri species group according to the IUCN,[1] Benda et al. (2006),[8] Puechmaille et al. (2012),[9] Salicini et al. (2013),[10] Çoraman et al. (2019).[11] Type localities are indicated by stars for each described taxon.
  M. crypticus
  M. escalerai
  M. zenatius
  M. nattereri
  M. sp. C
  M. hoveli
  M. tschuliensis
  M. schaubi araxenus
  Uncertain status in Cyprus

Behaviour

Natterer's bat is nocturnal and insectivorous. It emerges at dusk to hunt for insects and uses echolocation to find prey and orient itself at night. Like many other species of bat, it emits sounds at too high a frequency for most humans to detect and then interprets the echoes created in order to build a "sound picture" of its surroundings. The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 23 and 115 kHz and have most energy at 53 kHz. The individual signals have an average duration of 3.8 ms.[12][13] The wide bandwidth of its frequency-modulated search signals enables it to detect prey only a few centimetres from vegetation and it does not use vision, olfaction or sounds emitted by its prey for this purpose. The bat feeds on the wing and it mostly catches insects in flight but it is also able to feed on prey items such as spiders and caterpillars dangling close to foliage on silken threads.[14]

During a study of the bat's diet, examination of droppings showed that it can also gather prey items from the ground. The diet was found mostly to consist of large Diptera (flies) but Trichoptera (caddisfly), Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants and hoverflies) and Arachnida (spiders and harvestmen) were also commonly eaten. The remains of other prey items occasionally found in the droppings included Lepidoptera (moths), Coleoptera (beetles), Hemiptera (bugs), Dermaptera (earwigs) and Chilopoda (centipedes).[15] This bat may use its interfemoral membrane to catch prey and the fringing hairs may have a sensory function.[16] It has been shown that it can land on the ground to pick up and pursue invertebrates that are active at night, and continues to emit search signals in order to locate them precisely.[16]

Breeding takes place in the spring and many Natterer's bats may congregate in a nursery roost. After fertilisation, a female normally gives birth to a single offspring after a gestation period of fifty to sixty days, but twins sometimes occur. Weaning takes place six or seven weeks later and the juvenile becomes sexually mature the following year.[7]

Status

The IUCN has listed the Natterer's bat in its Red List of Threatened Species as being of "Least Concern" because it has a very wide distribution and is abundant in many parts of its extent. The population trend seems to be steady and no significant threats have been identified. The IUCN does note however that in some parts of its range woodlands are under threat and land management practices are changing. Roosting sites in trees and buildings may be destroyed and in Africa, cave roosting habitats are being damaged. The bat is used in traditional medicine practices in North Africa.[1]

Natterer's bats are protected under the European Habitats Directive, the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and the Berne Convention.[1] In the United Kingdom their rarity means that woodlands containing the species may be considered for notification as Sites of Special Scientific Interest or Special Areas of Conservation and may attract a grant under Natural Englands Environmental Stewardship scheme.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Gazaryan, S.; Kruskop, S.V.; Godlevska, L. (2020). "Myotis nattereri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T85733032A22052584. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T85733032A22052584.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 513. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ "Natterer’s Bat", Natural History Society of Northumbria, retrieved 2014.04.14.
  4. ^ "Natterer", The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals, By Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins, Michael Grayson, 2009, Johns Hopkins University Press
  5. ^ "Natterer's Bat", What's Who?: A Dictionary of Things Named After People and the People They Are Named After, By Roger Jones, 2008, Matador, ISBN 1848760477.
  6. ^ Myotis nattereri - Science for Nature Foundation
  7. ^ a b c Konig, Claus (1973). Mammals. Collins & Co. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-00-212080-7.
  8. ^ Petr Benda; Michal Andreas; Dieter Kock; et al. (2006). "Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the Eastern Mediterranean. Part 4. Bat fauna of Syria: distribution, systematics, ecology" (PDF). Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae. 70: 1–329. ISSN 0862-5247. Wikidata Q61883614.
  9. ^ Sébastien J. Puechmaille; Benjamin Allegrini; Emma S.M. Boston; et al. (May 2012). "Genetic analyses reveal further cryptic lineages within the <i>Myotis nattereri</i> species complex". Mammalian Biology. 77 (3): 224–228. doi:10.1016/J.MAMBIO.2011.11.004. ISSN 1616-5047. Wikidata Q59645142.
  10. ^ Irene Salicini; Carlos Ibáñez; Javier Juste (December 2012). "Deep differentiation between and within Mediterranean glacial refugia in a flying mammal, the <i>Myotis nattereri</i> bat complex". Journal of Biogeography. 40 (6): 1182–1193. doi:10.1111/JBI.12062. ISSN 0305-0270. Wikidata Q61789557.
  11. ^ Emrah Çoraman; Christian Dietz; Elisabeth Hempel; Astghik Ghazaryan; Eran Levin; Primož Presetnik; Maja Zagmajster; Frieder Mayer (2019). "Reticulate evolutionary history of a Western Palaearctic bat complex explained by multiple mtDNA introgressions in secondary contacts". Journal of Biogeography. 46 (2): 343–354. doi:10.1111/JBI.13509. ISSN 0305-0270. Wikidata Q61808257.
  12. ^ Parsons, S. and Jones, G. (2000) 'Acoustic identification of twelve species of echolocating bat by discriminant function analysis and artificial neural networks.' J Exp Biol., 203: 2641-2656.
  13. ^ Obrist, M.K., Boesch, R. and Flückiger, P.F. (2004) 'Variability in echolocation call design of 26 Swiss bat species: Consequences, limits and options for automated field identification with a synergic pattern recognition approach.' Mammalia., 68 (4): 307-32.
  14. ^ Siemers, B. M.; Schnitzler, H. -U. (2000). "Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri Kuhl, 1818) hawks for prey close to vegetation using echolocation signals of very broad bandwidth". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 47 (6): 400–412. doi:10.1007/s002650050683. S2CID 32561826.
  15. ^ Shiel, C. B.; McAney, C. M.; Fairley, J. S. (1991). "Analysis of the diet of Natterer's bat Myotis nattereri and the common long-eared bat Plecotus auritus in the West of Ireland". Journal of Zoology. 223 (2): 299–305. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04766.x.
  16. ^ a b Swift, S.; Racey, P. (2002). "Gleaning as a foraging strategy in Natterer's bat Myotis nattereri". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 52 (5): 408–416. doi:10.1007/s00265-002-0531-x. S2CID 8792206.
  17. ^ "Environmental Stewardship". Natural England. Retrieved 2013-10-27.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Myotis nattereri.
  • Photographs, video.
  • Woodland Management for Bats

January 30, 2023
natterer, myotis, nattereri, european, vespertilionid, with, pale, wings, brown, tending, greyish, white, underside, found, across, most, continent, europe, parts, near, east, north, africa, feeds, insects, other, invertebrates, which, catches, wing, pursues, . Natterer s bat Myotis nattereri is a European vespertilionid bat 2 with pale wings It has brown fur tending to greyish white on its underside It is found across most of the continent of Europe parts of the Near East and North Africa It feeds on insects and other invertebrates which it catches on the wing or pursues on the ground Natterer s batConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder ChiropteraFamily VespertilionidaeGenus MyotisSpecies M nattereriBinomial nameMyotis nattereri Kuhl 1817 In summer it roosts in deciduous and coniferous trees buildings or bat boxes close to its feeding habitats In winter it hibernates in caves tunnels mines or cellars usually hiding in crevices This bat was first described in 1817 by Heinrich Kuhl who named it in honour of the Austrian naturalist Johann Natterer 3 4 5 Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Behaviour 4 Status 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksDescription EditNatterer s bat is a medium sized species and grows to a head and body length of 1 75 to 2 inches 44 to 51 mm with a forearm elbow to wrist length of 1 75 inches 44 mm It weighs between 5 and 9 5 grams 0 18 and 0 34 oz The short dense fur on the dorsal upper surface of head and body is greyish brown while the ventral under surface is whitish grey 6 The ears and the wing membranes are smoky grey This bat can be distinguished from other similar species by the fact that the free edge of the interfemoral membrane between the hind limbs is wrinkled and fringed with stiff curved hairs and the calcar a spur of cartilage that supports the membrane is shaped like a S 7 Distribution and habitat EditThis article needs to be updated The reason given is the Iberian population concerns M escalerai split from M nattereri in 2006 and new splits have arisen ever since with the description of M crypticus and M zenatius 2019 Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information February 2019 The Natterer s bat species complex has a western Palaearctic distribution and is native to most of Europe parts of the Middle East and parts of northern Africa Its range extends from southern Sweden Finland and western Russia in the north to Ireland the United Kingdom Spain and Portugal to the west It extends eastwards to Ukraine western and southwestern Asia Minor the Levant the Caucasus region the Kopet Dag Mountains in Turkmenistan Iran and northern Kazakhstan Its southern limit is Morocco and Algeria southwards as far as the Atlas Mountains Records from North Africa are few in number and the population there is likely to be small Its historic range included Norway in which it is now a possibly extirpated species citation needed It is found from sea level up to an altitude of about 2 000 metres 6 600 ft 1 It is found in forests parkland and in open countryside with scattered woodland It roosts in holes in trees buildings and nestboxes In winter it hibernates in caves mineshafts tunnels and cellars hiding itself away in cracks and crevices usually near the cave entrance 7 It is largely a resident species and the summer roosts and winter hibernation sites are usually within 120 kilometres 75 mi of each other 1 Distribution of the M nattereri species group according to the IUCN 1 Benda et al 2006 8 Puechmaille et al 2012 9 Salicini et al 2013 10 Coraman et al 2019 11 Type localities are indicated by stars for each described taxon M crypticus M escalerai M zenatius M nattereri M sp C M hoveli M tschuliensis M schaubi araxenus Uncertain status in CyprusBehaviour EditNatterer s bat is nocturnal and insectivorous It emerges at dusk to hunt for insects and uses echolocation to find prey and orient itself at night Like many other species of bat it emits sounds at too high a frequency for most humans to detect and then interprets the echoes created in order to build a sound picture of its surroundings The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 23 and 115 kHz and have most energy at 53 kHz The individual signals have an average duration of 3 8 ms 12 13 The wide bandwidth of its frequency modulated search signals enables it to detect prey only a few centimetres from vegetation and it does not use vision olfaction or sounds emitted by its prey for this purpose The bat feeds on the wing and it mostly catches insects in flight but it is also able to feed on prey items such as spiders and caterpillars dangling close to foliage on silken threads 14 During a study of the bat s diet examination of droppings showed that it can also gather prey items from the ground The diet was found mostly to consist of large Diptera flies but Trichoptera caddisfly Hymenoptera bees wasps ants and hoverflies and Arachnida spiders and harvestmen were also commonly eaten The remains of other prey items occasionally found in the droppings included Lepidoptera moths Coleoptera beetles Hemiptera bugs Dermaptera earwigs and Chilopoda centipedes 15 This bat may use its interfemoral membrane to catch prey and the fringing hairs may have a sensory function 16 It has been shown that it can land on the ground to pick up and pursue invertebrates that are active at night and continues to emit search signals in order to locate them precisely 16 Breeding takes place in the spring and many Natterer s bats may congregate in a nursery roost After fertilisation a female normally gives birth to a single offspring after a gestation period of fifty to sixty days but twins sometimes occur Weaning takes place six or seven weeks later and the juvenile becomes sexually mature the following year 7 Status EditThe IUCN has listed the Natterer s bat in its Red List of Threatened Species as being of Least Concern because it has a very wide distribution and is abundant in many parts of its extent The population trend seems to be steady and no significant threats have been identified The IUCN does note however that in some parts of its range woodlands are under threat and land management practices are changing Roosting sites in trees and buildings may be destroyed and in Africa cave roosting habitats are being damaged The bat is used in traditional medicine practices in North Africa 1 Natterer s bats are protected under the European Habitats Directive the Bonn Convention Eurobats and the Berne Convention 1 In the United Kingdom their rarity means that woodlands containing the species may be considered for notification as Sites of Special Scientific Interest or Special Areas of Conservation and may attract a grant under Natural Englands Environmental Stewardship scheme 17 See also EditBokeloh Bat lyssavirusReferences Edit a b c d e f Gazaryan S Kruskop S V Godlevska L 2020 Myotis nattereri IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T85733032A22052584 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 2 RLTS T85733032A22052584 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Simmons N B 2005 Order Chiroptera In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press p 513 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Natterer s Bat Natural History Society of Northumbria retrieved 2014 04 14 Natterer The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals By Bo Beolens Michael Watkins Michael Grayson 2009 Johns Hopkins University Press Natterer s Bat What s Who A Dictionary of Things Named After People and the People They Are Named After By Roger Jones 2008 Matador ISBN 1848760477 Myotis nattereri Science for Nature Foundation a b c Konig Claus 1973 Mammals Collins amp Co pp 46 47 ISBN 978 0 00 212080 7 Petr Benda Michal Andreas Dieter Kock et al 2006 Bats Mammalia Chiroptera of the Eastern Mediterranean Part 4 Bat fauna of Syria distribution systematics ecology PDF Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae 70 1 329 ISSN 0862 5247 Wikidata Q61883614 Sebastien J Puechmaille Benjamin Allegrini Emma S M Boston et al May 2012 Genetic analyses reveal further cryptic lineages within the lt i gt Myotis nattereri lt i gt species complex Mammalian Biology 77 3 224 228 doi 10 1016 J MAMBIO 2011 11 004 ISSN 1616 5047 Wikidata Q59645142 Irene Salicini Carlos Ibanez Javier Juste December 2012 Deep differentiation between and within Mediterranean glacial refugia in a flying mammal the lt i gt Myotis nattereri lt i gt bat complex Journal of Biogeography 40 6 1182 1193 doi 10 1111 JBI 12062 ISSN 0305 0270 Wikidata Q61789557 Emrah Coraman Christian Dietz Elisabeth Hempel Astghik Ghazaryan Eran Levin Primoz Presetnik Maja Zagmajster Frieder Mayer 2019 Reticulate evolutionary history of a Western Palaearctic bat complex explained by multiple mtDNA introgressions in secondary contacts Journal of Biogeography 46 2 343 354 doi 10 1111 JBI 13509 ISSN 0305 0270 Wikidata Q61808257 Parsons S and Jones G 2000 Acoustic identification of twelve species of echolocating bat by discriminant function analysis and artificial neural networks J Exp Biol 203 2641 2656 Obrist M K Boesch R and Fluckiger P F 2004 Variability in echolocation call design of 26 Swiss bat species Consequences limits and options for automated field identification with a synergic pattern recognition approach Mammalia 68 4 307 32 Siemers B M Schnitzler H U 2000 Natterer s bat Myotis nattereri Kuhl 1818 hawks for prey close to vegetation using echolocation signals of very broad bandwidth Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 47 6 400 412 doi 10 1007 s002650050683 S2CID 32561826 Shiel C B McAney C M Fairley J S 1991 Analysis of the diet of Natterer s bat Myotis nattereri and the common long eared bat Plecotus auritus in the West of Ireland Journal of Zoology 223 2 299 305 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 1991 tb04766 x a b Swift S Racey P 2002 Gleaning as a foraging strategy in Natterer s bat Myotis nattereri Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 52 5 408 416 doi 10 1007 s00265 002 0531 x S2CID 8792206 Environmental Stewardship Natural England Retrieved 2013 10 27 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Myotis nattereri ARKive Photographs video Woodland Management for Bats Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Natterer 27s bat amp oldid 1135111797, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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