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Nanobiomechanics

March 19, 2023

Nanobiomechanics (also bionanomechanics) is an emerging field in nanoscience and biomechanics that combines the powerful tools of nanomechanics to explore fundamental science of biomaterials and biomechanics.

An overview of nanobiomechanics showing relevant fields. Examples of methods and instrumentation and applications are also included.

Since the introduction by its founder Yuan-Cheng Fung, the field of biomechanics has become one of the branches of mechanics and bioscience. For many years, biomechanics has examined tissue. Through advancements in nanoscience, the scale of the forces that could be measured and also the scale of observation of biomaterials was reduced to "nano" and "pico" level. Consequently, it became possible to measure the mechanical properties of biological materials at nanoscale. This is relevant to improve tissue engineering processes and cellular therapy.[1]

Most of the biological materials have different hierarchical levels, and the smallest ones refer to the nanoscale. For example, bone has up to seven levels of biological organization, and the smallest level, i.e., single collagen fibril and hydroxylapatite minerals have dimensions well below 100 nm. Therefore, being able to probe properties at this small scales provides a great opportunity for better understanding the fundamental properties of these materials. For example, measurements have shown that nanomechanical heterogeneity exists even within single collagen fibrils as small as 100 nm.[2]

One of the other most relevant topics in this field is measurement of tiny forces on living cells to recognize changes caused by different diseases, including disease progression.[1][3] For example, it has been shown that red blood cells infected by malaria are 10 times stiffer than normal cells.[4] Likewise, it has been shown that cancer cells are 70 percent softer than normal cells.[3] Early signs of aging cartilage and osteoarthritis has been shown by looking at the changes in the tissue at the nanoscale.[5]

Methods, instrumentation, and application

 
High resolution AFM image of cortical bone and single collagen fibril (inset)

The common methods in nanobiomechanics include atomic force microscopy (AFM), nanoindentation, and application of nanoparticles.[6][7][8] These and other methods may be applied to relevant materials, for example: bone[6] and its hierarchical constituents such as single collagen fibrils, single living cells, actin filaments and microtubules.[9]

Atomic Force Microscopy

For a description of atomic force microscopy (AFM), see atomic force microscopy.

AFM has been used to study the nanoscale level of the cytoskeleton and its components, the extracellular matrix, and the cell's environment. Understanding the cell's mechanics, including at a nanoscale level, is highly connected to understanding these molecules and structures. As all of this affects how the cell behaves, it is beneficial for tissue engineering.[7] One example of this is when researchers applied tapping mode AFM to study repair bone from genetically modified mesenchymal cells. Via this method, they were able to image structures in the bone on a nano scale that suggested collagen was present.[6]

AFM has also been applied to measure the mechanical properties of proteins and other biomolecules in a variety of conditions through extension and compression experiments.[10] Further, it has been applied to the mapping of cells' and membranes' mechanical properties, mechanotransduction, how cells adhere or detach based on the surface they are on and their own molecules, and the stiffness of cells.[7]

As metastatic cells have been shown to be softer than benign cells using AFM, the mechanics of cancer cells may be useful to diagnose cancer.[11][7]

Nanoindentation

For a description of nanoindentation, see nanoindentation.

Nanoindentation has been applied to biomechanical studies. One example studied repair bone from genetically modified mesenchymal cells. They compressed a probe with a nanometer radius into both native and repair bone and used it to study the deformability of the tissue. This gave them insight into mechanical properties of the bone, including its stiffness. Nanoindentation also allowed them to study the bone’s compressibility through loading and unloading curves.[6]

Further, nanoindentation may be combined with other methods in specific studies. One example is AFM nanoindentation, which has been applied to study subcellular components in living cells.[1]

Nanoparticles

For a description of nanoparticles, see nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles both affect cells on a nanoscale level, and are one method of studying the mechanical properties of cells and biomaterials on the nanoscale level. Nanoparticles affect how cells adhere to substrates, and the cell’s stiffness. They also impact components of the cell’s cytoskeleton which in turn affect cell motility as they bind and interact with structures such as receptors and RNA.[8]

As these nanoparticles affect the nanobiomechanics of cells, they are valuable tools to study them. For example, nanoparticles have been embedded on the surfaces of structures to alter the nanotopographical environment, and affected how the cell behaved. This included how cells spread, how cytoskeletal components assemble, and how cells attach. Some included nanoparticles have magnetic properties, and have been used in conjunction with magnetic fields for detailed control of cellular surfaces and other studies.[8]

Nanoparticles are useful in studying the ways cells adapt physical forces into biochemical signals, and the mechanical properties of cellular constituents. They have also been used in processes such as particle tracking microrheology.[8]

Computational nanobiomechanics

In addition to experimental aspect, research has been expanding through computational methods.[citation needed] Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have provided a wealth of knowledge in this area. Although, the MD simulation are still limited to a small number of atoms and molecules, due to limitation in the computational performance, they have proved to be an instrumental branch of this emerging field.

References

  1. ^ a b c Chen, Jinju (2014-04-06). "Nanobiomechanics of living cells: a review". Interface Focus. 4 (2): 20130055. doi:10.1098/rsfs.2013.0055. ISSN 2042-8898. PMC 3982446. PMID 24748952.
  2. ^ Minary-Jolandan M, Yu MF (September 2009). "Nanomechanical heterogeneity in the gap and overlap regions of type I collagen fibrils with implications for bone heterogeneity". Biomacromolecules. 10 (9): 2565–70. doi:10.1021/bm900519v. PMID 19694448.
  3. ^ a b Bourzac K (December 4, 2007). "The Feel of Cancer Cells". Technology Review. MIT. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  4. ^ Fitzgerald M (March–April 2006). "Nanobiomechanics". Technology Review. MIT. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  5. ^ Stolz M, Gottardi R, Raiteri R, Miot S, Martin I, Imer R, et al. (March 2009). "Early detection of aging cartilage and osteoarthritis in mice and patient samples using atomic force microscopy". Nature Nanotechnology. 4 (3): 186–92. Bibcode:2009NatNa...4..186S. doi:10.1038/nnano.2008.410. PMID 19265849. S2CID 29884194.
  6. ^ a b c d Tai K, Dao M, Suresh S, Palazoglu A, Ortiz C (June 2007). (PDF). Nature Materials. 6 (6): 454–62. Bibcode:2007NatMa...6..454T. doi:10.1038/nmat1911. PMID 17515917. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 22, 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d Kilpatrick, Jason I.; Revenko, Irène; Rodriguez, Brian J. (2015). "Nanomechanics of Cells and Biomaterials Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy". Advanced Healthcare Materials. 4 (16): 2456–2474. doi:10.1002/adhm.201500229. hdl:10197/9664. PMID 26200464. S2CID 25737251.
  8. ^ a b c d Septiadi, Dedy; Crippa, Federica; Moore, Thomas Lee; Rothen-Rutishauser, Barbara; Petri-Fink, Alke (2018). "Nanoparticle–Cell Interaction: A Cell Mechanics Perspective". Advanced Materials. 30 (19): 1704463. doi:10.1002/adma.201704463. ISSN 1521-4095. PMID 29315860. S2CID 19066377.
  9. ^ Kis A, Kasas S, Babić B, Kulik AJ, Benoît W, Briggs GA, et al. (December 2002). "Nanomechanics of microtubules" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 89 (24): 248101. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..89x8101K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.248101. PMID 12484982.
  10. ^ Ikai, Atsushi (2008-06-27). "Nanobiomechanics of proteins and biomembrane". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1500): 2163–2171. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.2269. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2610188. PMID 18339603.
  11. ^ Liu, Jun; Ferrari, Mauro (2002). "Mechanical Spectral Signatures of Malignant Disease? A Small-Sample, Comparative Study of Continuum vs. Nano-Biomechanical Data Analyses". Disease Markers. 18 (4): 175–183. doi:10.1155/2002/874157. ISSN 0278-0240. PMC 3851619. PMID 12590171.

March 19, 2023
nanobiomechanics, also, bionanomechanics, emerging, field, nanoscience, biomechanics, that, combines, powerful, tools, nanomechanics, explore, fundamental, science, biomaterials, biomechanics, overview, nanobiomechanics, showing, relevant, fields, examples, me. Nanobiomechanics also bionanomechanics is an emerging field in nanoscience and biomechanics that combines the powerful tools of nanomechanics to explore fundamental science of biomaterials and biomechanics An overview of nanobiomechanics showing relevant fields Examples of methods and instrumentation and applications are also included Since the introduction by its founder Yuan Cheng Fung the field of biomechanics has become one of the branches of mechanics and bioscience For many years biomechanics has examined tissue Through advancements in nanoscience the scale of the forces that could be measured and also the scale of observation of biomaterials was reduced to nano and pico level Consequently it became possible to measure the mechanical properties of biological materials at nanoscale This is relevant to improve tissue engineering processes and cellular therapy 1 Most of the biological materials have different hierarchical levels and the smallest ones refer to the nanoscale For example bone has up to seven levels of biological organization and the smallest level i e single collagen fibril and hydroxylapatite minerals have dimensions well below 100 nm Therefore being able to probe properties at this small scales provides a great opportunity for better understanding the fundamental properties of these materials For example measurements have shown that nanomechanical heterogeneity exists even within single collagen fibrils as small as 100 nm 2 One of the other most relevant topics in this field is measurement of tiny forces on living cells to recognize changes caused by different diseases including disease progression 1 3 For example it has been shown that red blood cells infected by malaria are 10 times stiffer than normal cells 4 Likewise it has been shown that cancer cells are 70 percent softer than normal cells 3 Early signs of aging cartilage and osteoarthritis has been shown by looking at the changes in the tissue at the nanoscale 5 Contents 1 Methods instrumentation and application 1 1 Atomic Force Microscopy 1 2 Nanoindentation 1 3 Nanoparticles 2 Computational nanobiomechanics 3 ReferencesMethods instrumentation and application Edit High resolution AFM image of cortical bone and single collagen fibril inset The common methods in nanobiomechanics include atomic force microscopy AFM nanoindentation and application of nanoparticles 6 7 8 These and other methods may be applied to relevant materials for example bone 6 and its hierarchical constituents such as single collagen fibrils single living cells actin filaments and microtubules 9 Atomic Force Microscopy Edit For a description of atomic force microscopy AFM see atomic force microscopy AFM has been used to study the nanoscale level of the cytoskeleton and its components the extracellular matrix and the cell s environment Understanding the cell s mechanics including at a nanoscale level is highly connected to understanding these molecules and structures As all of this affects how the cell behaves it is beneficial for tissue engineering 7 One example of this is when researchers applied tapping mode AFM to study repair bone from genetically modified mesenchymal cells Via this method they were able to image structures in the bone on a nano scale that suggested collagen was present 6 AFM has also been applied to measure the mechanical properties of proteins and other biomolecules in a variety of conditions through extension and compression experiments 10 Further it has been applied to the mapping of cells and membranes mechanical properties mechanotransduction how cells adhere or detach based on the surface they are on and their own molecules and the stiffness of cells 7 As metastatic cells have been shown to be softer than benign cells using AFM the mechanics of cancer cells may be useful to diagnose cancer 11 7 Nanoindentation Edit For a description of nanoindentation see nanoindentation Nanoindentation has been applied to biomechanical studies One example studied repair bone from genetically modified mesenchymal cells They compressed a probe with a nanometer radius into both native and repair bone and used it to study the deformability of the tissue This gave them insight into mechanical properties of the bone including its stiffness Nanoindentation also allowed them to study the bone s compressibility through loading and unloading curves 6 Further nanoindentation may be combined with other methods in specific studies One example is AFM nanoindentation which has been applied to study subcellular components in living cells 1 Nanoparticles Edit For a description of nanoparticles see nanoparticles Nanoparticles both affect cells on a nanoscale level and are one method of studying the mechanical properties of cells and biomaterials on the nanoscale level Nanoparticles affect how cells adhere to substrates and the cell s stiffness They also impact components of the cell s cytoskeleton which in turn affect cell motility as they bind and interact with structures such as receptors and RNA 8 As these nanoparticles affect the nanobiomechanics of cells they are valuable tools to study them For example nanoparticles have been embedded on the surfaces of structures to alter the nanotopographical environment and affected how the cell behaved This included how cells spread how cytoskeletal components assemble and how cells attach Some included nanoparticles have magnetic properties and have been used in conjunction with magnetic fields for detailed control of cellular surfaces and other studies 8 Nanoparticles are useful in studying the ways cells adapt physical forces into biochemical signals and the mechanical properties of cellular constituents They have also been used in processes such as particle tracking microrheology 8 Computational nanobiomechanics EditIn addition to experimental aspect research has been expanding through computational methods citation needed Molecular dynamics MD simulations have provided a wealth of knowledge in this area Although the MD simulation are still limited to a small number of atoms and molecules due to limitation in the computational performance they have proved to be an instrumental branch of this emerging field References Edit a b c Chen Jinju 2014 04 06 Nanobiomechanics of living cells a review Interface Focus 4 2 20130055 doi 10 1098 rsfs 2013 0055 ISSN 2042 8898 PMC 3982446 PMID 24748952 Minary Jolandan M Yu MF September 2009 Nanomechanical heterogeneity in the gap and overlap regions of type I collagen fibrils with implications for bone heterogeneity Biomacromolecules 10 9 2565 70 doi 10 1021 bm900519v PMID 19694448 a b Bourzac K December 4 2007 The Feel of Cancer Cells Technology Review MIT Retrieved February 23 2011 Fitzgerald M March April 2006 Nanobiomechanics Technology Review MIT Retrieved February 23 2011 Stolz M Gottardi R Raiteri R Miot S Martin I Imer R et al March 2009 Early detection of aging cartilage and osteoarthritis in mice and patient samples using atomic force microscopy Nature Nanotechnology 4 3 186 92 Bibcode 2009NatNa 4 186S doi 10 1038 nnano 2008 410 PMID 19265849 S2CID 29884194 a b c d Tai K Dao M Suresh S Palazoglu A Ortiz C June 2007 Nanoscale heterogeneity promotes energy dissipation in bone PDF Nature Materials 6 6 454 62 Bibcode 2007NatMa 6 454T doi 10 1038 nmat1911 PMID 17515917 Archived from the original PDF on April 22 2012 a b c d Kilpatrick Jason I Revenko Irene Rodriguez Brian J 2015 Nanomechanics of Cells and Biomaterials Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy Advanced Healthcare Materials 4 16 2456 2474 doi 10 1002 adhm 201500229 hdl 10197 9664 PMID 26200464 S2CID 25737251 a b c d Septiadi Dedy Crippa Federica Moore Thomas Lee Rothen Rutishauser Barbara Petri Fink Alke 2018 Nanoparticle Cell Interaction A Cell Mechanics Perspective Advanced Materials 30 19 1704463 doi 10 1002 adma 201704463 ISSN 1521 4095 PMID 29315860 S2CID 19066377 Kis A Kasas S Babic B Kulik AJ Benoit W Briggs GA et al December 2002 Nanomechanics of microtubules PDF Physical Review Letters 89 24 248101 Bibcode 2002PhRvL 89x8101K doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 89 248101 PMID 12484982 Ikai Atsushi 2008 06 27 Nanobiomechanics of proteins and biomembrane Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 363 1500 2163 2171 doi 10 1098 rstb 2008 2269 ISSN 0962 8436 PMC 2610188 PMID 18339603 Liu Jun Ferrari Mauro 2002 Mechanical Spectral Signatures of Malignant Disease A Small Sample Comparative Study of Continuum vs Nano Biomechanical Data Analyses Disease Markers 18 4 175 183 doi 10 1155 2002 874157 ISSN 0278 0240 PMC 3851619 PMID 12590171 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nanobiomechanics amp oldid 1139867311, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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