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Nagavarma II

January 01, 1970

Nagavarma II (mid-11th or mid-12th century) was a Kannada language scholar and grammarian in the court of the Western Chalukya Empire that ruled from Basavakalyan, in modern Karnataka state, India. He was the earliest among the three most notable and authoritative grammarians of Old-Kannada language (Keshiraja of c. 1260 and Bhattakalanka Deva of c. 1604 being the other two).[1] Nagavarma II's reputation stems from his notable contributions to various genres of Kannada literature including prosody, rhetoric, poetics, grammar and vocabulary.[2] According to the scholar R. Narasimhacharya, Nagavarma II is unique in all of ancient Kannada literature, in this aspect. His writings are available and are considered standard authorities for the study of Kannada language and its growth.[2][3]

Nagavarma II was honored with the title "poet laureate" (Katakacharya) and "military teacher" (Katakopadhyaya) by Chalukya King Jagadhekamalla.[4][5][6] His most famous works are Kavyavalokana ("Treatise on the art of poetry) on grammar, rhetoric and poetics; Karnataka-Bhashabhushana ("Ornament of the Karnataka language"), on grammar; Vastukosa (or Abhidanavastukosa, lit, "Treasury of significations"), a lexicon; and Varadhamanapurana, a Jain purana ("epic").[4][5][6][7] Nagavarma II's grammatical model is based on the Katantra school of Sanskrit grammar and the author styles himself Abhinava Sarvavarma ("Modern Sarvavarma"), Sarvavarma being a noted Sanskrit grammarian to a Satavahana king.[7][8]

Life edit

Historians are divided about the actual period when Nagavarma II lived. According to the scholars R. Narasimhachar (author of Kannada Kavicharitre), and K.A. Nilakanta Shastri, Nagavarma II was the poet laureate of Chalukya king Jagadhekamalla II (r. 1138–1153) and his works are hence datable to c. 1145–1150.[4][5][9] The modern Kannada poet and scholar Govinda Pai, in his research Nagachandrana Kala Vichara ("Nagachandra's age", 1955) identified three famous Nagavarmas in medieval Kannada literature. Pai estimated that Nagavarma II lived from c. 1120–1200.[10] However, after the discovery of the writing Varadhamanapurana, dated to c. 1042, and authored by Nagavarma II, it is now held by scholars such as D.R. Nagaraj and Sheldon Pollock that the grammarian was under the patronage of Chalukya King Jayasimha II (r.1015–1042) who also went by the title "Jagadekhamalla", and therefore all of his works were written around c. 1042.[3][7][8][11]

Writings edit

Nagavarma II wrote his grammatical works at a time when native Kannada language writers were focused on establishing Kannada language on an equal footing with Sanskrit and Prakrit.[8] With reference to earlier Kannada language grammarians or rhetoricians, Nagavarma II named Gunavarma and Sankavarma as "path makers", and the phrase Gunavarma Nagavarmara adhvanagal may refer to an earlier literary or grammatical tradition.[7]

Despite being a work on poetics and rhetoric, the historically important Kavyavalokanam, in its first section called Sabdasmriti, deals with grammar. By adding a section on grammar, Nagavarma II had emulated the style of the previous Sanskrit grammarians, Daṇḍin (author of Kavyadarsha) and Bhamaha (author of Kavyalankara).[7] The Sabdasmriti comprises five chapters (prakarnas) which deal with euphonic combinations (sandhis), nouns, compounds, nominal derivatives and verbs respectively. The 422 verses in the text are written in kanda metre (chapter format), of which 96 are aphorisms (sutras) (the 18th among which focusses on framing grammatical rules based on the spoken language), and the remaining verses are example quotations from the writings of earlier notable Kannada poets such as Adikavi Pampa, Sri Ponna and Ranna.[7]

His Abhidanavastukosa is a dictionary (nighantu) of 8,000 Sanskrit words for Kannada language users, again an attempt to integrate the Kannada literary culture into the popular Sanskritic cultural cosmopolitan.[8]

Nagavarma II's Kannada grammar, Karnataka Bhashabhushana, which is based on his Sabdasmriti, and follows the general framework of Sanskrit grammar, is actually written in Sanskrit language. This has prompted claims that the author did so to prove to Sanskrit scholars of the day, who may have had a callous attitude towards Kannada the local language (Prakrita Bhasa), that it was a rich literary language. From an invocatory verse in the text, another probable reason is also proposed, in that, being a Jain, Nagavarma II saw all languages as equals.[7] Though the aphorisms are written in Sanskrit, the glosses (vrittis) are in Kannada, and as a whole, the writing is considered simple to understand, requiring of a student just the basic knowledge of Sanskrit.[7]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 476
  2. ^ a b Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 65
  3. ^ a b Pollock (2006), p. 340, p. 349
  4. ^ a b c Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 64–65, p. 19
  5. ^ a b c Shastri (1955), p. 358
  6. ^ a b Kamath (2001), p. 115
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1475
  8. ^ a b c d Nagaraj (2003), p. 327
  9. ^ Mugali (2006), p. 176
  10. ^ Bhat (1993), p. 106
  11. ^ Singh (2001), p. 6147

References edit

  • Bhat, Thirumaleshwara (1993) [1993]. Govinda Pai. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-7201-540-2.
  • Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 80905179. OCLC 7796041.
  • Mugali, R.S. (2006) [2006]. The Heritage of Karnataka. Lightning Source Inc. ISBN 1-4067-0232-3.
  • Nagaraj, D.R. (2003). "Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture". In Sheldon I. Pollock (ed.). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. Berkeley and London: University of California Press. pp. 323–383. ISBN 0-520-22821-9.
  • Narasimhacharya, R (1988) [1934]. History of Kannada Literature. Mysore: Government Press. Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. ISBN 81-206-0303-6.
  • Pollock, Sheldon (2006). The Language of Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture and Power in Pre-modern India. Berkeley and London: University of California Press. Pp. 703. ISBN 0-520-24500-8.
  • Rice, B.L. (2001) [1897]. Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0977-8.[1]
  • Rice, E.P. (1982) [1921]. A History of Kanarese Literature. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0063-0.
  • Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
  • Singh, Nagendra K R (2001). Encyclopaedia of Jainism. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-261-0691-2.
  • Various (1987) [1987]. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 1. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-1803-8.
  • Various (1988) [1988]. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-1194-7.
  • Various (1992) [1992]. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 5. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-1221-8.

January 01, 1970
nagavarma, 11th, 12th, century, kannada, language, scholar, grammarian, court, western, chalukya, empire, that, ruled, from, basavakalyan, modern, karnataka, state, india, earliest, among, three, most, notable, authoritative, grammarians, kannada, language, ke. Nagavarma II mid 11th or mid 12th century was a Kannada language scholar and grammarian in the court of the Western Chalukya Empire that ruled from Basavakalyan in modern Karnataka state India He was the earliest among the three most notable and authoritative grammarians of Old Kannada language Keshiraja of c 1260 and Bhattakalanka Deva of c 1604 being the other two 1 Nagavarma II s reputation stems from his notable contributions to various genres of Kannada literature including prosody rhetoric poetics grammar and vocabulary 2 According to the scholar R Narasimhacharya Nagavarma II is unique in all of ancient Kannada literature in this aspect His writings are available and are considered standard authorities for the study of Kannada language and its growth 2 3 Nagavarma II was honored with the title poet laureate Katakacharya and military teacher Katakopadhyaya by Chalukya King Jagadhekamalla 4 5 6 His most famous works are Kavyavalokana Treatise on the art of poetry on grammar rhetoric and poetics Karnataka Bhashabhushana Ornament of the Karnataka language on grammar Vastukosa or Abhidanavastukosa lit Treasury of significations a lexicon and Varadhamanapurana a Jain purana epic 4 5 6 7 Nagavarma II s grammatical model is based on the Katantra school of Sanskrit grammar and the author styles himself Abhinava Sarvavarma Modern Sarvavarma Sarvavarma being a noted Sanskrit grammarian to a Satavahana king 7 8 Contents 1 Life 2 Writings 3 Notes 4 ReferencesLife editHistorians are divided about the actual period when Nagavarma II lived According to the scholars R Narasimhachar author of Kannada Kavicharitre and K A Nilakanta Shastri Nagavarma II was the poet laureate of Chalukya king Jagadhekamalla II r 1138 1153 and his works are hence datable to c 1145 1150 4 5 9 The modern Kannada poet and scholar Govinda Pai in his research Nagachandrana Kala Vichara Nagachandra s age 1955 identified three famous Nagavarmas in medieval Kannada literature Pai estimated that Nagavarma II lived from c 1120 1200 10 However after the discovery of the writing Varadhamanapurana dated to c 1042 and authored by Nagavarma II it is now held by scholars such as D R Nagaraj and Sheldon Pollock that the grammarian was under the patronage of Chalukya King Jayasimha II r 1015 1042 who also went by the title Jagadekhamalla and therefore all of his works were written around c 1042 3 7 8 11 Writings editNagavarma II wrote his grammatical works at a time when native Kannada language writers were focused on establishing Kannada language on an equal footing with Sanskrit and Prakrit 8 With reference to earlier Kannada language grammarians or rhetoricians Nagavarma II named Gunavarma and Sankavarma as path makers and the phrase Gunavarma Nagavarmara adhvanagal may refer to an earlier literary or grammatical tradition 7 Despite being a work on poetics and rhetoric the historically important Kavyavalokanam in its first section called Sabdasmriti deals with grammar By adding a section on grammar Nagavarma II had emulated the style of the previous Sanskrit grammarians Daṇḍin author of Kavyadarsha and Bhamaha author of Kavyalankara 7 The Sabdasmriti comprises five chapters prakarnas which deal with euphonic combinations sandhis nouns compounds nominal derivatives and verbs respectively The 422 verses in the text are written in kanda metre chapter format of which 96 are aphorisms sutras the 18th among which focusses on framing grammatical rules based on the spoken language and the remaining verses are example quotations from the writings of earlier notable Kannada poets such as Adikavi Pampa Sri Ponna and Ranna 7 His Abhidanavastukosa is a dictionary nighantu of 8 000 Sanskrit words for Kannada language users again an attempt to integrate the Kannada literary culture into the popular Sanskritic cultural cosmopolitan 8 Nagavarma II s Kannada grammar Karnataka Bhashabhushana which is based on his Sabdasmriti and follows the general framework of Sanskrit grammar is actually written in Sanskrit language This has prompted claims that the author did so to prove to Sanskrit scholars of the day who may have had a callous attitude towards Kannada the local language Prakrita Bhasa that it was a rich literary language From an invocatory verse in the text another probable reason is also proposed in that being a Jain Nagavarma II saw all languages as equals 7 Though the aphorisms are written in Sanskrit the glosses vrittis are in Kannada and as a whole the writing is considered simple to understand requiring of a student just the basic knowledge of Sanskrit 7 Notes edit Sahitya Akademi 1987 p 476 a b Narasimhacharya 1988 p 65 a b Pollock 2006 p 340 p 349 a b c Narasimhacharya 1988 pp 64 65 p 19 a b c Shastri 1955 p 358 a b Kamath 2001 p 115 a b c d e f g h Sahitya Akademi 1988 p 1475 a b c d Nagaraj 2003 p 327 Mugali 2006 p 176 Bhat 1993 p 106 Singh 2001 p 6147References editBhat Thirumaleshwara 1993 1993 Govinda Pai Sahitya Akademi ISBN 81 7201 540 2 Kamath Suryanath U 2001 1980 A concise history of Karnataka from pre historic times to the present Bangalore Jupiter books LCCN 80905179 OCLC 7796041 Mugali R S 2006 2006 The Heritage of Karnataka Lightning Source Inc ISBN 1 4067 0232 3 Nagaraj D R 2003 Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture In Sheldon I Pollock ed Literary Cultures in History Reconstructions from South Asia Berkeley and London University of California Press pp 323 383 ISBN 0 520 22821 9 Narasimhacharya R 1988 1934 History of Kannada Literature Mysore Government Press Reprinted by Asian Educational Services New Delhi ISBN 81 206 0303 6 Pollock Sheldon 2006 The Language of Gods in the World of Men Sanskrit Culture and Power in Pre modern India Berkeley and London University of California Press Pp 703 ISBN 0 520 24500 8 Rice B L 2001 1897 Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government vol 1 New Delhi Madras Asian Educational Services ISBN 81 206 0977 8 1 Rice E P 1982 1921 A History of Kanarese Literature New Delhi Asian Educational Services ISBN 81 206 0063 0 Sastri K A Nilakanta 2002 1955 A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar New Delhi Indian Branch Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 560686 8 Singh Nagendra K R 2001 Encyclopaedia of Jainism Anmol Publications ISBN 978 81 261 0691 2 Various 1987 1987 Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol 1 Sahitya Akademi ISBN 81 260 1803 8 Various 1988 1988 Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol 2 Sahitya Akademi ISBN 81 260 1194 7 Various 1992 1992 Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol 5 Sahitya Akademi ISBN 81 260 1221 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nagavarma II amp oldid 1197840906, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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