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Nástup

March 17, 2024

For the 1953 Czechoslovak film, see Nástup (film).

Nástup (translated as "line up"[1] "forming ranks",[2] "deployment",[3] or "ascent"[4]) was a semimonthly Slovak periodical, published between 1933 and 1940,[4] that advocated Slovak autonomy, ethnonationalism, and antisemitism. Founded by Ferdinand Ďurčanský and his brother Ján, the magazine was oriented at younger Slovak Catholics, especially university students. Its readers, the most radical wing of the Slovak People's Party, were called "Nástupists"[2] or "Nástup faction";[5] many of them had been previously affiliated with Rodobrana paramilitary and later with the Hlinka Guard paramilitary.

Nástup, volume 7 issue 6 (1938)

Noted for its hostility to the Czechoslovak state and its insistence that Jews could never be part of the Slovak nation, the paper admired some aspects of Nazism, but disagreed with those which could not be reconciled with Catholicism. Israeli historian Yetayashu Jelínek described Nástup as offering "a sui generis brand of extreme rightist ideology".[6] Ultimately, the paper was banned and shut down in 1940 following Nazi interference in the Salzburg Conference, as Nástup favored an independent, as opposed to pro-German, foreign policy.

History edit

Nástup was founded by Ferdinand Ďurčanský and his brother Ján in April 1933 following the decline of the Rodobrana paramilitary organization, officially dissolved in 1929. Officially, its name was Nástup mladej slovenskej autonomistickej generácie (The Ascent of the Young Slovak Autonomist Generation), but it was commonly referred to as Nástup.[7][8] Historian Sabine Witt suggests that the title may derive from the 1929 poem "Nástup otrávených" (The Deployment of the Poisoned) by Andrej Žarnov, which was banned for its advocacy of Slovak autonomy.[9] Published semimonthly,[1][10] Nástup was popular among young Slovak nationalists,[9] especially students and university graduates.[1][11] Editorial staff was derived from the Slovak People's Party's main publication, Slovák [sk] (Karol Murgaš [de]), as well as Rozvoj (Jozef M. Kirschbaum [sk]).[12][5] There was a significant continuity between Rodobrana, Nástup, and the later Hlinka Guard paramilitary, founded in 1938.[9][5] Vojtech Tuka and Alexander Mach, some of the movers behind the creation of Rodobrana, were also key members of the Nástup faction[5] and supported the paper.[13]

In 1933, Nástupists disrupted a commemoration event for Saints Cyril and Methodius, forcing the organizers to allow Andrej Hlinka, leader of the Slovak People's Party, to speak. This triggered arrests of some of the rioters and a temporary ban on the paper.[14] It was also banned for six months in late 1934 and early 1935.[15] From late 1934, the paper received funding from the Polish Foreign Ministry.[16] Although Hlinka once denied that Nástup had any affiliation with the Slovak People's Party, in fact all of the periodical's writers were party members and wielded increasing influence over Hlinka and his party.[17] The paper was banned again following the July 1940 Salzburg Conference in which the Germans targeted Nástupists, objecting to their refusal to follow an exclusively pro-German foreign policy,[6] and permanently discontinued the same year.[4]

Content edit

According to Israeli historian Gila Fatran, Nástup was the first Czechoslovak newspaper "to come out openly with anti-Czech, antisemitic and anti-democratic statements".[18] In its first issue in 1933, Nástup called for Czechoslovakia to become a federation, which was anathema at the time because it would require a fundamental change in the constitution.[9] It opposed the proposal that the Slovak People's Party should support for Edvard Beneš in the 1935 Czechoslovak presidential election or join the government after the 1935 Czechoslovak parliamentary election,[19] and tried to remove Jozef Tiso from a position of influence in the Slovak People's Party.[15] The journal's hostility to the Czechoslovak state also led it to support the Sudeten German radical Konrad Henlein, and it was skeptical that the Slovak People's Party could accomplish its goals by democratic means.[17]

The first issue also contained a pseudonymously authored two-part article on Adolf Hitler and Nazism, which concluded: "We are basically fighting for the same goals as German Nazism: for a political, economic and cultural renewal. Only our circumstances are different."[9] The same article also condemned racism and violence as contrary to Catholic teaching, and Nazism as a potential enemy because it did not adhere to Christian values.[9] The magazine at times admired Nazism in Germany,[1] and promoted fascism to the Slovak People's Party, although it disagreed with the anti-clerical element of Nazism. Nevertheless, historian Thomas Lorman wrote that, despite attempts to distinguish its ideology from Nazism, this could come across as ambiguous or a "perfunctory afterthought".[20] From its first issue, the paper predicted the victory of Nazism all over Europe.[17]

Israeli historian Yetayashu Jelínek described Nástup as offering "a sui generis brand of extreme rightist ideology" because it insisted on an independent (as opposed to pro-German) foreign policy.[6] The newspaper opposed alliance between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia;[4] instead, Nástup preferred closer relations with the right-wing authoritarian regimes in Central Europe. As its primary audience was young Catholics, the periodical frequently aired grievances related to professors and the Slovak language in education.[9] Viewing itself as part of a "fascist new order" in Europe, Nástup advocated for a racial or ethnic definition for the Slovak nation and "cleansing" of minority groups, especially Jews.[5][17]

Nástup promoted antisemitism, and "blamed Jews for everything",[15] including the French Revolution, liberalism, immoral capitalism, socialism, and an alleged global moral decline.[15][17] Nástup also blamed Jews for the Russian Revolution and Soviet communism, according to the conspiracy theory of Judeo-Bolshevism.[7] In the first issue, the paper argued for extending the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses to Slovakia and urged readers to "shop only in Slovak shops... advertise only in Slovak newspapers... give jobs only to Slovaks".[17] The periodical argued that Jews constituted a separate race from Slovaks.[17][9] A typical claim was that Jews try "to subvert what is steadfast, to devalue what is valuable, to disrupt what is harmonizing, and to corrupt what is beautiful".[17] The paper also connected the Czechoslovak tolerance for Jews with previous tolerance by Hungarian authorities, condemning both.[17] According to Nástup in 1938:

A Jew brought up on the text of the Talmud will always remain Jewish, and can never become Christian... It is necessary to eliminate Jews from the life of Christian nations. It is necessary to chase Jews from Christian nations. Jews must be deprived of all influence, their property, acquired by fraudulent means, must be confiscated, we must begin to act.[21]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b c d Ward 2013, p. 115.
  2. ^ a b Gromada 1969, p. 460.
  3. ^ Szabó 2018, p. 895.
  4. ^ a b c d Zemko 2006, p. 117.
  5. ^ a b c d e Kallis 2008, p. 246.
  6. ^ a b c Jelínek 1971, p. 247.
  7. ^ a b Zemko 2006, pp. 108, 117.
  8. ^ Lorman 2019, pp. 196, 204.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Witt 2014, p. 273.
  10. ^ Zemko 2006, p. 108.
  11. ^ Nedelsky 2012, p. 92.
  12. ^ Witt 2014, p. 115.
  13. ^ Lorman 2019, p. 196.
  14. ^ Lorman 2019, p. 206.
  15. ^ a b c d Ward 2013, p. 136.
  16. ^ Gromada 1969, pp. 459–460.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lorman 2019, p. 205.
  18. ^ Fatran, Gila. "Slovakia's Righteous among the Nations". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  19. ^ Felak 1995, p. 158.
  20. ^ Lorman 2019, pp. 204–205.
  21. ^ "Slovak Party Launches Anti-Jewish Drive". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 22 November 1938. Retrieved 10 December 2019.

Sources edit

  • Felak, James Ramon (1995). At the Price of the Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1929–1938. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-7694-3.
  • Gromada, Thaddeus V. (1969). "Pilsudski and the Slovak Autonomists". Slavic Review. 28 (3): 445–462. doi:10.2307/2494021. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2494021. S2CID 159785144.
  • Jelínek, Yeshayahu (1971). "Slovakia' Internal Policy and the Third Reich, August 1940–February 1941". Central European History. 4 (3): 242–270. doi:10.1017/S0008938900015363. ISSN 1569-1616. S2CID 145451318.
  • Kallis, Aristotle (2008). Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-30034-1.
  • Lorman, Thomas (2019). The Making of the Slovak People's Party: Religion, Nationalism and the Culture War in Early 20th-Century Europe. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-10938-4.
  • Nedelsky, Nadya (2012). Defining the Sovereign Community: The Czech and Slovak Republics. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0289-2.
  • Szabó, Miloslav (2018). ""For God and Nation" Catholicism and the Far-Right in the Central European Context (1918–1945)". Historický Časopis. 66 (5). doi:10.31577/histcaso.2018.66.5.4.
  • Ward, James Mace (2013). Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801468124.
  • Witt, Sabine (2014). Nationalistische Intellektuelle in der Slowakei 1918-1945: Kulturelle Praxis zwischen Sakralisierung und Säkularisierung (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-035955-8.
  • Zemko, Milan (2006). "Československo-sovietske spojenectvo z pohľadu mladoľudáckeho Nástupu" (PDF). In Šuchová, Xénia (ed.). L'udáci a komunisti: Súperi? Spojenci? Protivníci? (in Slovak). Universum. pp. 108–117. ISBN 80-89046-38-X.

External links edit

  Media related to Nástup at Wikimedia Commons

March 17, 2024
nástup, 1953, czechoslovak, film, film, translated, line, forming, ranks, deployment, ascent, semimonthly, slovak, periodical, published, between, 1933, 1940, that, advocated, slovak, autonomy, ethnonationalism, antisemitism, founded, ferdinand, Ďurčanský, bro. For the 1953 Czechoslovak film see Nastup film Nastup translated as line up 1 forming ranks 2 deployment 3 or ascent 4 was a semimonthly Slovak periodical published between 1933 and 1940 4 that advocated Slovak autonomy ethnonationalism and antisemitism Founded by Ferdinand Durcansky and his brother Jan the magazine was oriented at younger Slovak Catholics especially university students Its readers the most radical wing of the Slovak People s Party were called Nastupists 2 or Nastup faction 5 many of them had been previously affiliated with Rodobrana paramilitary and later with the Hlinka Guard paramilitary Nastup volume 7 issue 6 1938 Noted for its hostility to the Czechoslovak state and its insistence that Jews could never be part of the Slovak nation the paper admired some aspects of Nazism but disagreed with those which could not be reconciled with Catholicism Israeli historian Yetayashu Jelinek described Nastup as offering a sui generis brand of extreme rightist ideology 6 Ultimately the paper was banned and shut down in 1940 following Nazi interference in the Salzburg Conference as Nastup favored an independent as opposed to pro German foreign policy Contents 1 History 2 Content 3 References 3 1 Citations 3 2 Sources 4 External linksHistory editNastup was founded by Ferdinand Durcansky and his brother Jan in April 1933 following the decline of the Rodobrana paramilitary organization officially dissolved in 1929 Officially its name was Nastup mladej slovenskej autonomistickej generacie The Ascent of the Young Slovak Autonomist Generation but it was commonly referred to as Nastup 7 8 Historian Sabine Witt suggests that the title may derive from the 1929 poem Nastup otravenych The Deployment of the Poisoned by Andrej Zarnov which was banned for its advocacy of Slovak autonomy 9 Published semimonthly 1 10 Nastup was popular among young Slovak nationalists 9 especially students and university graduates 1 11 Editorial staff was derived from the Slovak People s Party s main publication Slovak sk Karol Murgas de as well as Rozvoj Jozef M Kirschbaum sk 12 5 There was a significant continuity between Rodobrana Nastup and the later Hlinka Guard paramilitary founded in 1938 9 5 Vojtech Tuka and Alexander Mach some of the movers behind the creation of Rodobrana were also key members of the Nastup faction 5 and supported the paper 13 In 1933 Nastupists disrupted a commemoration event for Saints Cyril and Methodius forcing the organizers to allow Andrej Hlinka leader of the Slovak People s Party to speak This triggered arrests of some of the rioters and a temporary ban on the paper 14 It was also banned for six months in late 1934 and early 1935 15 From late 1934 the paper received funding from the Polish Foreign Ministry 16 Although Hlinka once denied that Nastup had any affiliation with the Slovak People s Party in fact all of the periodical s writers were party members and wielded increasing influence over Hlinka and his party 17 The paper was banned again following the July 1940 Salzburg Conference in which the Germans targeted Nastupists objecting to their refusal to follow an exclusively pro German foreign policy 6 and permanently discontinued the same year 4 Content editAccording to Israeli historian Gila Fatran Nastup was the first Czechoslovak newspaper to come out openly with anti Czech antisemitic and anti democratic statements 18 In its first issue in 1933 Nastup called for Czechoslovakia to become a federation which was anathema at the time because it would require a fundamental change in the constitution 9 It opposed the proposal that the Slovak People s Party should support for Edvard Benes in the 1935 Czechoslovak presidential election or join the government after the 1935 Czechoslovak parliamentary election 19 and tried to remove Jozef Tiso from a position of influence in the Slovak People s Party 15 The journal s hostility to the Czechoslovak state also led it to support the Sudeten German radical Konrad Henlein and it was skeptical that the Slovak People s Party could accomplish its goals by democratic means 17 The first issue also contained a pseudonymously authored two part article on Adolf Hitler and Nazism which concluded We are basically fighting for the same goals as German Nazism for a political economic and cultural renewal Only our circumstances are different 9 The same article also condemned racism and violence as contrary to Catholic teaching and Nazism as a potential enemy because it did not adhere to Christian values 9 The magazine at times admired Nazism in Germany 1 and promoted fascism to the Slovak People s Party although it disagreed with the anti clerical element of Nazism Nevertheless historian Thomas Lorman wrote that despite attempts to distinguish its ideology from Nazism this could come across as ambiguous or a perfunctory afterthought 20 From its first issue the paper predicted the victory of Nazism all over Europe 17 Israeli historian Yetayashu Jelinek described Nastup as offering a sui generis brand of extreme rightist ideology because it insisted on an independent as opposed to pro German foreign policy 6 The newspaper opposed alliance between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia 4 instead Nastup preferred closer relations with the right wing authoritarian regimes in Central Europe As its primary audience was young Catholics the periodical frequently aired grievances related to professors and the Slovak language in education 9 Viewing itself as part of a fascist new order in Europe Nastup advocated for a racial or ethnic definition for the Slovak nation and cleansing of minority groups especially Jews 5 17 Nastup promoted antisemitism and blamed Jews for everything 15 including the French Revolution liberalism immoral capitalism socialism and an alleged global moral decline 15 17 Nastup also blamed Jews for the Russian Revolution and Soviet communism according to the conspiracy theory of Judeo Bolshevism 7 In the first issue the paper argued for extending the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses to Slovakia and urged readers to shop only in Slovak shops advertise only in Slovak newspapers give jobs only to Slovaks 17 The periodical argued that Jews constituted a separate race from Slovaks 17 9 A typical claim was that Jews try to subvert what is steadfast to devalue what is valuable to disrupt what is harmonizing and to corrupt what is beautiful 17 The paper also connected the Czechoslovak tolerance for Jews with previous tolerance by Hungarian authorities condemning both 17 According to Nastup in 1938 A Jew brought up on the text of the Talmud will always remain Jewish and can never become Christian It is necessary to eliminate Jews from the life of Christian nations It is necessary to chase Jews from Christian nations Jews must be deprived of all influence their property acquired by fraudulent means must be confiscated we must begin to act 21 References editCitations edit a b c d Ward 2013 p 115 a b Gromada 1969 p 460 Szabo 2018 p 895 a b c d Zemko 2006 p 117 a b c d e Kallis 2008 p 246 a b c Jelinek 1971 p 247 a b Zemko 2006 pp 108 117 Lorman 2019 pp 196 204 a b c d e f g h Witt 2014 p 273 Zemko 2006 p 108 Nedelsky 2012 p 92 Witt 2014 p 115 Lorman 2019 p 196 Lorman 2019 p 206 a b c d Ward 2013 p 136 Gromada 1969 pp 459 460 a b c d e f g h i Lorman 2019 p 205 Fatran Gila Slovakia s Righteous among the Nations Yad Vashem Retrieved 3 October 2020 Felak 1995 p 158 Lorman 2019 pp 204 205 Slovak Party Launches Anti Jewish Drive Jewish Telegraphic Agency 22 November 1938 Retrieved 10 December 2019 Sources edit Felak James Ramon 1995 At the Price of the Republic Hlinka s Slovak People s Party 1929 1938 University of Pittsburgh Press ISBN 978 0 8229 7694 3 Gromada Thaddeus V 1969 Pilsudski and the Slovak Autonomists Slavic Review 28 3 445 462 doi 10 2307 2494021 ISSN 0037 6779 JSTOR 2494021 S2CID 159785144 Jelinek Yeshayahu 1971 Slovakia Internal Policy and the Third Reich August 1940 February 1941 Central European History 4 3 242 270 doi 10 1017 S0008938900015363 ISSN 1569 1616 S2CID 145451318 Kallis Aristotle 2008 Genocide and Fascism The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 30034 1 Lorman Thomas 2019 The Making of the Slovak People s Party Religion Nationalism and the Culture War in Early 20th Century Europe Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 1 350 10938 4 Nedelsky Nadya 2012 Defining the Sovereign Community The Czech and Slovak Republics University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 978 0 8122 0289 2 Szabo Miloslav 2018 For God and Nation Catholicism and the Far Right in the Central European Context 1918 1945 Historicky Casopis 66 5 doi 10 31577 histcaso 2018 66 5 4 Ward James Mace 2013 Priest Politician Collaborator Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0801468124 Witt Sabine 2014 Nationalistische Intellektuelle in der Slowakei 1918 1945 Kulturelle Praxis zwischen Sakralisierung und Sakularisierung in German Walter de Gruyter GmbH amp Co KG ISBN 978 3 11 035955 8 Zemko Milan 2006 Ceskoslovensko sovietske spojenectvo z pohľadu mladoľudackeho Nastupu PDF In Suchova Xenia ed L udaci a komunisti Superi Spojenci Protivnici in Slovak Universum pp 108 117 ISBN 80 89046 38 X External links edit nbsp Media related to Nastup at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nastup amp oldid 1184987029, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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