Kʼchò (IPA:/ʔkxɔ̀:/), or Mün, is a Kuki-Chin language of Myanmar. After a survey conducted in 2005 in Southern Chin State, Mang estimated the K’chò Region to be Mindat Township /mìndàt/, Kanpetlet Township /kanpètlèt/ and one village in Matupi /màtupi/ or /bàtǔ/.
Kʼchò /ʔkxɔ̀:/ is the native term for the people and the language. Alternate names have included Cho, K’cho, 'Cho, K’cho Chin, Mindat, Mün/Müün, Ng'men/Ng'meen.
Kʼchò is thought to be related to other native terms for Chin tribes, such as Zo, Kkhyou, Laizo, Asho and Hyow (Mang 2006: 4, So-Hartmann 2009:19).
Müün is reported to be the group named after a mountain in the Hlet Lòng area. The form Ng'Müün is used by So-Hartmann (2009: 20, 25), but is not known by the K'cho people (Mang 2006:2).
Ng'mèèn is said to be a K'hngì Yung term referring to those north of their river area in what is now Mìndàt (including further north of it). It is not clear whether the term Ng'mèèn includes Nìtŭ and Hlet Lòng or not (Mang 2016).
The British initially adopted the name Chinbok (Burmese: ချင်းပုတ်), but this turned out to be a derogatory name applied to other close languages, and it has been abandoned for those reasons.
DialectsEdit
After a sociolinguistics survey in the K'cho speaking area in 2005, Kee Shein Mang, a linguist and a native speaker of Kʼchò (Hmǒng-kcha dialect group) recognised the following dialects (Mang 2006:1-4, and Mang and Nolan 2010b:35)
Hmǒng-K'cha, Mang’s term (2006:4, 2016) spoken between the Hmǒng Lòng and K'cha Lòng rivers
Nìtŭ is north of there, along the Hlet Lòng stream
K'hngì Yung is spoken along southern bank of the K'hngì Güng stream
Ng'gah is south of the K'hngì Güng River, closely related to K'hngì Yung.
The languages most closely related to Kʼchò are Kaang and Daai (So-Hartmann 1988:102).
Linguistic studiesEdit
The initial description of the language is in a privately published manuscript by the Catholic missionary:
Marc Jordan (1969), Chin Dictionary and Grammar. Privately Published.
It was based upon years of life and work among the people, and included around 7,000 words, and an initial grammar description based on European models. The dialect described there is what Mang calls Hmǒng-k'cha and has several thousand vocabulary items and a sizeable grammar description.
Here are some of the works on the language since then:
F. K. Lehman, 1963, wrote an anthropological work on Chin society, which includes some information about what appears to be the Nìtŭ dialect.
Kee Shein Mang and Stephen Nolan (2010) published a three way (English-Burmese-Kʼchò) dictionary of over 4,500 words of the Hmǒng-k'cha dialect as well. It was designed to be used in conjunction with the Kʼchò-English Jordan dictionary. It includes the semantic categories included, tone on all items, and all stem II (and III) of verbs discovered to date.
Kee Shein Mang (2006) wrote a Masters thesis describing the stem alternation seen in the Hmǒng-k'cha dialect of Kʼchò.
Ng'Thang Ngai Om. (2000) wrote a history of the Kʼchò spelling system.
Other papers include a large number written by George Bedell (grammar description, analysis, comparative work) and some by Stephen Nolan (dictionary, tone system description). See below for details.
TranslationsEdit
The bible is available in several translations: The New Testament was translated by Sayar Ng'Thang Ngai Om in the Nìtŭ dialect (print and bible app)
The Bible Society of Myanmar. 1999. Caciim K'thai. Cho (Chin) New Testament. The Bible Society of Myanmar (Translated by Ng'Thang Ngai Om).
The Catholic K'cho Old and New Testaments were translated by Sayar John Ng'Ling Ghùng and are in Hmong-K'cha dialect.
Ghùng, John Ng'lìng. Old Testament Translation. Manuscript. Privately Published. Mindat.
K'khaanpùghĭ àh K'chü K'thài (The New Word of God). 2002 Catholic Translation of the New Testament.
ReferencesEdit
^Kʼchò at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
BibliographyEdit
Larger worksEdit
Jordan, Marc. 1969 Chin Dictionary and Grammar. Privately Published.
Lehman, F. K. 1963. The Structure of Chin Society. A Tribal People of Burma Adapted to a Non-Western Civilization. University of Illinois Press.
Ng'Thang Ngai Om. 2000. The History of Kʼchò Spelling. Privately Published.
Mang, Shein Mang. 2006. A syntactic and pragmatic description of verb stem alternation in K’cho, a Chin language 2020-05-01 at the Wayback Machine. Master’s thesis, Payap University.
Mang, Kee Shein and Stephen Nolan. 2010. English/Myanmar/K'cho Dictionary. Zinyatana Publishers. Yangon.
Detailed language analysesEdit
Bedell, George. 2002a. Agreement in Kʼchò. Presented to the 33rd ICSTLL. Bangkok: Ramkhamhaeng University.
Bedell, George. 2002b. Scope in Kʼchò Questions. Presented to the 35th ICSTLL. Tempe: Arizona.
Bedell, George. 2001. Switch Reference in Kʼchò. Presented to the workshop on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics. UC Santa Barbara. University.
Bedell, George and Kee Shein Mang. 2009, Benefactives in K’cho. North East Indian Linguistics. Volume 2. Eds Stephen Morey, Mark Post. Pp 241-256*Bedell, George and Kee Shein Mang. 2001. Oct. "Interclausal Ergativity" in Kʼchò. Unpublished notes stimulated by Peterson and Van Bik presented to the UC Santa Barbara Tibeto-Burman Workshop in July, 2001.
Mang, Kee Shein and George Bedell, 2012. The Applicative Suffix –na in Kʼchò. Language in India. Volume 12:1 January pp 51 - 69
Mang, Kee Shein and George Bedell. 2008. Relative Clauses in Kʼchò. Paul Sidwell & Uri Tamor, eds. SEALSXVI: papers from the 16th meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Canberra, Pacific Linguistics, 2008, pp 21-34
Mang, Kee Shein and Stephen Nolan. 2010. Kʼchò Educational Poster (Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Fish, Insects, Worms) (Yangon). Private Publication.
Nolan, Stephen 2021. Tone and Pitch Lowering Behaviour in K'cho. A paper presented at the Australian Linguistics Society. La Trobe University.
Nolan, Stephen. 2006. High/Low Dissimilation in Kʼchò. Delivered to students at Payap University, Chiangmai, Thailand. Unpublished paper.
Nolan, Stephen. 2003 Verbal Alternation in Kʼchò: A Phonological Outline of Verb Stems. Presented at the 36th International Conference of Sino-Tibetan Language and Linguistics. La Trobe University. Australia
Nolan, Stephen. 2002. Spelling and the Alphabet in Kʼchò. Asian Cultural Studies Volume 28:127-138. Tokyo. Japan
Nolan, Stephen 2000. An Initial Description of Tone in ‘Cho. Proceedings of the 33rdInternational Conference of Sino-Tibetan Language and Linguistics, Ramkhamhaeng University, Thailand, pp. 69-77.
Nolan, Stephen and Kee Shein Mang 2003a.12 Kʼchò Verb List with Stem 1 and II Derivations. Unpublished List
Nolan, Stephen and Kee Shein Mang 2003b. Tonal diacritics, vowel length, stem II verbal forms and extended definitions added to 199 pages of the 1969 Jordan, Marc M.E.C. Chin Dictionary and Grammar, Mindat, Chin State, Myanmar. Unpublished copy.
So-Hartmann, Helga 2009. A Descriptive Grammar of Daai Chin. STEDT Monograph 7. University of California, Berkeley.
August 31, 2023
kʼchò, language, kʼchò, ʔkxɔ, mün, kuki, chin, language, myanmar, after, survey, conducted, 2005, southern, chin, state, mang, estimated, chò, region, mindat, township, mìndàt, kanpetlet, township, kanpètlèt, village, matupi, màtupi, bàtǔ, kʼchòmüün, mün, mèèn. Kʼcho IPA ʔkxɔ or Mun is a Kuki Chin language of Myanmar After a survey conducted in 2005 in Southern Chin State Mang estimated the K cho Region to be Mindat Township mindat Kanpetlet Township kanpetlet and one village in Matupi matupi or batǔ KʼchoMuun Mun Ng meen K cho Chin Mindat Chin Cho ChoRegionMyanmarNative speakers15 000 2011 1 Language familySino Tibetan Tibeto BurmanCentral Tibeto Burman Kuki Chin NagaKuki ChinSouthernKʼchoLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code mwq class extiw title iso639 3 mwq mwq a Glottologmunc1235 Contents 1 Names 2 Dialects 3 Linguistic studies 4 Translations 5 References 6 Bibliography 6 1 Larger works 6 2 Detailed language analysesNames EditKʼcho ʔkxɔ is the native term for the people and the language Alternate names have included Cho K cho Cho K cho Chin Mindat Mun Muun Ng men Ng meen Kʼcho is thought to be related to other native terms for Chin tribes such as Zo Kkhyou Laizo Asho and Hyow Mang 2006 4 So Hartmann 2009 19 Muun is reported to be the group named after a mountain in the Hlet Long area The form Ng Muun is used by So Hartmann 2009 20 25 but is not known by the K cho people Mang 2006 2 Ng meen is said to be a K hngi Yung term referring to those north of their river area in what is now Mindat including further north of it It is not clear whether the term Ng meen includes Nitŭ and Hlet Long or not Mang 2016 The British initially adopted the name Chinbok Burmese ခ င ပ တ but this turned out to be a derogatory name applied to other close languages and it has been abandoned for those reasons Dialects EditAfter a sociolinguistics survey in the K cho speaking area in 2005 Kee Shein Mang a linguist and a native speaker of Kʼcho Hmǒng kcha dialect group recognised the following dialects Mang 2006 1 4 and Mang and Nolan 2010b 35 Hmǒng K cha Mang s term 2006 4 2016 spoken between the Hmǒng Long and K cha Long rivers Nitŭ is north of there along the Hlet Long stream K hngi Yung is spoken along southern bank of the K hngi Gung stream Ng gah is south of the K hngi Gung River closely related to K hngi Yung The languages most closely related to Kʼcho are Kaang and Daai So Hartmann 1988 102 Linguistic studies EditThe initial description of the language is in a privately published manuscript by the Catholic missionary Marc Jordan 1969 Chin Dictionary and Grammar Privately Published It was based upon years of life and work among the people and included around 7 000 words and an initial grammar description based on European models The dialect described there is what Mang calls Hmǒng k cha and has several thousand vocabulary items and a sizeable grammar description Here are some of the works on the language since then F K Lehman 1963 wrote an anthropological work on Chin society which includes some information about what appears to be the Nitŭ dialect Kee Shein Mang and Stephen Nolan 2010 published a three way English Burmese Kʼcho dictionary of over 4 500 words of the Hmǒng k cha dialect as well It was designed to be used in conjunction with the Kʼcho English Jordan dictionary It includes the semantic categories included tone on all items and all stem II and III of verbs discovered to date Kee Shein Mang 2006 wrote a Masters thesis describing the stem alternation seen in the Hmǒng k cha dialect of Kʼcho Ng Thang Ngai Om 2000 wrote a history of the Kʼcho spelling system Other papers include a large number written by George Bedell grammar description analysis comparative work and some by Stephen Nolan dictionary tone system description See below for details Translations EditThe bible is available in several translations The New Testament was translated by Sayar Ng Thang Ngai Om in the Nitŭ dialect print and bible app The Bible Society of Myanmar 1999 Caciim K thai Cho Chin New Testament The Bible Society of Myanmar Translated by Ng Thang Ngai Om The Catholic K cho Old and New Testaments were translated by Sayar John Ng Ling Ghung and are in Hmong K cha dialect Ghung John Ng ling Old Testament Translation Manuscript Privately Published Mindat K khaanpughĭ ah K chu K thai The New Word of God 2002 Catholic Translation of the New Testament References Edit Kʼcho at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Bibliography EditLarger works Edit Jordan Marc 1969 Chin Dictionary and Grammar Privately Published Lehman F K 1963 The Structure of Chin Society A Tribal People of Burma Adapted to a Non Western Civilization University of Illinois Press Ng Thang Ngai Om 2000 The History of Kʼcho Spelling Privately Published Mang Shein Mang 2006 A syntactic and pragmatic description of verb stem alternation in K cho a Chin language Archived 2020 05 01 at the Wayback Machine Master s thesis Payap University Mang Kee Shein and Stephen Nolan 2010 English Myanmar K cho Dictionary Zinyatana Publishers Yangon Detailed language analyses Edit Bedell George 2002a Agreement in Kʼcho Presented to the 33rd ICSTLL Bangkok Ramkhamhaeng University Bedell George 2002b Scope in Kʼcho Questions Presented to the 35th ICSTLL Tempe Arizona Bedell George 2001 Switch Reference in Kʼcho Presented to the workshop on Tibeto Burman Linguistics UC Santa Barbara University Bedell George and Kee Shein Mang 2009 Benefactives in K cho North East Indian Linguistics Volume 2 Eds Stephen Morey Mark Post Pp 241 256 Bedell George and Kee Shein Mang 2001 Oct Interclausal Ergativity in Kʼcho Unpublished notes stimulated by Peterson and Van Bik presented to the UC Santa Barbara Tibeto Burman Workshop in July 2001 Mang Kee Shein and George Bedell 2012 The Applicative Suffix na in Kʼcho Language in India Volume 12 1 January pp 51 69 Mang Kee Shein and George Bedell 2008 Relative Clauses in Kʼcho Paul Sidwell amp Uri Tamor eds SEALSXVI papers from the 16th meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society Canberra Pacific Linguistics 2008 pp 21 34 Mang Kee Shein and Stephen Nolan 2010 Kʼcho Educational Poster Animals Birds Reptiles Fish Insects Worms Yangon Private Publication Nolan Stephen 2021 Tone and Pitch Lowering Behaviour in K cho A paper presented at the Australian Linguistics Society La Trobe University Nolan Stephen 2006 High Low Dissimilation in Kʼcho Delivered to students at Payap University Chiangmai Thailand Unpublished paper Nolan Stephen 2003 Verbal Alternation in Kʼcho A Phonological Outline of Verb Stems Presented at the 36th International Conference of Sino Tibetan Language and Linguistics La Trobe University Australia Nolan Stephen 2002 Spelling and the Alphabet in Kʼcho Asian Cultural Studies Volume 28 127 138 Tokyo Japan Nolan Stephen 2000 An Initial Description of Tone in Cho Proceedings of the 33rdInternational Conference of Sino Tibetan Language and Linguistics Ramkhamhaeng University Thailand pp 69 77 Nolan Stephen and Kee Shein Mang 2003a 12 Kʼcho Verb List with Stem 1 and II Derivations Unpublished List Nolan Stephen and Kee Shein Mang 2003b Tonal diacritics vowel length stem II verbal forms and extended definitions added to 199 pages of the 1969 Jordan Marc M E C Chin Dictionary and Grammar Mindat Chin State Myanmar Unpublished copy So Hartmann Helga 2009 A Descriptive Grammar of Daai Chin STEDT Monograph 7 University of California Berkeley Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kʼcho language amp oldid 1159098480, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
