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Wire chamber

December 20, 2023

"Multiwire" redirects here. For the electrical connection technique, see Printed circuit board § Multiwire boards.

A wire chamber or multi-wire proportional chamber is a type of proportional counter that detects charged particles and photons and can give positional information on their trajectory,[1] by tracking the trails of gaseous ionization.[2]

Description edit

 
Wire chamber with wires (W) and cathode (−) plates (P). The particles traveling along trajectory T will ionize gas atoms and set free a charge that an amplifier (A) collects (impulse at the output).

The multi-wire chamber uses an array of wires at high voltage (anode), which run through a chamber with conductive walls held at ground potential (cathode). Alternatively, the wires may be at ground potential and the cathode held at a high negative voltage; the important thing is that a uniform electric field draws extra electrons or negative ions to the anode wires with little lateral motion.

The chamber is filled with carefully chosen gas, such as an argon/methane mix, such that any ionizing particle that passes through the tube will ionize surrounding gaseous atoms. The resulting ions and electrons are accelerated by the electric field across the chamber, causing a localised cascade of ionization known as a Townsend avalanche. This collects on the nearest wire and results in a charge proportional to the ionisation effect of the detected particle. By computing pulses from all the wires, the particle trajectory can be found.

Adaptations of this basic design are the thin gap, resistive plate and drift chambers. The drift chamber is also subdivided into ranges of specific use in the chamber designs known as time projection, microstrip gas, and those types of detectors that use silicon.[3][4]

Development edit

In 1968, Georges Charpak, while at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), invented and developed the multi-wire proportional chamber (MWPC). This invention resulted in him winning the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1992. The chamber was an advancement of the earlier bubble chamber rate of detection of only one or two particles every second to 1000 particle detections every second. The MWPC produced electronic signals from particle detection, allowing scientists to examine data via computers.[5][6][7] The multi-wire chamber is a development of the spark chamber.[8]

Fill gases edit

In a typical experiment, the chamber contains a mixture of these gases:[2]

The chamber could also be filled with:

 
Equipotential line and field line in a MWPC

Use edit

For high-energy physics experiments, it is used to observe a particle's path. For a long time, bubble chambers were used for this purpose, but with the improvement of electronics, it became desirable to have a detector with fast electronic read-out. (In bubble chambers, photographic exposures were made and the resulting printed photographs were then examined.) A wire chamber is a chamber with many parallel wires, arranged as a grid and put on high voltage, with the metal casing being on ground potential. As in the Geiger counter, a particle leaves a trace of ions and electrons, which drift toward the case or the nearest wire, respectively. By marking off the wires which had a pulse of current, one can see the particle's path.

The chamber has a very good relative time resolution, good positional accuracy, and self-triggered operation (Ferbel 1977).[12]

The development of the chamber enabled scientists to study the trajectories of particles with much-improved precision, and also for the first time to observe and study the rarer interactions that occur through particle interaction.

Drift chambers edit

 
Cut-away showing interior of a drift chamber
 
Drift chamber at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris

If one also precisely measures the timing of the current pulses of the wires and takes into account that the ions need some time to drift to the nearest wire, one can infer the distance at which the particle passed the wire. This greatly increases the accuracy of the path reconstruction and is known as a drift chamber.

A drift chamber functions by balancing the loss of energy from particles caused by impacts with particles of gas with the accretion of energy created with high-energy electrical fields in use to cause the particle acceleration.[13] Design is similar to the multi-wire proportional chamber but with a greater distance between central-layer wires.[8] The detection of charged particles within the chamber is possible by the ionizing of gas particles due to the motion of the charged particle.[14]

The Fermilab detector CDF II contains a drift chamber called the Central Outer Tracker.[15] The chamber contains argon and ethane gas, and wires separated by 3.56-millimetre gaps.[16]

If two drift chambers are used with the wires of one orthogonal to the wires of the other, both orthogonal to the beam direction, a more precise detection of the position is obtained. If an additional simple detector (like the one used in a veto counter) is used to detect, with poor or null positional resolution, the particle at a fixed distance before or after the wires, a tri-dimensional reconstruction can be made and the speed of the particle deduced from the difference in time of the passage of the particle in the different parts of the detector. This setup gives us a detector called a time projection chamber (TPC).

For measuring the velocity of the electrons in a gas (drift velocity) there are special drift chambers, velocity drift chambers, which measure the drift time for a known location of ionisation.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ F. Sauli (1977), - Principles of operation of multiwire proportional and drift chambers Retrieved 2012-02-25
  2. ^ a b W.Frass. Physics - C4: Particle Physics Major Option - Particle Detectors. Oxford University. p. 11. Retrieved 2012-02-25. was located via Dr. C.N. Booth PHY304 Particle Physics Sheffield University
  3. ^ I. Kisel - [1] Retrieved 2012-02-28
  4. ^ University of Manchester - HEP - 101 Retrieved 2012-02-28
  5. ^ Computers in Physics, Sep/Oct 1992 - The Polish Language School for Foreign Students - Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań - European Organization for Nuclear Research 2012-02-14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2012-02-25
  6. ^ H. Johnston - Physics world Retrieved 2012-02-25
  7. ^ "Milestones:CERN Experimental Instrumentation, 1968". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 4 August 2011. - U.S. Department of Energy Research and Development Accomplishments Retrieved 2012-02-23
  8. ^ a b Physics. Guildford: University of Surrey. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  9. ^ S.E.Derenzo - SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University ( U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science ); Muller, Richard; Derenzo, Stephen; Smadja, Gerard; Smith, Dennis; Smits, Robert; Zaklad, Haim; Alvarez, Luis (1971). "Liquid-Filled Proportional Counter". Physical Review Letters. 27 (8): 532–535. Bibcode:1971PhRvL..27..532M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.27.532. OSTI 942298. S2CID 54908183.
  10. ^ Degrange, B.; Guillon, J.; Moreau, F.; Nguyen-Khac, U.; De La Taille, C.; Tisserant, S.; Verderi, M. (1992). "Low energy calorimetry in a multiwire chamber filled with tetramethylsilane". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 311 (3): 539. Bibcode:1992NIMPA.311..539D. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(92)90652-K.
  11. ^ Schotanus P; Van Eijk CWE; Hollander RW; CWE Van Eijk (1988). "Detection of LaF3:Nd3+ scintillation light in a photosensitive multiwire chamber". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 272 (3): 913–916. Bibcode:1988NIMPA.272..913S. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(88)90780-2.; > G. Charpak Research on particle imaging detectors p.537 World Scientific, 1995 Retrieved 2012-02-28
  12. ^ T. Ferbel - (CERN report 1977)>
  13. ^ F. E. Close; M. Marten; C. Sutton (11 Nov 2004). The particle odyssey: a journey to the heart of the matter. Oxford University Press. Bibcode:2002pojh.book.....C. ISBN 978-0-19-860943-8. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
  14. ^ W. Blum; W. Riegler; L. Rolandi (4 Oct 2008). Particle detection with drift chambers. Springer. ISBN 9783540766841. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  15. ^ Kotwal, Ashutosh V; Gerberich, Heather K; Hays, Christopher (2003). "Identification of cosmic rays using drift chamber hit timing". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 506 (1–2): 110–118. Bibcode:2003NIMPA.506..110K. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01371-8.
  16. ^ Fermilab - glossary-photo- J. L. Lee Retrieved 2012-02-12

External links edit

    December 20, 2023
    wire, chamber, multiwire, redirects, here, electrical, connection, technique, printed, circuit, board, multiwire, boards, wire, chamber, multi, wire, proportional, chamber, type, proportional, counter, that, detects, charged, particles, photons, give, position. Multiwire redirects here For the electrical connection technique see Printed circuit board Multiwire boards A wire chamber or multi wire proportional chamber is a type of proportional counter that detects charged particles and photons and can give positional information on their trajectory 1 by tracking the trails of gaseous ionization 2 Contents 1 Description 2 Development 3 Fill gases 4 Use 5 Drift chambers 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksDescription edit nbsp Wire chamber with wires W and cathode plates P The particles traveling along trajectory T will ionize gas atoms and set free a charge that an amplifier A collects impulse at the output The multi wire chamber uses an array of wires at high voltage anode which run through a chamber with conductive walls held at ground potential cathode Alternatively the wires may be at ground potential and the cathode held at a high negative voltage the important thing is that a uniform electric field draws extra electrons or negative ions to the anode wires with little lateral motion The chamber is filled with carefully chosen gas such as an argon methane mix such that any ionizing particle that passes through the tube will ionize surrounding gaseous atoms The resulting ions and electrons are accelerated by the electric field across the chamber causing a localised cascade of ionization known as a Townsend avalanche This collects on the nearest wire and results in a charge proportional to the ionisation effect of the detected particle By computing pulses from all the wires the particle trajectory can be found Adaptations of this basic design are the thin gap resistive plate and drift chambers The drift chamber is also subdivided into ranges of specific use in the chamber designs known as time projection microstrip gas and those types of detectors that use silicon 3 4 Development editIn 1968 Georges Charpak while at the European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN invented and developed the multi wire proportional chamber MWPC This invention resulted in him winning the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1992 The chamber was an advancement of the earlier bubble chamber rate of detection of only one or two particles every second to 1000 particle detections every second The MWPC produced electronic signals from particle detection allowing scientists to examine data via computers 5 6 7 The multi wire chamber is a development of the spark chamber 8 Fill gases editIn a typical experiment the chamber contains a mixture of these gases 2 argon about 2 3 isobutane just under 1 3 freon 0 5 The chamber could also be filled with liquid xenon 9 liquid tetramethylsilane 10 or tetrakis dimethylamino ethylene TMAE vapour 11 nbsp Equipotential line and field line in a MWPCUse editFor high energy physics experiments it is used to observe a particle s path For a long time bubble chambers were used for this purpose but with the improvement of electronics it became desirable to have a detector with fast electronic read out In bubble chambers photographic exposures were made and the resulting printed photographs were then examined A wire chamber is a chamber with many parallel wires arranged as a grid and put on high voltage with the metal casing being on ground potential As in the Geiger counter a particle leaves a trace of ions and electrons which drift toward the case or the nearest wire respectively By marking off the wires which had a pulse of current one can see the particle s path The chamber has a very good relative time resolution good positional accuracy and self triggered operation Ferbel 1977 12 The development of the chamber enabled scientists to study the trajectories of particles with much improved precision and also for the first time to observe and study the rarer interactions that occur through particle interaction Drift chambers edit nbsp Cut away showing interior of a drift chamber nbsp Drift chamber at the Musee des Arts et Metiers in ParisIf one also precisely measures the timing of the current pulses of the wires and takes into account that the ions need some time to drift to the nearest wire one can infer the distance at which the particle passed the wire This greatly increases the accuracy of the path reconstruction and is known as a drift chamber A drift chamber functions by balancing the loss of energy from particles caused by impacts with particles of gas with the accretion of energy created with high energy electrical fields in use to cause the particle acceleration 13 Design is similar to the multi wire proportional chamber but with a greater distance between central layer wires 8 The detection of charged particles within the chamber is possible by the ionizing of gas particles due to the motion of the charged particle 14 The Fermilab detector CDF II contains a drift chamber called the Central Outer Tracker 15 The chamber contains argon and ethane gas and wires separated by 3 56 millimetre gaps 16 If two drift chambers are used with the wires of one orthogonal to the wires of the other both orthogonal to the beam direction a more precise detection of the position is obtained If an additional simple detector like the one used in a veto counter is used to detect with poor or null positional resolution the particle at a fixed distance before or after the wires a tri dimensional reconstruction can be made and the speed of the particle deduced from the difference in time of the passage of the particle in the different parts of the detector This setup gives us a detector called a time projection chamber TPC For measuring the velocity of the electrons in a gas drift velocity there are special drift chambers velocity drift chambers which measure the drift time for a known location of ionisation See also editWilson chamber Bubble chamber Gaseous ionization detector Micropattern gaseous detector Particle detectorReferences edit F Sauli 1977 Principles of operation of multiwire proportional and drift chambers Retrieved 2012 02 25 a b W Frass Physics C4 Particle Physics Major Option Particle Detectors Oxford University p 11 Retrieved 2012 02 25 was located via Dr C N Booth PHY304 Particle Physics Sheffield University I Kisel 1 Retrieved 2012 02 28 University of Manchester HEP 101 Retrieved 2012 02 28 Computers in Physics Sep Oct 1992 The Polish Language School for Foreign Students Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan European Organization for Nuclear Research Archived 2012 02 14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2012 02 25 H Johnston Physics world Retrieved 2012 02 25 Milestones CERN Experimental Instrumentation 1968 IEEE Global History Network IEEE Retrieved 4 August 2011 U S Department of Energy Research and Development Accomplishments Retrieved 2012 02 23 a b Physics Guildford University of Surrey Retrieved 2012 02 28 S E Derenzo SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Stanford University U S Department of Energy Office of Science Muller Richard Derenzo Stephen Smadja Gerard Smith Dennis Smits Robert Zaklad Haim Alvarez Luis 1971 Liquid Filled Proportional Counter Physical Review Letters 27 8 532 535 Bibcode 1971PhRvL 27 532M doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 27 532 OSTI 942298 S2CID 54908183 Degrange B Guillon J Moreau F Nguyen Khac U De La Taille C Tisserant S Verderi M 1992 Low energy calorimetry in a multiwire chamber filled with tetramethylsilane Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A 311 3 539 Bibcode 1992NIMPA 311 539D doi 10 1016 0168 9002 92 90652 K Schotanus P Van Eijk CWE Hollander RW CWE Van Eijk 1988 Detection of LaF3 Nd3 scintillation light in a photosensitive multiwire chamber Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A 272 3 913 916 Bibcode 1988NIMPA 272 913S doi 10 1016 0168 9002 88 90780 2 gt G Charpak Research on particle imaging detectors p 537 World Scientific 1995 Retrieved 2012 02 28 T Ferbel CERN report 1977 gt F E Close M Marten C Sutton 11 Nov 2004 The particle odyssey a journey to the heart of the matter Oxford University Press Bibcode 2002pojh book C ISBN 978 0 19 860943 8 Retrieved 2012 02 12 W Blum W Riegler L Rolandi 4 Oct 2008 Particle detection with drift chambers Springer ISBN 9783540766841 Retrieved 2012 02 28 Kotwal Ashutosh V Gerberich Heather K Hays Christopher 2003 Identification of cosmic rays using drift chamber hit timing Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A 506 1 2 110 118 Bibcode 2003NIMPA 506 110K doi 10 1016 S0168 9002 03 01371 8 Fermilab glossary photo J L Lee Retrieved 2012 02 12External links editHeidelberg lecture on research ionisation chambers Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wire chamber amp oldid 1169507169, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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