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Muhammad ibn Wasil

January 01, 1970

Muhammad bin Wasil ibn Ibrahim al-Tamimi (Arabic: محمد بن واصل بن إبراهيم التميمي) (also known as al-Hanzali)[1] was a military adventurer who seized control of the Abbasid province of Fars in 870. He intermittently ruled over Fars until 876, when he was captured and imprisoned by Ya'qub ibn al-Layth, the Saffarid emir of Sistan.

Early career edit

Muhammad was a member of an Arab family that had a long association with Kharijism. In 837 he took command of a group of Kharijites at Bost, and revolted against the Abbasid authorities. His forces were able to defeat the governor of Sistan's army and to capture its leader, the governor's son. Muhammad eventually released him after negotiations with the governor; he subsequently left the region of Bost and made his way to Kerman, which was home to a number of other Kharijite outlaws.[2]

Rule of Fars edit

 
Map of Fars and its surrounding regions in the 9th–10th centuries

Subsequent to his activities in the east, Muhammad moved to the province of Fars. In 870, with caliphal control over Fars having been weakened by years of disorder, he decided to rebel against the government. He allied with the leader of the local Kurds,[3] and together they defeated and killed the provincial governor, al-Harith ibn Sima. As a result of this victory, Abbasid rule in Fars collapsed, and Muhammad was able to take control of the province.[4]

Less than a year after his takeover of Fars, Muhammad was threatened by Ya'qub ibn al-Layth, the self-made emir of Sistan. Ya'qub set out west for Fars with the intention of subjugating the province. Sources disagree on what happened next, but Ya'qub was eventually dissuaded from continuing his expedition, and he turned back toward Sistan. His withdrawal is described as having been caused either by Muhammad's submission to him, or by the arrival of emissaries sent by the caliphal government to convince him to abandon his westward advance. In either case, Muhammad soon afterwards reached a rapprochement with the central government, and in 872 he handed over the kharaj (tax revenues), and possibly the government of Fars, to a caliphal representative.[5]

The amicable state of relations between Muhammad and the caliphal government did not last, and soon Muhammad reverted to his earlier opposition to Abbasid authority. In 875, Musa ibn Bugha, who had been given responsibility for Fars by the central government, sent an army under the command of 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Muflih to establish a firm Abbasid presence in the province. When Muhammad learned of this development, he advanced toward Khuzestan and reportedly met the caliphal army at Ramhormoz. The two sides engaged in combat, and Muhammad was victorious; Ibn Muflih's lieutenant, Tashtimur, was killed, and Ibn Muflih was captured by Muhammad's forces. The central government sent an envoy to secure Ibn Muflih's release, but Muhammad refused their offers and executed the general. Muhammad then announced his intention of marching against Musa ibn Bugha, and advanced to al-Ahwaz. Musa, recognizing his inability to control the situation, resigned his governorship and transferred responsibility for Fars to the caliphal regent, al-Muwaffaq.[6]

Muhammad's campaign in the west came to a sudden end with the news that Ya'qub ibn al-Layth had once again advanced from Sistan. This time, he invaded Fars and advanced to Estakhr, seizing Muhammad's treasuries there. Muhammad departed from Khuzestan, and returned to Fars in an attempt to stop Ya'qub. They met near Lake Bakhtegan in August 875, and in the resulting battle, Muhammad, despite having a numerically superior army, was defeated. Muhammad was forced to flee; Ya'qub looted Muhammad's stronghold at Sa'idabad and took control of Fars.[7]

In the aftermath of his defeat, Muhammad once again turned to the Abbasids, and managed to restore himself to favor with the central government. Ya'qub, meanwhile, continued marching west, moving first through Khuzestan and then pressing into Iraq. His advance brought him close to Baghdad and the Abbasid capital of Samarra, but in April 876 he was defeated by a caliphal army led by al-Muwaffaq at the Battle of Dayr al-`Aqul. Ya'qub's invasion of core Abbasid territory alienated the government against him, and after the amir's defeat, Muhammad was appointed to Fars as a caliphal governor in opposition to Ya'qub.[8]

Muhammad's governorship over Fars was short-lived. Even before his formal investment as governor, he had returned to the province and gathered supporters to his cause. Ya'qub, however, despite his defeat at the hands of the Abbasids, still had the strength to reassert his authority within Fars, and when the two enemies began fighting, Muhammad soon found himself unable to maintain his position. When he realized his cause was lost, he attempted to flee from Fars, heading along the coast as far as the port city of Siraf, but after a year he was captured by the Saffarid army, and imprisoned.[9]

Muhammad's ultimate fate is not explicitly stated by the historians. According to one account, Muhammad remained in confinement for two years before a revolt in the prison compound was violently suppressed by Ya'qub's soldiers; after this, Muhammad disappears from the sources.[10]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Al-Tabari, p. 116 n. 334
  2. ^ Tor, p. 132
  3. ^ "Kurds" could be used by the historians as a general term meaning any nomadic Iranians. Minorsky, "The Guran," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 11:1 (1943), p. 75, qtd. in Tor, p. 126 n. 37
  4. ^ Bosworth, pp. 147-8; Tor, p. 132; al-Tabari, p. 116
  5. ^ Bosworth, pp. 148-9; Tor, pp. 132-3; al-Tabari, pp. 119, 137
  6. ^ Bosworth, pp. 149-50; Tor, p. 156; al-Tabari, pp. 164-5
  7. ^ Bosworth, pp. 150-2; Tor, p. 157; al-Tabari, p. 166
  8. ^ Bosworth, pp. 153, 158-61; al-Tabari, pp. 168-72
  9. ^ Bosworth, p. 163; al-Tabari, pp. 181, 185
  10. ^ Bosworth, pp. 163-4 n. 480

References edit

  • Bosworth, C. E. The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz (247/861 to 949/1542-3). Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 1994. ISBN 1-56859-015-6
  • Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir. The History of al-Tabari, Volume XXXVI: The Revolt of the Zanj. Trans. David Waines. Ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1992. ISBN 0-7914-0764-0
  • Tor, D. G. Violent Order: Religious War, Chivalry, and the 'Ayyar Phenomenon in the Medieval Islamic World. Würzburg: Ergon, 2007. ISBN 3-89913-553-9

January 01, 1970
muhammad, wasil, muhammad, wasil, ibrahim, tamimi, arabic, محمد, بن, واصل, بن, إبراهيم, التميمي, also, known, hanzali, military, adventurer, seized, control, abbasid, province, fars, intermittently, ruled, over, fars, until, when, captured, imprisoned, layth, . Muhammad bin Wasil ibn Ibrahim al Tamimi Arabic محمد بن واصل بن إبراهيم التميمي also known as al Hanzali 1 was a military adventurer who seized control of the Abbasid province of Fars in 870 He intermittently ruled over Fars until 876 when he was captured and imprisoned by Ya qub ibn al Layth the Saffarid emir of Sistan Contents 1 Early career 2 Rule of Fars 3 Notes 4 ReferencesEarly career editMuhammad was a member of an Arab family that had a long association with Kharijism In 837 he took command of a group of Kharijites at Bost and revolted against the Abbasid authorities His forces were able to defeat the governor of Sistan s army and to capture its leader the governor s son Muhammad eventually released him after negotiations with the governor he subsequently left the region of Bost and made his way to Kerman which was home to a number of other Kharijite outlaws 2 Rule of Fars edit nbsp Map of Fars and its surrounding regions in the 9th 10th centuries Subsequent to his activities in the east Muhammad moved to the province of Fars In 870 with caliphal control over Fars having been weakened by years of disorder he decided to rebel against the government He allied with the leader of the local Kurds 3 and together they defeated and killed the provincial governor al Harith ibn Sima As a result of this victory Abbasid rule in Fars collapsed and Muhammad was able to take control of the province 4 Less than a year after his takeover of Fars Muhammad was threatened by Ya qub ibn al Layth the self made emir of Sistan Ya qub set out west for Fars with the intention of subjugating the province Sources disagree on what happened next but Ya qub was eventually dissuaded from continuing his expedition and he turned back toward Sistan His withdrawal is described as having been caused either by Muhammad s submission to him or by the arrival of emissaries sent by the caliphal government to convince him to abandon his westward advance In either case Muhammad soon afterwards reached a rapprochement with the central government and in 872 he handed over the kharaj tax revenues and possibly the government of Fars to a caliphal representative 5 The amicable state of relations between Muhammad and the caliphal government did not last and soon Muhammad reverted to his earlier opposition to Abbasid authority In 875 Musa ibn Bugha who had been given responsibility for Fars by the central government sent an army under the command of Abd al Rahman ibn Muflih to establish a firm Abbasid presence in the province When Muhammad learned of this development he advanced toward Khuzestan and reportedly met the caliphal army at Ramhormoz The two sides engaged in combat and Muhammad was victorious Ibn Muflih s lieutenant Tashtimur was killed and Ibn Muflih was captured by Muhammad s forces The central government sent an envoy to secure Ibn Muflih s release but Muhammad refused their offers and executed the general Muhammad then announced his intention of marching against Musa ibn Bugha and advanced to al Ahwaz Musa recognizing his inability to control the situation resigned his governorship and transferred responsibility for Fars to the caliphal regent al Muwaffaq 6 Muhammad s campaign in the west came to a sudden end with the news that Ya qub ibn al Layth had once again advanced from Sistan This time he invaded Fars and advanced to Estakhr seizing Muhammad s treasuries there Muhammad departed from Khuzestan and returned to Fars in an attempt to stop Ya qub They met near Lake Bakhtegan in August 875 and in the resulting battle Muhammad despite having a numerically superior army was defeated Muhammad was forced to flee Ya qub looted Muhammad s stronghold at Sa idabad and took control of Fars 7 In the aftermath of his defeat Muhammad once again turned to the Abbasids and managed to restore himself to favor with the central government Ya qub meanwhile continued marching west moving first through Khuzestan and then pressing into Iraq His advance brought him close to Baghdad and the Abbasid capital of Samarra but in April 876 he was defeated by a caliphal army led by al Muwaffaq at the Battle of Dayr al Aqul Ya qub s invasion of core Abbasid territory alienated the government against him and after the amir s defeat Muhammad was appointed to Fars as a caliphal governor in opposition to Ya qub 8 Muhammad s governorship over Fars was short lived Even before his formal investment as governor he had returned to the province and gathered supporters to his cause Ya qub however despite his defeat at the hands of the Abbasids still had the strength to reassert his authority within Fars and when the two enemies began fighting Muhammad soon found himself unable to maintain his position When he realized his cause was lost he attempted to flee from Fars heading along the coast as far as the port city of Siraf but after a year he was captured by the Saffarid army and imprisoned 9 Muhammad s ultimate fate is not explicitly stated by the historians According to one account Muhammad remained in confinement for two years before a revolt in the prison compound was violently suppressed by Ya qub s soldiers after this Muhammad disappears from the sources 10 Notes edit Al Tabari p 116 n 334 Tor p 132 Kurds could be used by the historians as a general term meaning any nomadic Iranians Minorsky The Guran Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 11 1 1943 p 75 qtd in Tor p 126 n 37 Bosworth pp 147 8 Tor p 132 al Tabari p 116 Bosworth pp 148 9 Tor pp 132 3 al Tabari pp 119 137 Bosworth pp 149 50 Tor p 156 al Tabari pp 164 5 Bosworth pp 150 2 Tor p 157 al Tabari p 166 Bosworth pp 153 158 61 al Tabari pp 168 72 Bosworth p 163 al Tabari pp 181 185 Bosworth pp 163 4 n 480References editBosworth C E The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz 247 861 to 949 1542 3 Costa Mesa California Mazda Publishers 1994 ISBN 1 56859 015 6 Al Tabari Abu Ja far Muhammad ibn Jarir The History of al Tabari Volume XXXVI The Revolt of the Zanj Trans David Waines Ed Ehsan Yar Shater Albany NY State University of New York Press 1992 ISBN 0 7914 0764 0 Tor D G Violent Order Religious War Chivalry and the Ayyar Phenomenon in the Medieval Islamic World Wurzburg Ergon 2007 ISBN 3 89913 553 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muhammad ibn Wasil amp oldid 1171602984, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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