Mount Galunggung (Indonesian: Gunung Galunggung, formerly spelled Galoen-gong, Sundanese: ᮌᮥᮔᮥᮀ ᮍᮜᮥᮀᮍᮥᮀ) is an active stratovolcano in West Java, Indonesia, around 80 km (50 mi) southeast of the West Java provincial capital, Bandung (or around 25 km (16 mi) to the east of the West Java town of Tasikmalaya). Mount Galunggung is part of the Sunda Arc extending through Sumatra, Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands, which has resulted from the subduction of the Australian plate beneath the Eurasian plate.
For the first time since 1982 after eruptions finished and conditions seemed normal, on February 12, 2012, the status was upgraded to Alert based on changes in conditions.[2][3] On 28 May 2012, it was lowered from 2 back to 1 (On a scale of 1–4).
Galunggung had its first historical eruption in 1822 that produced pyroclastic flows and lahars that killed 4,011 people.[4]
Hazardous eruption of 1982edit
A lahar from the 1982 eruption of Galunggung.Relief Map
The last major eruption on Galunggung was in 1982, which had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 4 and indirectly killed 18people in traffic accidents and by starvation. This eruption also brought the dangers of volcanic ash to aviation to worldwide attention, after two Boeing 747 passenger jets flying downwind of the eruption suffered temporary engine failures and damage to exterior surfaces, both planes being forced to make emergency landings at Jakarta airport.
One plane, a British Airways aircraft carrying 248 passengers and 15 crew traveling from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to Perth, Australia, on 24 June 1982, accidentally entered the ash cloud at night, about 150 km (93 mi; 81 nmi) downwind of the volcano. All four engines failed due to the buildup of volcanic ash, and the aircraft descended for 16minutes, losing 7,500 m (24,606 ft) of its 11,500 m (37,730 ft) altitude, until the crew managed to restart the engines and land in Jakarta.[5]
Three weeks later, on 14 July, a Singapore Airlines airplane with approximately 230passengers aboard also inadvertently entered the cloud at night, and three of its four engines stopped. The crew succeeded in restarting one of the engines after descending 2,400 m (7,874 ft). Both aircraft suffered serious damage to their engines and exterior surfaces.[6]
Historical avalanche depositsedit
Galunggung mountain in 2017. Nowadays, the caldera is used as a camping site
A hummocky deposit known as the Ten Thousand Hills of Tasikmalaya attracted the attention of early-20th-century geologists. Houses were built on the hummocks since they provided good defence against hostile people, and being above the paddy fields were free of mosquitoes and rats.
Originally, it was thought that either it had been formed by a lahar caused by the release of the waters of the crater lake, or that it was man-made, composed of rocks and boulders dumped there after being cleared from paddy fields.
However, in the light of the Mount St. Helenseruption of 1980 and from examination of the Mount Shasta deposits, it has become clear that the hummocks are a debris-avalanche deposit. Like these mountains, Galunggung has a horseshoe-shaped crater indicating a massive landslide, and examination of shattered lava blocks revealed them to be similar to deposits on the other two volcanoes. According to radiocarbon dating of samples taken from a lava flow, the landslide happened within the last 23,000 years.
^"A Singapore Airlines jumbo jet flew into a plume..." UPI.
External linksedit
Media related to Galunggung at Wikimedia Commons
S. Brantley & H. Glicken (1986). "Volcanic Debris Avalanches". Earthquakes & Volcanoes. 18 (6): 195–206. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
NOAA facts and figures about Galunggung
Volcanological Survey of Indonesia
Official website of Indonesian volcanoes at USGS
May 08, 2024
galunggung, mount, indonesian, gunung, formerly, spelled, galoen, gong, sundanese, ᮍᮜ, active, stratovolcano, west, java, indonesia, around, southeast, west, java, provincial, capital, bandung, around, east, west, java, town, tasikmalaya, mount, part, sunda, e. Mount Galunggung Indonesian Gunung Galunggung formerly spelled Galoen gong Sundanese ᮌ ᮔ ᮍᮜ ᮍ is an active stratovolcano in West Java Indonesia around 80 km 50 mi southeast of the West Java provincial capital Bandung or around 25 km 16 mi to the east of the West Java town of Tasikmalaya Mount Galunggung is part of the Sunda Arc extending through Sumatra Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands which has resulted from the subduction of the Australian plate beneath the Eurasian plate GalunggungGunung GalunggungGalunggung eruption in 1982Highest pointElevation2 168 m 7 113 ft ListingRibuCoordinates7 15 24 S 108 04 37 E 7 2567315 S 108 0770588 E 7 2567315 108 0770588GeographyGalunggungLocation on JavaLocationWest Java IndonesiaGeologyMountain typeStratovolcanoLast eruptionJanuary 1984 1 For the first time since 1982 after eruptions finished and conditions seemed normal on February 12 2012 the status was upgraded to Alert based on changes in conditions 2 3 On 28 May 2012 it was lowered from 2 back to 1 On a scale of 1 4 Contents 1 1822 eruption 2 Hazardous eruption of 1982 3 Historical avalanche deposits 4 See also 5 References 6 External links1822 eruption editGalunggung had its first historical eruption in 1822 that produced pyroclastic flows and lahars that killed 4 011 people 4 Hazardous eruption of 1982 edit nbsp A lahar from the 1982 eruption of Galunggung nbsp Relief Map The last major eruption on Galunggung was in 1982 which had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 4 and indirectly killed 18 people in traffic accidents and by starvation This eruption also brought the dangers of volcanic ash to aviation to worldwide attention after two Boeing 747 passenger jets flying downwind of the eruption suffered temporary engine failures and damage to exterior surfaces both planes being forced to make emergency landings at Jakarta airport One plane a British Airways aircraft carrying 248 passengers and 15 crew traveling from Kuala Lumpur Malaysia to Perth Australia on 24 June 1982 accidentally entered the ash cloud at night about 150 km 93 mi 81 nmi downwind of the volcano All four engines failed due to the buildup of volcanic ash and the aircraft descended for 16 minutes losing 7 500 m 24 606 ft of its 11 500 m 37 730 ft altitude until the crew managed to restart the engines and land in Jakarta 5 Three weeks later on 14 July a Singapore Airlines airplane with approximately 230 passengers aboard also inadvertently entered the cloud at night and three of its four engines stopped The crew succeeded in restarting one of the engines after descending 2 400 m 7 874 ft Both aircraft suffered serious damage to their engines and exterior surfaces 6 Historical avalanche deposits edit nbsp Galunggung mountain in 2017 Nowadays the caldera is used as a camping site A hummocky deposit known as the Ten Thousand Hills of Tasikmalaya attracted the attention of early 20th century geologists Houses were built on the hummocks since they provided good defence against hostile people and being above the paddy fields were free of mosquitoes and rats Originally it was thought that either it had been formed by a lahar caused by the release of the waters of the crater lake or that it was man made composed of rocks and boulders dumped there after being cleared from paddy fields However in the light of the Mount St Helens eruption of 1980 and from examination of the Mount Shasta deposits it has become clear that the hummocks are a debris avalanche deposit Like these mountains Galunggung has a horseshoe shaped crater indicating a massive landslide and examination of shattered lava blocks revealed them to be similar to deposits on the other two volcanoes According to radiocarbon dating of samples taken from a lava flow the landslide happened within the last 23 000 years See also editVolcanoes of Java List of volcanoes in Indonesia List of volcanic eruptions by death toll Volcanism of JavaReferences edit Galunggung Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Retrieved 2021 06 24 Sejak 1982 Baru Kali ini Galunggung Berstatus Waspada in Indonesian February 14 2012 Archived from the original on September 7 2012 Suwarni Yuli Tri February 13 2012 Mt Galunggung status raised to alert The Jakarta Post archived from the original on February 14 2012 Volcano World Galunggung volcano oregonstate edu 27 January 2021 Ranter Harro ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747 236B G BDXH Jakarta aviation safety net Aviation Safety Network Retrieved 2021 12 09 A Singapore Airlines jumbo jet flew into a plume UPI External links edit nbsp Media related to Galunggung at Wikimedia Commons S Brantley amp H Glicken 1986 Volcanic Debris Avalanches Earthquakes amp Volcanoes 18 6 195 206 Retrieved 2011 08 20 NOAA facts and figures about Galunggung Volcanological Survey of Indonesia Official website of Indonesian volcanoes at USGS Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Galunggung amp oldid 1221208560, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
