Mostazafan Foundation
The Mostazafan Foundation of Islamic Revolution (Persian: بنیاد مستضعفان انقلاب اسلامی) formerly Bonyad-e Mostazafan va Janbazan (Foundation of the Oppressed and Disabled or "MFJ") is a charitable bonyad, or foundation, in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the second-largest commercial enterprise in Iran behind the state-owned National Iranian Oil Company[1] and biggest holding company in the Middle East.[2] The foundation used to be directly run by Khomeini.[3]
| Company type | Bonyad |
|---|---|
| Predecessor | Pahlavi Foundation |
| Founded | 21 February 1980 |
| Founder | Ruhollah Khomeini |
| Headquarters | , Iran |
Key people | Hossein Dehghan (CEO) |
| Subsidiaries | |
| Website | Official website |
It was founded in 1979 as a successor to the Pahlavi Foundation. As an economic, cultural, and social welfare institution, the foundation controls manufacturing and industrial companies, whose profits are used—according to the foundation—to promote "the living standards of the disabled and poor individuals " of Iran and to "develop general public awareness with regards to history, books, museums, and cinema."[4]
The Mostazafan Foundation is associated with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps where some of its head officials have come from.[5]
History edit
Pahlavi Foundation edit
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi established the Pahlavi Foundation as a tax-exempt charity in 1958. This foundation held the assets of Mohammad Reza Shah, his predecessor, and many of his family, who later served on the corporate board and received commissions. The Pahlavi Foundation's wealth was estimated at $3 billion at its height. The Pahlavi Foundation was dogged by accusations of corruption.[6][7]
The Pahlavi Foundation was said to have owned in Iran four leading hotels: the Hilton, the Vanak, the Evin and the Darband. The foundation gained international attention for purchasing the DePinna building on Fifth Avenue, New York, valued in 1975 at $14.5 million. Such investment in a foreign market by the Pahlavi Foundation gained media attention because in order to do such foreign investment the foundation had to register as an American charitable foundation with the declared aim of using the rental to pay for Iranian students studying in the United States.
The advantage of such charitable status was that the US authorities could not investigate the books of the Pahlavi Foundation in Iran.[8]
Mostazafan Foundation edit
Following the Islamic Revolution, the Pahlavi Foundation was renamed the Bonyad-e Mostazafan (Foundation of the Oppressed), and its economic assets increased by more than double after the property of fifty millionaires was confiscated and added to the endowment.[6]
A decade after the Revolution, the foundation's assets totaled more than $20 billion, and included "some 140 factories, 470 agrobusinesses, 100 construction firms, 64 mines, and 250 commercial companies."[6] By 1994, the foundation conducted six trillion rials' worth of business transactions, compared with 5.5 trillion rials collected by the government in taxes.[9] By 1996 the foundation began taking government funds to cover welfare disbursements.[1]
Because of the Iran–Iraq War, the foundation was given the responsibility to supervise and aid veterans wounded in the war and the name Janbazan (disabled) added to it.[2] Sometime before December 2005 the foundation changed its name back to Bonyad Mostazafan as the "Martyrs and War Veterans Foundation" took over war veterans affairs.[10]
Important Revolutionary Guards who have headed the foundation include Mohsen Rafighdoost, who served as Minister of the Revolutionary Guards from 1982 to 1989 before heading the foundation until 1999; and Mohammad Forouzandeh, the chief of staff of the Revolutionary Guard in the late 1980s and later Defense Minister, who was head of the foundation from 1999 to 2014.[5]
The United States imposed sanctions and blacklisted the Bonyad Mostazafan, an organization controlled by Khamenei. The sanctions froze U.S. assets and bared Americans from doing business with them. The foundation controls hundreds of properties confiscated since the 1979 revolution.[11]
Status edit
Legally, the Mostazafan Foundation, is neither a public entity, nor a private one. It is classified as a nonprofit organization, in which the government cannot interfere in its affairs. The foundation only answers to the Supreme Leader.[12]
Economic activity edit
The foundation is involved in numerous sectors of the economy, including shipping, metal, petrochemicals, construction materials, dams, towers, farming, horticulture, tourism, transportation, hotels, and commercial services.[5] It controls 40% of Iran's production of soft drinks, including Zamzam Cola which it owns and produces; the newspapers Ettelaat and Kayhan.[6] It "controls 20% of the country's production of textiles ... two-thirds of all glass products and a dominant share also in tiles, chemicals, tires, foodstuffs."[13] Its total value was estimated by one source at "as much as $12 billion,"[5] by another as "in all probability exceed[ing] $10 billion."[1]
Mostazafan's largest subsidiary is the Agricultural and Food Industries Organization (AFIO), which owns more than 115 additional companies. Some of the foundation's contract work also includes large engineering projects, such as the construction of Terminal One of the Imam Khomeini International Airport.[14]
Mostazafan also has a history of soliciting contract work abroad. It currently maintains economic connections with countries in the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and South Asia, as well as in Russia and other former states of the Soviet Union.[14]
According to one of the foundation's former directors, Mohsen Rafighdoost, Mostazafan allocates 50 percent of its profits to providing aid to the needy in the form of low-interest loans or monthly pensions, while it invests the remaining 50 percent in its various subsidiaries. With over 200,000 employees, it owns and operates approximately 350 subsidiary and affiliate companies in numerous industries including agriculture, industry, transportation, and tourism.[15][14] Bonyad-e Mostazafan va Janbazan represented approximately 10 percent of the Iranian government's annual budget in 2003.[clarification needed][15][14] the MJF has an estimated value of more than $3 billion.[15]
Controversies edit
As employers of approximately five million Iranians and providers of social welfare services to "perhaps several million more", bonyads such as Mostazafan "have a large constituency and are able to build support for the government among the working and lower classes."[5] Nonetheless, the foundation has been subject to a number of controversies common to other bonyads in the years since its inception. The foundation and other bonyads are "exempt from official oversight as key religious leaders and former or current government officials control them. They enjoy virtual tax exemption and customs privileges, preferential access to credit and foreign exchange, and regulatory protection from private sector competition".[1][5]
In 2003, there was talk of the foundation "spinning off its social responsibilities" and becoming "a purely commercial conglomerate," leaving open the question of who would own it and why it should exist as a foundation.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d Millionaire mullahs by Paul Klebnikov, 7 July 2003, The Iranian Originally printed in Forbes, Retrieved 15 May 2009
- ^ a b Bonyad-e Mostazafan van Janbazan: Oppressed and Disabled Veterans Foundation (MJF)GlobalSecurity.org Page last modified: 10-07-2008. 15 March 2009
- ^ "Khamenei Reportedly Gives Tax-Exempt Status To Entities Under His Control". Radio Farda. 11 November 2018.
- ^ Mostazafan Foundation. About the Bonyad. 2 Oct. 2008 26 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 15-March-2009.
- ^ a b c d e f Katzman, Kenneth. Iran's Bonyads: Economic Strengths and Weaknesses. 6 Aug 2006 25 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 15 May 2009
- ^ a b c d Abrahamian, Ervand. A History of Modern Iran. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008
- ^ "A Bazaari's World", by Robert D. Kaplan, The Atlantic, March 1996
- ^ Graham, Robert (23 April 2012). Iran (RLE Iran A). CRC Press. p. 232. ISBN 9781136834332.
- ^ Behdad, Sohrab. "From Populism to Economic Liberalism: The Iranian Predicament". The Economy of Iran: The Dilemma of an Islamic State. Ed. Parvin Alizadeh. New York: I.B. Tauris
- ^ Bonyad Chief Reinstated 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ U.S. imposes sweeping sanctions on Iran, targets Khamenei-linked foundation
- ^ "BBCPersian.com | اقتصاد و بازرگانی | بنیاد مستضعفان تاجر جدید نفت". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ NHH Sam 2007, Destructive Competition [permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d "The Rise of the Pasdaran" (PDF). Rand Corporation. 2009.
- ^ a b c Iran’s Economy
External links edit
- (official website)