Mid'hat Frashëri
Mid'hat Bey Frashëri (also known by his pen name as Lumo Skëndo; Turkish: Fraşerli Mithat Bey; 25 March 1880 – 3 October 1949) was an Albanian diplomat, writer and politician. The son of Abdyl Frashëri, one of the most important activists of the Albanian National Awakening in 1908 he participated in the Congress of Monastir.[2] In 1942 he became the president of Balli Kombëtar (National Front), an Albanian nationalist[3][4][5][6] collaborationist[4][7] and anti-communist movement during the Second World War.[8][9][10][11] Frashëri is referred to as one of the fathers of modern Albanian nationalism.[12]
Mid'hat Frashëri | |
|---|---|
Mid'hat Frashëri | |
| Founder of Balli Kombëtar | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 25 March 1880 Yanina, Yanina Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (now Epirus, Greece Albania) |
| Died | 3 October 1949 (aged 69) New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Resting place | Ferncliff Cemetery, New York |
| Political party | Balli Kombëtar |
| Relations | Abdyl Frashëri (Father) Ballkëze Lahçenja (Mother) Emine Vrioni (Sister) Naim Frashëri (Uncle) Sami Frashëri (Uncle) Mehdi Frashëri (Cousin) Ali Sami Yen (Cousin) |
| Occupation | Pharmacist |
| Awards | Order of Freedom (Kosovo)[1] |
| Signature | |
Biography edit
Early life edit
Mid'hat bey Frashëri was the son of prominent Albanian politician and statesman from 19th century Abdyl Frashëri (who initiated the movement of a wide autonomy from Ottoman Empire) and nephew of the poets and nationalists Naim Frashëri and Sami Frashëri.[13][14] He was born in Yanina in the Ottoman Empire (present day Ioannina, Greece) in 1880 and was raised in Istanbul,[15] where his family worked in the Ottoman administration and organised the Albanian nationalist movement. In 1897 Mid'hat Frashëri was arrested by Ottoman authorities for having a copy of the newspaper Albania, and was released after intervention by his uncle Sami Frashëri.[16] During 1901, Mid'hat Frashëri published a biography on his uncle Naim Frashëri.[17] Giving up his studies of pharmacology, he worked for the Ottoman administration in the vilayet of Salonika from 1905 to 1910.[15] Frashëri published a yearly almanac Kalendari Kombiar (National Calendar) that was printed in Sofia and distributed in the Balkans from there.[13] The publication held moderate positions were Frashëri advocated for national unity, development of Albanian education, schools and literature and opposed foreign power intervention in Albanian affairs.[13] Frashëri also called for government reforms an alliance with Macedonians to achieve those aims, but he was against armed resistance.[13] Regarding the Albanian question and geopolitics, Frashëri was known in Albanian circles of the time to be anti-Austro-Hungarian and anti-Italian.[18]
Using the pen name Lumo Skendo,[13] he began publishing the weekly newspaper "Lirija" in Salonika, which lasted until 1910.[15][19][14] While running Lirija, Midhat wrote an open letter to Ismail Qemali, expressing his strong disapproval of Qemali's policy of friendship with Greece.[19] In “The Epirus Question”, published originally in French, Mid’hat Frashëri vents his anti-Greek passions in denouncing the ravaging and destruction of much of southern Albania by Greek military and paramilitary forces, a calamity that he seems to have experienced at first hand.[20]
He participated in the Congress of Monastir in 1908, and in January of the next year, he began editing a monthly magazine entitled "Diturija", a magazine based on the cultural, literary and scholarly interest of Albania.[15][14] In 1908, the Albanian club dealing with cultural and political issues was founded in Salonika and Frashëri was voted by 400 Albanian delegates as its president.[21][14] Frashëri favoured the Salonika club being the headquarters of the Bashkimi (Union) Society however other Albanian clubs concerned about Young Turk influence in the city rejected that view and instead opted for the Monastir club.[22] Ottoman authorities forbid writing in Albanian that resulted in publications being published abroad and like other writers of the time Frashëri used a pseudonym Mali Kokojka to bypass those restrictions for his works.[23] By late 1911, Frashëri had joined the Freedom and Accord Party which was founded by him and ten others who were opponents of the Young Turks and advocated for Ottomanism, government decentralisation and the rights of ethnic minorities.[24]
Congress of Monastir edit
According to Mid'hat Frashëri, the foundation of knowledge and citizenship was the Albanian language. The struggle for language is another form of struggle for survival. For this existential reason, he presided over the Congress of Monastir. Mid'hat Frashëri was one of the fifty delegates that who helped form the modern Albanian alphabet.[25] He became vice-chairman of the commission. Frashëri was also elected chairman of the congress which was responsible for the organization of the various alphabet proposals[25][14] along with Parashqevi Qiriazi who was chairwoman of the commission of the alphabet. During the alphabet congress Frashëri supported the adoption of the Latin character Istanbul alphabet for writing the Albanian language.[25]
Albanian Declaration of Independence edit
Do not suspect with courage we can do any great work. The valor of the Albanians could not save Niš, Vranje or Leskovac, which Serbia took from them, nor Tivar or Ulcinj, which Montenegro swallowed, nor Çameria, which was taken by Greece. Albanians need knowledge and nationalism as much as they need bread. To save as a nation, we must fight to become and be recognized as a nation[26]
Mid'hat bey's political views took on a nationalist character during the Balkan Wars and in the final collapse of the Ottoman Empire when Albania was on the verge of being carved up by its Balkan neighbours. Unlike some of his cousins who remained in what later became Turkey, Frashëri moved to Albania after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.[27] Mid'hat Frashëri was one of the eighty-three leaders meeting in Vlorë in November 1912. He was one of the signers of the declaration of independence and became the Minister of Public Works in the Provisional Government of Albania.
Mid'hat did not stay in this role for long as Ismail Qemali invited all Albanian officers and militias who were on different fronts in the Balkan War to return to their homes. Mid'hat was against the order from the Prime Minister and went twice from Vlora to Ioannina to encourage the Albanian reservists to continue the war until the end, thinking that this could bring Çameria to be a part of Albania. Mid'hat could not do this as a Minister of the Albanian government, but as an individual and caused a further rift between himself and Ismail Qemali.[28] On March 30, 1913, Mid'hat resigned from office due to indignation against the attitude of the prime minister (Ismail Qemali) towards the siege of Ioannina.[29]
After resigning from Public office, Mid'hat began writing for newspaper "Përlindj' e Shqipënia". Under the Përmeti I Government and the arrival of Prince Wilhem zu Wied, a Peasant Revolt emerged. Mid'hat published articles condemning Essad Pasha Toptani, writing "Essadism took shape and form under an apocalyptic trinity: Essad Toptani, mufti Musa Qazimi and Haxhi Qamili, three heads of grace who represented ambition, betrayal and greed".[28]
He later became the Albanian consul general in Belgrade and postmaster general.[15] At the beginning of World War I, Mid'hat was interned in Romania for a time, but after he was released, he returned to publishing. Mid'hat resided in Lausanne for a time with his cousin Mehdi Frashëri, where he was author of a number of newspaper articles and essays.[15] On 25 November 1920, he was appointed chairman of the Albanian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, where he remained until 1922.[15] In Paris, he continued his journalistic activities in the French press to publicize Albania's position in the postwar restructuring of Europe. He subsequently held other ministerial posts and In January 1923, he began his duties as Albanian ambassador to Greece. He performed this duty until December 1925. According to Mehdi Frashër, In 1924-1925 Mid'hat was the representative of Albania in Athens to observe the conditions of Albanians in Çameria.[29] He was involved in the protests against the violent migration of the Cham population to Turkey.[30][31] In December 1925, he resigned from this position due to Ahmet Zog (then President of Albania) signing of the agreement by which Saint Naum was given to Yugoslavia.
Quiet period edit
Under the Zog regime in 1925, Mid'hat left public life and opened up the Lumo Skëndo Bookstore in Tirana, and also worked as a pharmacist. He himself possessed an exceptionally large private library of some 20,000 volumes, the largest collection in the country at the time. In February 1938, he offered his collection to the Institute of Albanian Studies. Ahmet Zogu, now King Zog, offered Mid'hat a role in his government cabinet but refused, believing it would dishonour his family name to be a part of Zogu's government.[28]
With the rise of Germany and World War II looking inevitable, Mid'hat began forming Balli Kombëtar (the National Front) to use in the war to create Ethnic Albania.
Balli Kombëtar edit
We are neither for Greater Albania, nor for Little Albania, but for Ethnic Albania. Inhabited by Albanians or an Albanian majority, and based on the universal principle of self-determination, to be realized by the free will of the Albanian people[32]
He was the leader of the Balli Kombëtar nationalist movement during the Second World War. Balli Kombëtar was a political organization that mainly fought for an Ethnic Albania and fought communist groups in alliance with the German occupation forces. During 1944 he joined the German Forces as an ally and fought the anti-nazi guerrilla groups.[33] His cousin, Mehdi Frashëri, served as Albanian Prime Minister under a German-backed Albanian Government.
After World War II and death edit
In 1945, the communists won the war in Albania. Mid'hat escaped the communists by fleeing to southern Italy. The early years of the Cold War found Mid'hat Frashëri in the West trying to patch together a coalition of anti-communist opposition forces in Britain and the United States.[15] In August 1949, he was elected as head of a "Free Albania" National Committee. He died of a heart attack at the Lexington Hotel on Lexington Avenue in New York[15] and was buried in Ferncliff Cemetery in New York. At his funeral ceremony, fellow anti-communists Sejfi Protopapa and Father Paul Rado delivered the speech. Imam Vehbi Ismaili, who came from Detroit, made the religious prayers of exhortation. The coffin with Mid'hat Frashëri's body was covered with the National Flag and was honoured by nearly 200 people.[28]
His remains were reburied in Grand Park of Tirana in November 2018, alongside the tombs of his father and uncles, Abdyl Frashëri, Naim Frashëri and Sami Frashëri.
Legacy edit
Mid'hat Frashëri was a man of short stature with a speech impediment. He was described by an Italian journalist as a man who dressed very properly with very clean white cuffs and very white hair.[34] He was a beloved leader and also a bibliophile.[34] His library, one of the finest in the Balkans, became the basis for the Albanian National Library. Frashëri's entire library of some 20,000 volumes, the largest in Albania at that time, was confiscated by the new regime. The library included significant albanological works inherited from Franz Nopcsa von Felsö-Szilvás.[35]
Opinions edit
Mid'hat was viewed by many as a staunch patriot who helped create the modern Albanian alphabet and founded the country’s Institute of Albanology. His nationalist ideology, from advocating the Albanian Vilayet to forming "Ethnic Albania" through the Balli Kombëtar has caused controversy. The repatriation and reburial of the remains of Mid'hat Frashëri to Tirana was met with vary opinions within Albania, particularly those with some form of connection to the Communist Party of Albania.
Uran Butka, one of the founding members of the National Association of Political Prisoners, says that "Midhat Frashëri passionately defended Kosovo against the ruling policies of the neighboring states. Even when he was ambassador of Albania in Greece, he defended the Çam issue, facing the anti-Albanian policies of displacement and depopulation of Albanians".[36]
Odise Porodini, a member of a Communist veterans’ group, was critical of the official tributes paid to Frasheri. He stated that Mid'hat was against his country with his political activity and he doesn’t deserve a state ceremony. Muharrem Xhafa, a former official of the Albanian Communist Party labelled Mid'hat Frashëri a "pseudo-patriot" and "traitor" who wanted to exterminate LANÇ. Although Frashëri was one of the signers of the Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912, the Albanian Communists, after taking over in 1945, deleted his name from the official documents in an attempt to remove historical evidence of his contribution to Albania.[34]
On 22 December 2022, The grave and the memorial of Mithat Frasheri, was heavily damaged by unknown attackers in what seems to be a hate attack.
Quotes edit
When Albania declared independence from the Ottoman Empire:
- "Until now the Albanians have lived very little for themselves; their activity, their blood, their talents have profited their neighbors. They have consecrated their best for the good of others. Now they must live and work for themselves, for their Albania."[37]
- "Albanians, although mostly Muslims, have never considered themselves Turks. On the contrary, they had a clear notion of their own individuality, and a deep gulf prevented them from mixing with the race of the conquerors."[38]
In regards to the Albanian character:
- "Albanians will win all conflicts, after finishing the last conflict among themselves."[38]
In regards to Albanian Communists:
He added that these 'Quislings' were no longer Albanian, that they have forgotten how to be Albanian for they no longer respect the right of hospitality.[34]
- "Partisans of equalization never want the lower to rise as high as the higher, but the higher to lower as below. Flattening between them means destruction and collapse. That's why disaster comes."[38]
- "Communism is a terrible disease, like the rabies of dogs and wolves, it is a cholera that destroys not only the body, but even more, the heart and soul of man."[38]
To summarize the ideals of the National Front:
- "What should be our ideal? It should be the greatness and honor of the Albanian, the unity and unity of the nation, happiness and general progress."[38]
References edit
- ^ "Awarded Honours".
- ^ Osmani, Tomor (1999). "Historia e alfabetit" [History of the Alphabet]. Udha e shkronjave shqipe [The Pathway of the Albanian Letters] (in Albanian). pp. 461–496.
- ^ World Peace Council (1951). First Session of the World Peace Council, Berlin, February 21-26, 1951: (Report and Documents). p. 16.
- ^ a b Rashke, Richard (2013-01-22). Useful Enemies: America's Open-Door Policy for Nazi War Criminals. Open Road Media. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-4804-0159-4.
- ^ Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). Albania at War, 1939-1945. Hurst. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-85065-531-2.
- ^ Isakovic, Zlatko (2019-05-24). Identity and Security in Former Yugoslavia. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-351-73349-6.
- ^ Simpson, Christopher (2014-06-10). Blowback: America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Destructive Impact on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy. Open Road Media. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-4976-2306-4.
- ^ Ermenji, A. and Frashëri, M. (1944), ‘Manifest i Ballit Kombëtar’, Mid’hat Frashëri: Vepra të zgjedhura, Vol.1, pp.597-609. [as cited in the National Archives, War Office 204/13036].
- ^ Frashëri, M. (1944), ‘Shpifni, shpifni, se diçka do të mbetet!: Komunizmi s’ka asnje ndryshim nga fashizmi’, Mid’hat Frashëri: Vepra të zgjedhura, Vol.1, pp.597-609.
- ^ Frashëri, M. (1945), ‘Balli Kombëtar i keqkuptuar dhe i keqinterpretuar’ , Mid’hat Frashëri: Vepra të zgjedhura, Vol.1, pp.615-621.
- ^ Frashëri, Gjergj (2003). "Tiranë". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t085195.
- ^ Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers, Bernd Jürgen Fischer, Albanian identities: myth and history, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002, p. 91.
- ^ a b c d e Skendi 1967, pp. 185–186.
- ^ a b c d e Gawrych 2006, p. 165.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Robert Elsie. . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 91.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 90.
- ^ Skendi 1967, p. 369.
- ^ a b Skendi 1967, pp. 360, 370.
- ^ Elsie, Robert (1915). "The Epirus Question".
- ^ Skendi 1967, pp. 331, 346.
- ^ Skendi 1967, p. 350.
- ^ Skendi 1967, p. 128.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 190.
- ^ a b c Skendi, Stavro (1967). The Albanian national awakening. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 370–372. ISBN 9781400847761.
- ^ Mid'hat Frashëri.
- ^ Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. p. 200. ISBN 9781845112875.
- ^ a b c d "Jeta e gjeniut te kombit Mit hat Frasheri" (in Albanian). 1915.
- ^ a b "Mithat Frashëri, the opponent of communism". 2023.
- ^ "Mithat Frashëri – Kthimi në gjirin e tokës mëmë" (in Albanian). 2018.
- ^ Vickers, Miranda. The Cham Issue - Where to Now? (PDF). Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. p. 2. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ Mid'hat Frashëri 1942.
- ^ Petter Abbott, Partisan Warfare 1941 - 45, 27, Owen Pearson, II, 379, Bideleux Robert & Jeffries Ian, The Balkans - A post - communist History, 2007, 525
- ^ a b c d e Frances Trix, The Sufi journey of Baba Rexheb, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009, p. 93.
- ^ The issue of Epirus in political writings of Mid'hat bey Frashëri - Halili, Rigels - Nationalities Affairs – Issue 31/2007. [1].
- ^ Ilirian Agolli (12 November 2021). "Tiranë: Botohet vëllimi i gjashtë i veprës së dijetarit Midhat Frashëri". VOA. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ Jacques, Edwin E. (1995). "the Fourteen Successive Ineffective Governments (1912-1925)". The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present. p. 334.
- ^ a b c d e "GENIUS OF THE NATION/ 50 brilliant sayings about Albanians by Mit'hat Frashëri". 2022.
External links edit
- Media related to Mid'hat Frashëri at Wikimedia Commons