An accident is an unintended, normally unwanted event that was not directly caused by humans.[1] The term accident implies that nobody should be blamed, but the event may have been caused by unrecognized or unaddressed risks. Most researchers who study unintentional injury avoid using the term accident and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity.[2] For example, when a tree falls down during a wind storm, its fall may not have been caused by humans, but the tree's type, size, health, location, or improper maintenance may have contributed to the result. Most car wrecks are not true accidents; however, English speakers started using that word in the mid-20th century as a result of media manipulation by the US automobile industry.[3]
Unintentional injury deaths per million persons in 2012
107–247
248–287
288–338
339–387
388–436
437–505
506–574
575–655
656–834
835–1,165
Physical and non-physicaledit
Physical examples of accidents include unintended motor vehicle collisions, tongue biting while eating, electric shock by accidentally touching bare electric wire, drowning, falls, being injured by touching something sharp or hot, or bumping into something while walking.
Non-physical examples are unintentionally revealing a secret or otherwise saying something incorrectly, accidental deletion of data, or forgetting an appointment.
Accidents by activityedit
Accidents during the execution of work or arising out of it are called work accidents. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), more than 337 million accidents happen on the job each year, resulting, together with occupational diseases, in more than 2.3 million deaths annually.[4]
This section needs expansion with: data on vehicular collisions. You can help by adding to it. (December 2023)
It has been argued by some critics that vehicle collisions are not truly accidents, given that they are mostly caused by preventable causes such as drunk driving and intentionally driving too fast, and as such should not be referred to as accidents.[3] Since 1994, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has asked media and the public to not use the word accident to describe vehicle collisions.[3]
Incidence of accidents (of a severity of resulting in seeking medical care), sorted by activity (in Denmark in 2002)
Poisons, vehicle collisions and falls are the most common causes of fatal injuries. According to a 2005 survey of injuries sustained at home, which used data from the National Vital Statistics System of the United States National Center for Health Statistics, falls, poisoning, and fire/burn injuries are the most common causes of death.[5]
The United States also collects statistically valid injury data (sampled from 100 hospitals) through the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System administered by the Consumer Product Safety Commission.[6] This program was revised in 2000 to include all injuries rather than just injuries involving products.[6] Data on emergency department visits is also collected through the National Health Interview Survey.[7] In The U.S. the Bureau of Labor Statistics has available on their website extensive statistics on workplace accidents.[8]
Accident modelsedit
Accident triangles have been proposed to model the number of minor problems vs. the number of serious incidents. These include Heinrich's triangle[9] and Frank E. Bird's accident ratio triangle (proposed in 1966 and shown above).
Many models to characterize and analyze accidents have been proposed,[10] which can be classified by type. No single model is the sole correct approach.[11] Notable types and models include:[12]
^Woodward, Gary C. (2013). The Rhetoric of Intention in Human Affairs. Lexington Books. p. 41. ISBN978-0-7391-7905-5. Since 'accidents' by definition deprive us of first-order human causes…
^Robertson, Leon S. (2015). Injury Epidemiology: Fourth Edition. Lulu Books. from the original on 2018-01-26. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
^ abcStromberg, Joseph (2015-07-20). "We don't say "plane accident." We shouldn't say "car accident" either". Vox. from the original on 2021-09-07. Retrieved 2021-09-07.
^"ILO Safety and Health at Work 2022-01-19 at the Wayback Machine". International Labour Organization (ILO)
^Runyan CW, Casteel C, Perkis D, et al. (January 2005). "Unintentional injuries in the home in the United States Part I: mortality". Am J Prev Med. 28 (1): 73–9. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.09.010. PMID 15626560.
^ abCPSC. National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) 2013-03-13 at the Wayback Machine. Database query available through: NEISS Injury Data 2013-04-23 at the Wayback Machine.
^NCHS. Emergency Department Visits 2017-07-11 at the Wayback Machine. CDC.
^"Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities". www.bls.gov. from the original on 2019-06-02. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
^A long list of books and papers is given in: Taylor, G.A.; Easter, K.M.; Hegney, R.P. (2004). Enhancing Occupational Safety and Health. Elsevier. pp. 241–245, see also pp. 140–141, 147–153, also on Kindle. ISBN0750661976.
^Kjellen, Urban; Albrechtsen, Eirik (2017). Prevention of Accidents and Unwanted Occurrences: Theory, Methods, and Tools in Safety Management, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 75. ISBN978-1-4987-3666-4.
^Yvonne Toft; Geoff Dell; Karen K Klockner; Allison Hutton (2012). "Models of Causation: Safety". In HaSPA (Health and Safety Professionals Alliance) (ed.). OHS Body of Knowledge(PDF). Safety Institute of Australia Ltd. ISBN978-0-9808743-1-0. (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2017-03-25.
^Bird, Frank E.; Germain, George L. (1985). Practical Loss Control Leadership. International Loss Control Institute. ISBN978-0880610544. OCLC 858460141.
^Svenson, Ola (September 1991). "The Accident Evolution and Barrier Function (AEB) Model Applied to Incident Analysis in the Processing Industries". Risk Analysis. 11 (3): 499–507. Bibcode:1991RiskA..11..499S. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1991.tb00635.x. PMID 1947355.
^Reason, James T. (1991). "Too Little and Too Late: A Commentary on Accident and Incident Reporting". In Van Der Schaaf, T.W.; Lucas, D.A.; Hale, A.R. (eds.). Near Miss Reporting as a Safety Tool. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 9–26.
^Perrow, Charles (1984). Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies. Basic Books. ISBN978-0465051434.
^Leveson, Nancy (April 2004). "A new accident model for engineering safer systems". Safety Science. 42 (4): 237–270. CiteSeerX10.1.1.141.697. doi:10.1016/S0925-7535(03)00047-X.
accident, other, uses, disambiguation, disambiguation, accident, unintended, normally, unwanted, event, that, directly, caused, humans, term, accident, implies, that, nobody, should, blamed, event, have, been, caused, unrecognized, unaddressed, risks, most, re. For other uses see Accident disambiguation and Accidental disambiguation An accident is an unintended normally unwanted event that was not directly caused by humans 1 The term accident implies that nobody should be blamed but the event may have been caused by unrecognized or unaddressed risks Most researchers who study unintentional injury avoid using the term accident and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity 2 For example when a tree falls down during a wind storm its fall may not have been caused by humans but the tree s type size health location or improper maintenance may have contributed to the result Most car wrecks are not true accidents however English speakers started using that word in the mid 20th century as a result of media manipulation by the US automobile industry 3 A memorial to the 97 victims of the Hillsborough disaster Contents 1 Types 1 1 Physical and non physical 1 2 Accidents by activity 1 3 Accidents by vehicle 1 3 1 Aviation accidents and incidents 1 3 2 Bicycle accidents 1 3 3 Maritime incidents 1 3 4 Traffic collisions 1 3 5 Train wrecks 1 4 Domino effect accidents 2 Common causes 3 Accident models 4 See also 4 1 General 4 2 Transportation 4 3 Other specific topics 5 References 6 External linksTypes edit nbsp Unintentional injury deaths per million persons in 2012 107 247 248 287 288 338 339 387 388 436 437 505 506 574 575 655 656 834 835 1 165 Physical and non physical edit Physical examples of accidents include unintended motor vehicle collisions tongue biting while eating electric shock by accidentally touching bare electric wire drowning falls being injured by touching something sharp or hot or bumping into something while walking Non physical examples are unintentionally revealing a secret or otherwise saying something incorrectly accidental deletion of data or forgetting an appointment Accidents by activity edit Accidents during the execution of work or arising out of it are called work accidents According to the International Labour Organization ILO more than 337 million accidents happen on the job each year resulting together with occupational diseases in more than 2 3 million deaths annually 4 In contrast leisure related accidents are mainly sports injuries Accidents by vehicle edit nbsp Versailles rail accident in 1842 This section needs expansion with data on vehicular collisions You can help by adding to it December 2023 It has been argued by some critics that vehicle collisions are not truly accidents given that they are mostly caused by preventable causes such as drunk driving and intentionally driving too fast and as such should not be referred to as accidents 3 Since 1994 the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has asked media and the public to not use the word accident to describe vehicle collisions 3 Aviation accidents and incidents edit Main article Aviation accidents and incidents This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2023 Bicycle accidents edit Main article Bicycle safety This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2023 Maritime incidents edit Main article Maritime incident This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2023 Traffic collisions edit Main article Traffic collision This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2023 Train wrecks edit Main article Train wreck This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2023 Domino effect accidents edit In the process industry a primary accident may propagate to nearby units resulting in a chain of accidents which is called domino effect accident Common causes editSee also Preventable causes of death nbsp Incidence of accidents of a severity of resulting in seeking medical care sorted by activity in Denmark in 2002 Poisons vehicle collisions and falls are the most common causes of fatal injuries According to a 2005 survey of injuries sustained at home which used data from the National Vital Statistics System of the United States National Center for Health Statistics falls poisoning and fire burn injuries are the most common causes of death 5 The United States also collects statistically valid injury data sampled from 100 hospitals through the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System administered by the Consumer Product Safety Commission 6 This program was revised in 2000 to include all injuries rather than just injuries involving products 6 Data on emergency department visits is also collected through the National Health Interview Survey 7 In The U S the Bureau of Labor Statistics has available on their website extensive statistics on workplace accidents 8 Accident models edit nbsp Accident triangles have been proposed to model the number of minor problems vs the number of serious incidents These include Heinrich s triangle 9 and Frank E Bird s accident ratio triangle proposed in 1966 and shown above Many models to characterize and analyze accidents have been proposed 10 which can be classified by type No single model is the sole correct approach 11 Notable types and models include 12 Sequential models Domino theory 9 Loss causation model 13 Complex linear models Energy damage model 14 full citation needed Time sequence models Generalized time sequence model 15 full citation needed Accident evolution and barrier function 16 Epidemiological models Gordon 1949 citation needed Onward mappings model based on resident pathogens metaphor 17 Process model Benner 1975 citation needed Systemic models Rasmussen Reason model of system safety embedding the Swiss cheese model Healthcare error proliferation model Human reliability Woods 1994 citation needed Non linear models System accident 18 Systems theoretic accident model and process STAMP 19 Functional resonance analysis Method FRAM 20 Assertions that all existing models are insufficient 21 full citation needed Ishikawa diagrams are sometimes used to illustrate root cause analysis and five whys discussions See also editGeneral edit Occupational safety and health Safety Personal protective equipment Safety engineering Fail safe Idiot proof Poka yoke Risk management Accident analysis Root cause analysis Accident proneness Injury Injury prevention List of accidents and disasters by death toll Transportation edit Bicycle safety Road vehicle safety Automobile safety Traffic collision List of rail accidents Tram accident Maritime incident Air safety Aviation accidents and incidents Other specific topics edit Aisles Safety and regulatory considerations Explosives safety Nuclear and radiation accidents Criticality accident Sports injuryReferences edit Woodward Gary C 2013 The Rhetoric of Intention in Human Affairs Lexington Books p 41 ISBN 978 0 7391 7905 5 Since accidents by definition deprive us of first order human causes Robertson Leon S 2015 Injury Epidemiology Fourth Edition Lulu Books Archived from the original on 2018 01 26 Retrieved 2017 12 09 a b c Stromberg Joseph 2015 07 20 We don t say plane accident We shouldn t say car accident either Vox Archived from the original on 2021 09 07 Retrieved 2021 09 07 ILO Safety and Health at Work Archived 2022 01 19 at the Wayback Machine International Labour Organization ILO Runyan CW Casteel C Perkis D et al January 2005 Unintentional injuries in the home in the United States Part I mortality Am J Prev Med 28 1 73 9 doi 10 1016 j amepre 2004 09 010 PMID 15626560 a b CPSC National Electronic Injury Surveillance System NEISS Archived 2013 03 13 at the Wayback Machine Database query available through NEISS Injury Data Archived 2013 04 23 at the Wayback Machine NCHS Emergency Department Visits Archived 2017 07 11 at the Wayback Machine CDC Injuries Illnesses and Fatalities www bls gov Archived from the original on 2019 06 02 Retrieved 2014 04 02 a b H W Heinreich 1931 Industrial Accident Prevention McGraw Hill A long list of books and papers is given in Taylor G A Easter K M Hegney R P 2004 Enhancing Occupational Safety and Health Elsevier pp 241 245 see also pp 140 141 147 153 also on Kindle ISBN 0750661976 Kjellen Urban Albrechtsen Eirik 2017 Prevention of Accidents and Unwanted Occurrences Theory Methods and Tools in Safety Management Second Edition CRC Press p 75 ISBN 978 1 4987 3666 4 Yvonne Toft Geoff Dell Karen K Klockner Allison Hutton 2012 Models of Causation Safety In HaSPA Health and Safety Professionals Alliance ed OHS Body of Knowledge PDF Safety Institute of Australia Ltd ISBN 978 0 9808743 1 0 Archived PDF from the original on 2017 02 25 Retrieved 2017 03 25 Bird Frank E Germain George L 1985 Practical Loss Control Leadership International Loss Control Institute ISBN 978 0880610544 OCLC 858460141 Gibson Haddon Viner Viner Svenson Ola September 1991 The Accident Evolution and Barrier Function AEB Model Applied to Incident Analysis in the Processing Industries Risk Analysis 11 3 499 507 Bibcode 1991RiskA 11 499S doi 10 1111 j 1539 6924 1991 tb00635 x PMID 1947355 Reason James T 1991 Too Little and Too Late A Commentary on Accident and Incident Reporting In Van Der Schaaf T W Lucas D A Hale A R eds Near Miss Reporting as a Safety Tool Butterworth Heinemann pp 9 26 Perrow Charles 1984 Normal Accidents Living with High Risk Technologies Basic Books ISBN 978 0465051434 Leveson Nancy April 2004 A new accident model for engineering safer systems Safety Science 42 4 237 270 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 141 697 doi 10 1016 S0925 7535 03 00047 X Hollnagel 2012 Dekker 2011External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Accident nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Accidents Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Accident amp oldid 1220768118, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
