The Minor Pillar Edicts of Indian Emperor Ashoka refer to 5 separate minor Edicts of Ashoka inscribed on columns, the Pillars of Ashoka, which are among the earliest dated inscriptions of any Indian monarch. A full English translation of the Edicts was published by Romilla Thapar.[1]
These edicts are preceded chronologically by the Minor Rock Edicts and may have been made in parallel with the Major Rock Edicts. The inscription technique is generally poor compared for example to the later Major Pillar Edicts, however they are often associated with some of the artistically most sophisticated pillar capitals of Ashoka. This fact led some authors to think that the most sophisticated capitals were actually the earliest in the sequence of Ashokan pillars and that style degraded over a short period of time.[2]
These were made probably made at the beginning of the reign of Ashoka (reigned 262-233 BCE), from the year 12 of his reign, that is, from 250 BCE.[3]
Ashoka was the third monarch of the Maurya Empire in India, reigning from around 269 BCE.[4] Ashoka famously converted to Buddhism and renounced violence soon after being victorious in a gruesome Kalinga War, yet filled with deep remorse for the bloodshed of the war. Although he was a major historical figure, little definitive information was known as there were few records of his reign until the 19th century when a large number of his edicts, inscribed on rocks and pillars, were found in India, Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan. These many edicts were concerned with practical instructions in running a kingdom such as the design of irrigation systems and descriptions of Ashoka's beliefs in peaceful moral behavior. They contain little personal detail about his life.[4]
Remains of the Ashokan Pillar in polished stone at Sanchi, with its Schism Edict (detail).
Asoka’s injunction against shism in the Samgha. Found on the Sarnath, Sanchi and Allahabad pillars. These are among the earliest inscriptions of Ashoka, at a time when inscription techniques in India where not yet mature.[5] In contrast, the lion capitals crowning these edicts (Sarnath and Sanchi) are the most refined of those produced during the time of Ashoka.[5]
All the Schism edits are rather fragmentary, but the similarity of their messages permit a clear reconstruction:
"The Beloved of the Gods orders the officers of Kauśāmbī/ Pāṭa(liputra) thus:No one is to cause dissention in the Order. The Order of monks and nuns has been united, and this unity should last for as long as my sons and great grandsons, and the moon and the sun. Whoever creates a schism in the Order, whether monk or nun, is to be dressed in white garments, and to be put in a place not inhabited by monks or nuns. For it is my wish that the Order should remain united and endure for long. This is to be made known to the Order of monks and the Order of nuns."[6]
Kosambi-Allahabad Schism Edict.
Sanchi Schism Edict.
Sarnath Schism Edit.
The Queen's Edict
Allahabad, Kosambi pillar, Queen's Edict
Ashoka announces that the Queen should be credited for her gifts. Found on the Allahabad pillar.
"On the order of the Beloved of the Gods, the officers everywhere are to be instructed that whatever may be the gift of the second queen, whether a mango-grove, a monastery, an institution for dispensing charity or any other donation, it is to be counted to the credit of that queen … the second queen, the mother of Tīvala, Kāruvākī."[6]
Commemorative inscriptions
Although generally catalogued among the "Minor Pillar Edicts", the two inscriptions found in Lumbini and at Nigali Sagar are in the past tense and in the ordinary third person (not the royal third person), suggesting that are not pronouncements of Ashoka himself, but rather later commemorations of his visits in the area.[7] Being commemorative, these two inscriptions may have been written significantly later than the other Ashokan inscriptions.[7]
When King Devanampriya Priyadarsin had been anointed twenty years, he came himself and worshipped (this spot) because the Buddha Shakyamuni was born here. (He) both caused to be made a stone bearing a horse (?) and caused a stone pillar to be set up, (in order to show) that the Blessed One was born here. (He) made the village of Lummini free of taxes, and paying (only) an eighth share (of the produce).
— The Rummindei Edict, one of the Minor Pillar Edicts of Ashoka.[8]
"His Majesty King Priyadarsin in the 14th year of his reign enlarged for the second time the stupa of the Buddha Kanakamuni and in the 20th year of his reign, having come in person, paid reverence and set up a stone pillar".[12][13]
The Kosambi-Allahabad Schism Edict, as the Sarnath or Sanchi Schism Edicts, display low inscriptional skills. They were made by inexperienced Indian engravers at a time when stone engraving was still new in India.[14]
The inscription technique of the early Edicts, particularly the Schism Edcits at Sarnath, Sanchi and Kosambi-Allahabad, is very poor compared for example to the later Major Pillar Edicts, however the Minor Pillar Edicts are often associated with some of the artistically most sophisticated pillar capitals of Ashoka, such as the renowned Lion Capital of Ashoka which crowned the Sarnath Minor Pillar Edict, or the very similar, but less well preserved Sanchi lion capital which crowned the very clumsily inscribed Schism Edict of Sanchi.[15] These edicts were probably made at the beginning of the reign of Ashoka (reigned 262-233 BCE), from the year 12 of his reign, that is, from 256 BCE.[3]
According to Irwin, the Brahmi inscriptions on the Sarnath and Sanchi pillars were made by inexperienced Indian engravers at a time when stone engraving was still new in India, whereas the very refined Sarnath capital itself was made under the tutelage of craftsmen from the former Achaemenid Empire, trained in Perso-Hellenistic statuary and employed by Ashoka.[14] This suggests that the most sophisticated capitals were actually the earliest in the sequence of Ashokan pillars and that style degraded over a short period of time.[15]
The Rummindei and Nigali Sagar edicts, inscribed on pillars erected by Ashoka later in his reign (19th and 20th year) display a high level of inscriptional technique with a good regularity in the lettering.[14]
".......... [cannot] be divided. The Samgha both of monks and of nuns is made united as long as (my) sons and great-grandsons (shall reign, and) as long as the moon and the sun (shall shine). The monk or nun who shall break up the Samgha, must be caused to put on white robes and to reside in a non-residence. For my desire is that the Samgha may be united (and) of long duration."
— Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch pp.160-162
"... path is prescribed both for the monks and for the nuns. As long as (my) sons and great-grandsons (shall reign ; and) as long as the Moon and the Sun (shall endure), the monk or nun who shall cause divisions in the Sangha, shall be compelled to put on white robes and to reside apart. For what is my desire ? That the Sangha may be united and may long endure."
The Mahamatras of Kosambi................ .....................is made united. ....................should not be received into the Samgha.
And also that monk or nun (who) shall break up the Samgha, should be caused to put on white robes and to reside in a non-residence.[18]
Allahabad Queen's Edict:
"On the order of the Beloved of the Gods, the officers everywhere are to be instructed that whatever may be the gift of the second queen, whether a mango-grove, a monastery, an institution for dispensing charity or any other donation, it is to be counted to the credit of that queen … the second queen, the mother of Tīvala, Kāruvākī."[6]
When King Devanampriya Priyadarsin had been anointed twenty years, he came himself and worshipped (this spot) because the Buddha Shakyamuni was born here. (He) both caused to be made a stone bearing a horse (?)and caused a stone pillar to be set up, (in order to show) that the Blessed One was born here. (He) made the village of Lummini free of taxes, and paying (only) an eighth share (of the produce).
“His Majesty King Priyadarsin in the 14th year of his reign enlarged for the second time the stupa of the Buddha Kanakamuni and in the 20th year of his reign, having come in person, paid reverence and set up a stone pillar”.[12]
^ abRomila Thapar (1997). "Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas" (PDF). Columbia University. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
^The True Chronology of Aśokan Pillars, John Irwin, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 44, No. 4 (1983), pp. 247-265 [1]
^ abYailenko, Valeri P. (1990). "Les maximes delphiques d'Aï Khanoum et la formation de la doctrine du dhamma d'Asoka". Dialogues d'Histoire Ancienne (in French). 16: 239–256. doi:10.3406/dha.1990.1467.
^ ab. Ven. S. Dhammika. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
^ abIrwin, John (1983). "The True Chronology of Aśokan Pillars". Artibus Asiae. 44 (4): 247–265. doi:10.2307/3249612. JSTOR 3249612.
^ abcThapar, Romila (2012). "Appendix V: A Translation of the Edicts of Aśoka" (PDF). Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 388–390. ISBN9780198077244. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
^ abBeckwith, Christopher I. (2017). Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. p. 246. ISBN978-0-691-17632-1.
^Hultzsch, E. (1925). Inscriptions of Asoka. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 164-165
^Hultzsch, E. (1925). Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch (in Sanskrit). p. 164.
^"Dr. Fuhrer went from Nigliva to Rummindei where another Priyadasin lat has been discovered... and an inscription about 3 feet below surface, had been opened by the Nepalese" in Calcutta, Maha Bodhi Society (1921). The Maha-Bodhi. p. 226.
^ abcBasanta Bidari - 2004 Kapilavastu: the world of Siddhartha - Page 87
^ abInscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch (in Sanskrit). 1925. p. 165.
^ abcIrwin, John (1983). "The True Chronology of Aśokan Pillars". Artibus Asiae. 44 (4): 250&264. doi:10.2307/3249612. JSTOR 3249612.
^ abThe True Chronology of Aśokan Pillars, John Irwin, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 44, No. 4 (1983), pp. 264 [2]
^ abcdeThe Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the ... by Dilip K Chakrabarty p.32
^John Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi" p.93 Public Domain text
^Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch (in Sanskrit). 1925. p. 160.
^Hultzsch, E. /1925). Inscriptions of Asoka. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 164-165
^Amaravati: The Art of an early Buddhist Monument in context. p.23
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minor, pillar, edicts, indian, emperor, ashoka, refer, separate, minor, edicts, ashoka, inscribed, columns, pillars, ashoka, which, among, earliest, dated, inscriptions, indian, monarch, full, english, translation, edicts, published, romilla, thapar, ashokamin. The Minor Pillar Edicts of Indian Emperor Ashoka refer to 5 separate minor Edicts of Ashoka inscribed on columns the Pillars of Ashoka which are among the earliest dated inscriptions of any Indian monarch A full English translation of the Edicts was published by Romilla Thapar 1 Minor Pillar Edicts of AshokaMinor Pillar Edict on the Sarnath pillar MaterialSandstoneCreated3rd century BCEPresent locationIndia AfghanistanSarnathSanchiLumbiniNigali SagarKosambi Allahabadclass notpageimage Locations of the Minor Pillar Edicts of Ashoka These edicts are preceded chronologically by the Minor Rock Edicts and may have been made in parallel with the Major Rock Edicts The inscription technique is generally poor compared for example to the later Major Pillar Edicts however they are often associated with some of the artistically most sophisticated pillar capitals of Ashoka This fact led some authors to think that the most sophisticated capitals were actually the earliest in the sequence of Ashokan pillars and that style degraded over a short period of time 2 These were made probably made at the beginning of the reign of Ashoka reigned 262 233 BCE from the year 12 of his reign that is from 250 BCE 3 Contents 1 History 2 List of the Minor Pillar Edicts 2 1 Commemorative inscriptions 3 Inscription techniques 4 Description of the Minor Pillar Edicts 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory EditAshoka was the third monarch of the Maurya Empire in India reigning from around 269 BCE 4 Ashoka famously converted to Buddhism and renounced violence soon after being victorious in a gruesome Kalinga War yet filled with deep remorse for the bloodshed of the war Although he was a major historical figure little definitive information was known as there were few records of his reign until the 19th century when a large number of his edicts inscribed on rocks and pillars were found in India Nepal Pakistan and Afghanistan These many edicts were concerned with practical instructions in running a kingdom such as the design of irrigation systems and descriptions of Ashoka s beliefs in peaceful moral behavior They contain little personal detail about his life 4 List of the Minor Pillar Edicts EditAsoka s Minor Pillar Edicts are exclusively inscribed on several of the Pillars of Ashoka at Sarnath Sanchi Allahabad a pillar initially located in Kosambi Rummindei and Nigali Sagar They are all in the Prakrit language and the Brahmi script These pillar edicts are 1 The Schism EdictsSanchi Schism Edict Remains of the Ashokan Pillar in polished stone at Sanchi with its Schism Edict detail Asoka s injunction against shism in the Samgha Found on the Sarnath Sanchi and Allahabad pillars These are among the earliest inscriptions of Ashoka at a time when inscription techniques in India where not yet mature 5 In contrast the lion capitals crowning these edicts Sarnath and Sanchi are the most refined of those produced during the time of Ashoka 5 All the Schism edits are rather fragmentary but the similarity of their messages permit a clear reconstruction The Beloved of the Gods orders the officers of Kausambi Paṭa liputra thus No one is to cause dissention in the Order The Order of monks and nuns has been united and this unity should last for as long as my sons and great grandsons and the moon and the sun Whoever creates a schism in the Order whether monk or nun is to be dressed in white garments and to be put in a place not inhabited by monks or nuns For it is my wish that the Order should remain united and endure for long This is to be made known to the Order of monks and the Order of nuns 6 Kosambi Allahabad Schism Edict Sanchi Schism Edict Sarnath Schism Edit The Queen s Edict Allahabad Kosambi pillar Queen s Edict Ashoka announces that the Queen should be credited for her gifts Found on the Allahabad pillar On the order of the Beloved of the Gods the officers everywhere are to be instructed that whatever may be the gift of the second queen whether a mango grove a monastery an institution for dispensing charity or any other donation it is to be counted to the credit of that queen the second queen the mother of Tivala Karuvaki 6 Commemorative inscriptions Edit Although generally catalogued among the Minor Pillar Edicts the two inscriptions found in Lumbini and at Nigali Sagar are in the past tense and in the ordinary third person not the royal third person suggesting that are not pronouncements of Ashoka himself but rather later commemorations of his visits in the area 7 Being commemorative these two inscriptions may have been written significantly later than the other Ashokan inscriptions 7 The Lumbini pillar inscriptionMain article Lumbini pillar inscription Records the visit of Ashoka to Lumbini location of the birth of the Buddha in today s Nepal Rummindei pillar inscription of Ashoka Translation English Transliteration original Brahmi script Inscription Prakrit in the Brahmi script When King Devanampriya Priyadarsin had been anointed twenty years he came himself and worshipped this spot because the Buddha Shakyamuni was born here He both caused to be made a stone bearing a horse and caused a stone pillar to be set up in order to show that the Blessed One was born here He made the village of Lummini free of taxes and paying only an eighth share of the produce The Rummindei Edict one of the Minor Pillar Edicts of Ashoka 8 𑀤 𑀯 𑀦 𑀧 𑀬 𑀦 𑀧 𑀬𑀤𑀲 𑀦 𑀮 𑀚 𑀦𑀯 𑀲𑀢 𑀯𑀲 𑀪 𑀲 𑀢 𑀦Devanaṃpiyena Piyadasina lajina visati vasabhisitena𑀅𑀢𑀦𑀆𑀕 𑀘 𑀫𑀳 𑀬 𑀢 𑀳 𑀤𑀩 𑀥 𑀚 𑀢 𑀲𑀓 𑀬𑀫 𑀦 𑀢 atana agaca mahiyite hida Budhe jate Sakyamuni ti𑀲 𑀮 𑀯 𑀕𑀥𑀪 𑀘 𑀓 𑀳 𑀧 𑀢 𑀲 𑀮 𑀣𑀪 𑀘 𑀉𑀲𑀧 𑀧 𑀢 sila vigaḍabhi ca kalapita sila thabhe ca usapapite𑀳 𑀤𑀪𑀕𑀯 𑀚 𑀢𑀢 𑀮 𑀫 𑀦 𑀕 𑀫 𑀉𑀩𑀮 𑀓 𑀓𑀝 hida Bhagavaṃ jate ti Luṃmini game ubalike kaṭe𑀅𑀞𑀪 𑀕 𑀬 𑀘aṭha bhagiye ca Adapted from transliteration by E Hultzsch 9 Lumbini Rummindei pillar at time of discovery in 1896 with location of the inscription which was hidden about 1 meter under ground level 10 11 The Nigali Sagar pillar inscriptionMain article Nigali Sagar At Nigali Sagar Ashoka mentions his dedication for the enlargement of the Stupa dedicated to the Kanakamuni Buddha Nigali Sagar Edict Translation English Transliteration original Brahmi script Inscription Prakrit in the Brahmi script His Majesty King Priyadarsin in the 14th year of his reign enlarged for the second time the stupa of the Buddha Kanakamuni and in the 20th year of his reign having come in person paid reverence and set up a stone pillar 12 13 𑀤 𑀯 𑀦 𑀧 𑀬 𑀦 𑀧 𑀬𑀤𑀲 𑀦 𑀮 𑀚 𑀦 𑀘 𑀤𑀲𑀯𑀲 𑀪 𑀲 𑀢 𑀦Devanampiyena piyadasina lajina codasavasa bhisitena𑀩 𑀥𑀲 𑀓 𑀦 𑀓𑀫𑀦𑀲 𑀣 𑀩 𑀤 𑀢 𑀬 𑀯𑀠 𑀢 Budhasa Konakamanasa thube dutyam vaḍhite𑀯 𑀲𑀢 𑀯 𑀲 𑀪 𑀲 𑀢 𑀦𑀘 𑀅𑀢𑀦 𑀅𑀕 𑀘 𑀫𑀳 𑀬 𑀢 Visativa sabhisitena ca atana agaca mahiyite𑀲 𑀮𑀣𑀩 𑀘 𑀉𑀲𑀧𑀧 𑀢 silathabe ca usa papite 12 13 Rubbing of the inscription Inscription techniques Edit The Kosambi Allahabad Schism Edict as the Sarnath or Sanchi Schism Edicts display low inscriptional skills They were made by inexperienced Indian engravers at a time when stone engraving was still new in India 14 The inscription technique of the early Edicts particularly the Schism Edcits at Sarnath Sanchi and Kosambi Allahabad is very poor compared for example to the later Major Pillar Edicts however the Minor Pillar Edicts are often associated with some of the artistically most sophisticated pillar capitals of Ashoka such as the renowned Lion Capital of Ashoka which crowned the Sarnath Minor Pillar Edict or the very similar but less well preserved Sanchi lion capital which crowned the very clumsily inscribed Schism Edict of Sanchi 15 These edicts were probably made at the beginning of the reign of Ashoka reigned 262 233 BCE from the year 12 of his reign that is from 256 BCE 3 According to Irwin the Brahmi inscriptions on the Sarnath and Sanchi pillars were made by inexperienced Indian engravers at a time when stone engraving was still new in India whereas the very refined Sarnath capital itself was made under the tutelage of craftsmen from the former Achaemenid Empire trained in Perso Hellenistic statuary and employed by Ashoka 14 This suggests that the most sophisticated capitals were actually the earliest in the sequence of Ashokan pillars and that style degraded over a short period of time 15 The Rummindei and Nigali Sagar edicts inscribed on pillars erected by Ashoka later in his reign 19th and 20th year display a high level of inscriptional technique with a good regularity in the lettering 14 Description of the Minor Pillar Edicts EditThe Minor Rock Edicts of Ashoka are exclusively inscribed on some of the Pillars of Ashoka at Sanchi Sarnath Allahabad Rummindei and Nigali Sagar Minor Pillar Edicts of Ashoka Name Location Map Pillar amp inscription Capital Close upSarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka Located in Sarnath Uttar PradeshSchism Edict 16 Sarnath Schism Edict of Ashoka cannot be divided The Samgha both of monks and of nuns is made united as long as my sons and great grandsons shall reign and as long as the moon and the sun shall shine The monk or nun who shall break up the Samgha must be caused to put on white robes and to reside in a non residence For my desire is that the Samgha may be united and of long duration Inscriptions of Asoka New Edition by E Hultzsch pp 160 162 Sarnath Sanchi Located in Sanchi Madhya PradeshSchism Edict 16 Sanchi Schism Edict of Ashoka path is prescribed both for the monks and for the nuns As long as my sons and great grandsons shall reign and as long as the Moon and the Sun shall endure the monk or nun who shall cause divisions in the Sangha shall be compelled to put on white robes and to reside apart For what is my desire That the Sangha may be united and may long endure Edict of Ashoka on the Sanchi pillar 17 Sanchi Allahabad Kosambi Main article Allahabad pillarLocated in Allahabad originally in Kosambi BiharSchism Edict Queen s Edict Several Major Pillar Edicts 1 6 are also inscribed 16 Allahabad Schism Edict of Ashoka Devanampriya commands thus The Mahamatras of Kosambi is made united should not be received into the Samgha And also that monk or nun who shall break up the Samgha should be caused to put on white robes and to reside in a non residence 18 Allahabad Queen s Edict On the order of the Beloved of the Gods the officers everywhere are to be instructed that whatever may be the gift of the second queen whether a mango grove a monastery an institution for dispensing charity or any other donation it is to be counted to the credit of that queen the second queen the mother of Tivala Karuvaki 6 Allahabad Rummindei Paderia Located in Lumbini NepalRummindei Edict 16 Rummindei Edict of Ashoka When King Devanampriya Priyadarsin had been anointed twenty years he came himself and worshipped this spot because the Buddha Shakyamuni was born here He both caused to be made a stone bearing a horse and caused a stone pillar to be set up in order to show that the Blessed One was born here He made the village of Lummini free of taxes and paying only an eighth share of the produce Ashoka inscription on the Lumbini pillar 19 The words Bu dhe Buddha and Sa kya mu ni Sage of the Shakyas in Brahmi script on Ashoka s Rummindei Minor Pillar Edict circa 250 BCE Lumbini Nigali Sagar Located in Nigali Sagar NepalNigali Sagar Edict 16 Nigali Sagar Edict of Ashoka Devanam piyena piyadasin lajina chodasavasa bhisitena Budhasa Konakamanasa thube dutyam vadhite Visativa sabhisitena cha atana agacha mahiyite silathabe cha usa papite His Majesty King Priyadarsin in the 14th year of his reign enlarged for the second time the stupa of the Buddha Kanakamuni and in the 20th year of his reign having come in person paid reverence and set up a stone pillar 12 Budha sa Konakamana sa Of the Kanakamuni Buddha inscription in the Brahmi Script at Nigali Sagar 250 BCE This inscription has the first known instance of the use of the word Stupa here spelled in the Brahmi script as Thube 20 Nigali Sagar See also EditRelated topicsAncient iron production Dhar iron pillar History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent Iron pillar of Delhi List of Edicts of Ashoka Pillars of Ashoka Stambha Other similar topicsEarly Indian epigraphy Hindu temple architecture History of India Indian copper plate inscriptions Indian rock cut architecture List of rock cut temples in India Outline of ancient India South Indian Inscriptions TagundaingReferences Edit a b Romila Thapar 1997 Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas PDF Columbia University Delhi Oxford University Press Retrieved 12 July 2018 The True Chronology of Asokan Pillars John Irwin Artibus Asiae Vol 44 No 4 1983 pp 247 265 1 a b Yailenko Valeri P 1990 Les maximes delphiques d Ai Khanoum et la formation de la doctrine du dhamma d Asoka Dialogues d Histoire Ancienne in French 16 239 256 doi 10 3406 dha 1990 1467 a b The Edicts of King Ashoka Ven S Dhammika Archived from the original on 14 March 2007 Retrieved 15 March 2007 a b Irwin John 1983 The True Chronology of Asokan Pillars Artibus Asiae 44 4 247 265 doi 10 2307 3249612 JSTOR 3249612 a b c Thapar Romila 2012 Appendix V A Translation of the Edicts of Asoka PDF Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas 3rd ed New Delhi Oxford University Press pp 388 390 ISBN 9780198077244 Retrieved 8 February 2016 a b Beckwith Christopher I 2017 Greek Buddha Pyrrho s Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia Princeton University Press p 246 ISBN 978 0 691 17632 1 Hultzsch E 1925 Inscriptions of Asoka Oxford Clarendon Press pp 164 165 Hultzsch E 1925 Inscriptions of Asoka New Edition by E Hultzsch in Sanskrit p 164 British Library Online Dr Fuhrer went from Nigliva to Rummindei where another Priyadasin lat has been discovered and an inscription about 3 feet below surface had been opened by the Nepalese in Calcutta Maha Bodhi Society 1921 The Maha Bodhi p 226 a b c Basanta Bidari 2004 Kapilavastu the world of Siddhartha Page 87 a b Inscriptions of Asoka New Edition by E Hultzsch in Sanskrit 1925 p 165 a b c Irwin John 1983 The True Chronology of Asokan Pillars Artibus Asiae 44 4 250 amp 264 doi 10 2307 3249612 JSTOR 3249612 a b The True Chronology of Asokan Pillars John Irwin Artibus Asiae Vol 44 No 4 1983 pp 264 2 a b c d e The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India The Geographical Frames of the by Dilip K Chakrabarty p 32 John Marshall A Guide to Sanchi p 93 Public Domain text Inscriptions of Asoka New Edition by E Hultzsch in Sanskrit 1925 p 160 Hultzsch E 1925 Inscriptions of Asoka Oxford Clarendon Press pp 164 165 Amaravati The Art of an early Buddhist Monument in context p 23External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ashoka Minor Pillar Edicts On The Origin Of The Early Indian Scripts Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Minor Pillar Edicts amp oldid 1111592858, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
