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Yellow-headed caracara

April 17, 2024

The yellow-headed caracara (Daptrius chimachima) is a bird of prey in the family Falconidae, the falcons and caracaras.[4] It is found in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, every mainland South American country except Chile, and on Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and Trinidad and Tobago.[5][6][7]

Yellow-headed caracara
Adult at Serra da Canastra National Park, Brazil
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Falconiformes
Family: Falconidae
Genus: Milvago
Species:
M. chimachima
Binomial name
Milvago chimachima
(Vieillot, 1816)
Synonyms
  • Daptrius chimachima[3]
  • Polyborus chimachima (Vieillot, 1816)
  • Falco readei (Brodkorb, 1959)
  • Milvago readei (Brodkorb, 1959)

Taxonomy and systematics edit

Louis Pierre Vieillot described the yellow-headed caracara as Polyborus chimachima, putting it in the same genus as the crested caracaras.[8] In 1824, German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix created the genus Milvago for this species and the closely related chimango caracara.[9]

The taxonomy of the caracaras has not been settled. The American Ornithological Society and the International Ornithological Committee place the yellow-headed and chimango caracaras in the genus Milvago.[10][11][4] BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World places the yellow-headed caracara alone in Milvago; chimango caracara and four others in the genus Phalcoboenus.[12] The Clements taxonomy places the yellow-headed, chimango, and four other caracaras in the genus Daptrius.[13][3] The other systems place only the black caracara in Daptrius.[11][4][12]

The worldwide systems agree that the yellow-headed caracara has two subspecies, the nominate M. c. chimachima and M. c. cordata.[4][12][3]

A larger and stouter paleosubspecies, M. c. readei, occurred in Florida and possibly elsewhere some tens of thousand years ago, during the Late Pleistocene.[14]

Description edit

The yellow-headed caracara is 40 to 45 cm (16 to 18 in) long. Males weigh 277 to 335 g (9.8 to 12 oz) and females 307 to 364 g (11 to 13 oz). Their wingspan is 74 to 95 cm (29 to 37 in). The sexes' plumages are alike. Adults of the nominate subspecies have buff to creamy yellowish white heads, necks, and underparts with a thin dark streak through the eyes. Their back and wings are blackish brown with a whitish patch at the base of the primaries that shows in flight. Their uppertail coverts and tail are buff with dusky bars and the tail has a black band near the end. Their iris is reddish brown surrounded by bare bright yellow skin and their legs and feet are pea green. Immature birds have browner upperparts than adults and their underparts have brown streaks. Subspecies M. c. cordata is a darker buff on the head and underparts than the nominate and has narrower bars on the tail.[15][16]

Distribution and habitat edit

Subspecies M. c. cordata is found in southwestern Nicaragua, western Costa Rica, and most of Panama, and in mainland South America from Colombia east through Venezuela and the Guianas, south through Ecuador and Peru east of the Andes, and across Brazil north of the Amazon River. The Nicaragua records are only since 2008, and there are also scattered eBird records as far north as Guatemala and Belize. Off the north coast of the South American mainland, it occurs on Aruba, Trinidad, and Tobago, and has visited Bonaire and Curaçao as a vagrant. The nominate M. c. chimachima is found from eastern Bolivia south through Paraguay into northern Argentina and east through northern Uruguay and Brazil south of the Amazon River. Its range overlaps with that of the chimango caracara in southern Brazil, northern Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.[16][5][17][7]

The yellow-headed caracara is a bird of lightly-treed open landscapes, like savannas with palms and scattered trees, ranchlands and pastures, gallery forests, and the edges of denser forests. In elevation, it mostly ranges from sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft), though it has been recorded at about 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in Colombia's Cauca River valley.[16][15]

Behavior edit

Movement edit

The yellow-headed caracara is generally sedentary, but records from northern Central America and islands off the north coast of South America indicate that individuals do wander. Within its usual range, it colonizes cleared areas.[16][15]

Feeding edit

The yellow-headed caracara is omnivorous and relies heavily on scavenging. Its diet includes carrion, insects (adult and larval), crabs, fish, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, bird eggs and nestlings, horse dung, fruits such as those of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), coconut, and maize, and seeds.[18] It also takes ticks from cattle and other large mammals like capybaras and tapirs and enlarges open wounds.[19] Much of its diet is taken while walking on the ground, but it does some hunting on the wing.[16][15][20] It has also been observed to forage for small invertebrates in the fur of brown-throated three-toed sloths.[21] Mixed-species feeding flocks apparently do not regard it as a threat, not making alarm calls during encounters.[22]

Breeding edit

 
Juvenile seen in June in Santa Catarina, Brazil

The yellow-headed caracara's nesting season varies geographically. It spans from December to April in Costa Rica. In Colombia, there appear to be two seasons, January to April and July to September. It includes August in Venezuela. Egg laying has been recorded in May in Guyana, in July and August in central Brazil, and in September in southern Brazil. It usually builds a stick nest up to 15 m (50 ft) high in a tree or palm but has also nested in a tree cavity, and in the absence of trees on mounds in marshy areas, on the ground, and even in buckets and cans on the wall of a house. The clutch size has been reported as one or two eggs and also as four. The incubation period is about 22 days, fledging occurs 17 to 20 days after hatch, and young are dependent on the parents for about three more weeks. The female does most of the incubating but both parents provide the young.[15][16]

 

Songs and calls
Listen to yellow-headed caracara on xeno-canto

Vocalization edit

The yellow-headed caracara is vocal mostly during the breeding season and also when quarreling over food. Its most common calls are a "scratchy wailing keeeah or a more drawn-out keeeeeeeee"; the calls are sometimes made singly but more often repeated. Other calls are a "more growling kraaa-kraaa-kraaa or krrrr-krrrr-krrrr; [a] piercing chay; and [a] thin hissing whistle, ksyeh, ksyeh."[15]

Status edit

The IUCN has assessed the yellow-headed caracara as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range and an estimated population of at least five million mature individuals that is believed to be increasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It "will certainly move into lowland areas as they are converted from forest to cattle ranches or to small- or to medium-scale farming."[16]

Gallery edit

  •  
    Adult in Panama
  •  
    Juvenile in Panama
  •  
    Adult on capybara (Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris), the Pantanal, Brazil
  •  
    Among the most commonly seen birds of prey in Latin American cities
  •  
  •  
    In Costa Rica

References edit

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2020). "Yellow-headed Caracara Milvago chimachima". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22696261A163573161. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22696261A163573161.en. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
  4. ^ a b c d Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2023). "Seriemas, falcons". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
  5. ^ a b McCrary, J.K.; Young, D.P. Jr. (2008). "New and noteworthy observations of raptors in southward migration in Nicaragua". Ornitología Neotropical. 19 (4): 573–580.
  6. ^ Check-list of North American Birds (7th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union. 1998.
  7. ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. 30 January 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved January 30, 2023
  8. ^ Drapiez, Auguste (1838). Dictionnaire classique des sciences naturelles, présentant la définition, l'analyse et l'histoire de tous les êtres qui composent les trois règnes (in French). Vol. 4. Brussels, Belgium: Meline et Cans. p. 350.
  9. ^ Godwin, Frederick Ducane; Salvin, Osbert (1904). Biologia centrali-americana. Vol. 3. R.H. Porter. p. 127.
  10. ^ Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, A. W. Kratter, N. A. Mason, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., D. F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2022. Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. https://checklist.aou.org/taxa
  11. ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 30 January 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved January 30, 2023
  12. ^ a b c HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
  13. ^ Fuchs, Jérôme; Johnson, Jeff A.; Mindell, David P. (2012-03-05). "Molecular systematics of the caracaras and allies (Falconidae: Polyborinae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data". Ibis. 154 (3). Wiley: 520–532. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2012.01222.x. ISSN 0019-1019.
  14. ^ Emslie, S.D. (1998). "Avian Community, Climate, and Sea-Level Changes in the Plio-Pleistocene of the Florida Peninsula" (PDF). Ornithological Monographs. 50 (50): 44–45. doi:10.2307/40166707. JSTOR 40166707.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001). Raptors of the World. New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 806–807. ISBN 0-618-12762-3.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Bierregaard, R. O., G. M. Kirwan, P. F. D. Boesman, and J. S. Marks (2022). Yellow-headed Caracara (Daptrius chimachima), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (N. D. Sly, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.yehcar1.01.1 retrieved February 13, 2023
  17. ^ "Yellow-headed Caracara species map". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
  18. ^ Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D.A. & Franklin, K. & Mead, D. & Burton, P.. (2001). Raptors of the world. Helm Identification Guides.
  19. ^ https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Milvago_chimachima%20-%20Yellow-headed%20Caracara.pdf
  20. ^ Coulson JO, Rondeau E, Caravaca M (March 2018). "Yellow-headed Caracara and Black Vulture Cleaning Baird's Tapir". Journal of Raptor Research. 52 (1): 104–107. doi:10.3356/JRR-16-90.1. S2CID 91157180.
  21. ^ Krakauer, A.H.; Krakauer, T.H. (1999). "Foraging of Yellow-headed Caracaras in the Fur of a Three-toed Sloth" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. 33 (3): 270.
  22. ^ Ragusa-Netto, J. (2000). "Raptors and "campo-cerrado" bird mixed flock led by Cypsnagra hirundinacea (Emberizidae: Thraupinae)" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Biologia (in English and Portuguese). 60 (3): 461–467. doi:10.1590/S0034-71082000000300011. PMID 11188872. Retrieved 2011-07-15.

Further reading edit

  • Meiburg, Jonathan (2021). A Most Remarkable Creature. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9781101875704.
  • Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5.
  • Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
  • van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milvago chimachima.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Milvago chimachima.
  • Yellow-headed caracara photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)

April 17, 2024
yellow, headed, caracara, yellow, headed, caracara, daptrius, chimachima, bird, prey, family, falconidae, falcons, caracaras, found, nicaragua, costa, rica, panama, every, mainland, south, american, country, except, chile, aruba, bonaire, curaçao, trinidad, to. The yellow headed caracara Daptrius chimachima is a bird of prey in the family Falconidae the falcons and caracaras 4 It is found in Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama every mainland South American country except Chile and on Aruba Bonaire Curacao and Trinidad and Tobago 5 6 7 Yellow headed caracaraAdult at Serra da Canastra National Park BrazilConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix II CITES 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder FalconiformesFamily FalconidaeGenus MilvagoSpecies M chimachimaBinomial nameMilvago chimachima Vieillot 1816 SynonymsDaptrius chimachima 3 Polyborus chimachima Vieillot 1816 Falco readei Brodkorb 1959 Milvago readei Brodkorb 1959 Contents 1 Taxonomy and systematics 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4 1 Movement 4 2 Feeding 4 3 Breeding 4 4 Vocalization 5 Status 6 Gallery 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksTaxonomy and systematics editLouis Pierre Vieillot described the yellow headed caracara as Polyborus chimachima putting it in the same genus as the crested caracaras 8 In 1824 German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix created the genus Milvago for this species and the closely related chimango caracara 9 The taxonomy of the caracaras has not been settled The American Ornithological Society and the International Ornithological Committee place the yellow headed and chimango caracaras in the genus Milvago 10 11 4 BirdLife International s Handbook of the Birds of the World places the yellow headed caracara alone in Milvago chimango caracara and four others in the genus Phalcoboenus 12 The Clements taxonomy places the yellow headed chimango and four other caracaras in the genus Daptrius 13 3 The other systems place only the black caracara in Daptrius 11 4 12 The worldwide systems agree that the yellow headed caracara has two subspecies the nominate M c chimachima and M c cordata 4 12 3 A larger and stouter paleosubspecies M c readei occurred in Florida and possibly elsewhere some tens of thousand years ago during the Late Pleistocene 14 Description editThe yellow headed caracara is 40 to 45 cm 16 to 18 in long Males weigh 277 to 335 g 9 8 to 12 oz and females 307 to 364 g 11 to 13 oz Their wingspan is 74 to 95 cm 29 to 37 in The sexes plumages are alike Adults of the nominate subspecies have buff to creamy yellowish white heads necks and underparts with a thin dark streak through the eyes Their back and wings are blackish brown with a whitish patch at the base of the primaries that shows in flight Their uppertail coverts and tail are buff with dusky bars and the tail has a black band near the end Their iris is reddish brown surrounded by bare bright yellow skin and their legs and feet are pea green Immature birds have browner upperparts than adults and their underparts have brown streaks Subspecies M c cordata is a darker buff on the head and underparts than the nominate and has narrower bars on the tail 15 16 Distribution and habitat editSubspecies M c cordata is found in southwestern Nicaragua western Costa Rica and most of Panama and in mainland South America from Colombia east through Venezuela and the Guianas south through Ecuador and Peru east of the Andes and across Brazil north of the Amazon River The Nicaragua records are only since 2008 and there are also scattered eBird records as far north as Guatemala and Belize Off the north coast of the South American mainland it occurs on Aruba Trinidad and Tobago and has visited Bonaire and Curacao as a vagrant The nominate M c chimachima is found from eastern Bolivia south through Paraguay into northern Argentina and east through northern Uruguay and Brazil south of the Amazon River Its range overlaps with that of the chimango caracara in southern Brazil northern Argentina Paraguay and Uruguay 16 5 17 7 The yellow headed caracara is a bird of lightly treed open landscapes like savannas with palms and scattered trees ranchlands and pastures gallery forests and the edges of denser forests In elevation it mostly ranges from sea level to 1 000 m 3 300 ft though it has been recorded at about 2 500 m 8 200 ft in Colombia s Cauca River valley 16 15 Behavior editMovement edit The yellow headed caracara is generally sedentary but records from northern Central America and islands off the north coast of South America indicate that individuals do wander Within its usual range it colonizes cleared areas 16 15 Feeding edit The yellow headed caracara is omnivorous and relies heavily on scavenging Its diet includes carrion insects adult and larval crabs fish reptiles amphibians mammals bird eggs and nestlings horse dung fruits such as those of oil palm Elaeis guineensis coconut and maize and seeds 18 It also takes ticks from cattle and other large mammals like capybaras and tapirs and enlarges open wounds 19 Much of its diet is taken while walking on the ground but it does some hunting on the wing 16 15 20 It has also been observed to forage for small invertebrates in the fur of brown throated three toed sloths 21 Mixed species feeding flocks apparently do not regard it as a threat not making alarm calls during encounters 22 Breeding edit nbsp Juvenile seen in June in Santa Catarina BrazilThe yellow headed caracara s nesting season varies geographically It spans from December to April in Costa Rica In Colombia there appear to be two seasons January to April and July to September It includes August in Venezuela Egg laying has been recorded in May in Guyana in July and August in central Brazil and in September in southern Brazil It usually builds a stick nest up to 15 m 50 ft high in a tree or palm but has also nested in a tree cavity and in the absence of trees on mounds in marshy areas on the ground and even in buckets and cans on the wall of a house The clutch size has been reported as one or two eggs and also as four The incubation period is about 22 days fledging occurs 17 to 20 days after hatch and young are dependent on the parents for about three more weeks The female does most of the incubating but both parents provide the young 15 16 nbsp Songs and callsListen to yellow headed caracara on xeno canto Vocalization edit The yellow headed caracara is vocal mostly during the breeding season and also when quarreling over food Its most common calls are a scratchy wailing keeeah or a more drawn out keeeeeeeee the calls are sometimes made singly but more often repeated Other calls are a more growling kraaa kraaa kraaa or krrrr krrrr krrrr a piercing chay and a thin hissing whistle ksyeh ksyeh 15 Status editThe IUCN has assessed the yellow headed caracara as being of Least Concern It has an extremely large range and an estimated population of at least five million mature individuals that is believed to be increasing No immediate threats have been identified 1 It will certainly move into lowland areas as they are converted from forest to cattle ranches or to small or to medium scale farming 16 Gallery edit nbsp Adult in Panama nbsp Juvenile in Panama nbsp Adult on capybara Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris the Pantanal Brazil nbsp Among the most commonly seen birds of prey in Latin American cities nbsp nbsp In Costa RicaReferences edit a b BirdLife International 2020 Yellow headed Caracara Milvago chimachima IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T22696261A163573161 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T22696261A163573161 en Retrieved 13 February 2023 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved February 13 2023 a b c Clements J F T S Schulenberg M J Iliff T A Fredericks J A Gerbracht D Lepage S M Billerman B L Sullivan and C L Wood 2022 The eBird Clements checklist of birds of the world v2022 Downloaded from https www birds cornell edu clementschecklist download retrieved November 10 2022 a b c d Gill F Donsker D Rasmussen P eds January 2023 Seriemas falcons IOC World Bird List v 13 1 Retrieved February 11 2023 a b McCrary J K Young D P Jr 2008 New and noteworthy observations of raptors in southward migration in Nicaragua Ornitologia Neotropical 19 4 573 580 Check list of North American Birds 7th ed Washington D C American Ornithologists Union 1998 a b Remsen J V Jr J I Areta E Bonaccorso S Claramunt A Jaramillo D F Lane J F Pacheco M B Robbins F G Stiles and K J Zimmer 30 January 2023 Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories https www museum lsu edu Remsen SACCCountryLists htm retrieved January 30 2023 Drapiez Auguste 1838 Dictionnaire classique des sciences naturelles presentant la definition l analyse et l histoire de tous les etres qui composent les trois regnes in French Vol 4 Brussels Belgium Meline et Cans p 350 Godwin Frederick Ducane Salvin Osbert 1904 Biologia centrali americana Vol 3 R H Porter p 127 Chesser R T S M Billerman K J Burns C Cicero J L Dunn B E Hernandez Banos R A Jimenez A W Kratter N A Mason P C Rasmussen J V Remsen Jr D F Stotz and K Winker 2022 Check list of North American Birds online American Ornithological Society https checklist aou org taxa a b Remsen J V Jr J I Areta E Bonaccorso S Claramunt A Jaramillo D F Lane J F Pacheco M B Robbins F G Stiles and K J Zimmer Version 30 January 2023 A classification of the bird species of South America American Ornithological Society https www museum lsu edu Remsen SACCBaseline htm retrieved January 30 2023 a b c HBW and BirdLife International 2022 Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 7 Available at http datazone birdlife org userfiles file Species Taxonomy HBW BirdLife Checklist v7 Dec22 zip retrieved December 13 2022 Fuchs Jerome Johnson Jeff A Mindell David P 2012 03 05 Molecular systematics of the caracaras and allies Falconidae Polyborinae inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data Ibis 154 3 Wiley 520 532 doi 10 1111 j 1474 919x 2012 01222 x ISSN 0019 1019 Emslie S D 1998 Avian Community Climate and Sea Level Changes in the Plio Pleistocene of the Florida Peninsula PDF Ornithological Monographs 50 50 44 45 doi 10 2307 40166707 JSTOR 40166707 a b c d e f Ferguson Lees James Christie David A 2001 Raptors of the World New York Houghton Mifflin pp 806 807 ISBN 0 618 12762 3 a b c d e f g Bierregaard R O G M Kirwan P F D Boesman and J S Marks 2022 Yellow headed Caracara Daptrius chimachima version 1 1 In Birds of the World N D Sly Editor Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca NY USA https doi org 10 2173 bow yehcar1 01 1 retrieved February 13 2023 Yellow headed Caracara species map Cornell Lab of Ornithology Retrieved February 13 2023 Ferguson Lees J amp Christie D A amp Franklin K amp Mead D amp Burton P 2001 Raptors of the world Helm Identification Guides https sta uwi edu fst lifesciences sites default files lifesciences documents ogatt Milvago chimachima 20 20Yellow headed 20Caracara pdf Coulson JO Rondeau E Caravaca M March 2018 Yellow headed Caracara and Black Vulture Cleaning Baird s Tapir Journal of Raptor Research 52 1 104 107 doi 10 3356 JRR 16 90 1 S2CID 91157180 Krakauer A H Krakauer T H 1999 Foraging of Yellow headed Caracaras in the Fur of a Three toed Sloth PDF Journal of Raptor Research 33 3 270 Ragusa Netto J 2000 Raptors and campo cerrado bird mixed flock led by Cypsnagra hirundinacea Emberizidae Thraupinae PDF Revista Brasileira de Biologia in English and Portuguese 60 3 461 467 doi 10 1590 S0034 71082000000300011 PMID 11188872 Retrieved 2011 07 15 Further reading editMeiburg Jonathan 2021 A Most Remarkable Creature New York Alfred A Knopf ISBN 9781101875704 Hilty Steven L 2003 Birds of Venezuela Princeton University Press ISBN 0 7136 6418 5 Ridgely Robert S Greenfield Paul J 2001 The Birds of Ecuador Field Guide Vol II Ithaca Cornell University Press pp 102 103 ISBN 978 0 8014 8721 7 van Perlo Ber 2009 A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil New York Oxford University Press pp 78 79 ISBN 978 0 19 530155 7 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milvago chimachima nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Milvago chimachima Yellow headed caracara photo gallery at VIREO Drexel University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yellow headed caracara amp oldid 1216714025, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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