Metropolitan Railroad (Boston)

The Metropolitan Railroad was an early street railway in the Boston, Massachusetts area. Formed in 1853 to provide horsecar service between Boston and Roxbury, it quickly expanded to become the largest railway company in the region, with operations over more than ninety miles of track and an annual ridership of over forty-two million passengers per year.^[2] It ended operations in 1887 as a result of the consolidation plan which united nearly all Boston streetcar lines into the West End Street Railway.

Metropolitan Railroad Company

Founded	May 21, 1853; 170 years ago (1853-05-21)
Defunct	November 12, 1887; 136 years ago (1887-11-12)
Fate	Consolidated
Successor	West End Street Railway
Headquarters	16 Kilby Street, Boston, Mass.
Area served	Boston, Roxbury, Dorchester, West Roxbury, East Boston, Brookline, Milton, & Chelsea
Key people	Calvin A. Richards (president, 1874–1887)
Revenue	$2,200,248.02 (FY 1887)
Operating income	$338,817.81 (FY 1887)
Number of employees	1,733 (FY 1887)
Footnotes / references ^[1]

Formation

The Metropolitan Railroad was an early pioneer in the effort to bring street railway service to Boston, replacing the older horse-drawn omnibus lines which had come to be viewed as expensive and unreliable. The company received its charter on May 21, 1853, by the Massachusetts General Court, by which it was enabled to build a rail line connecting downtown Boston with the then-independent town of Roxbury.^[3] John P. Ober, a former Boston alderman, served as first president of the new organization.^[4]

 

Engraving of an open-air car of the Metropolitan in early 1857, at the corner of Boylston and Tremont streets

Although the Metropolitan was one of the first railway companies to be established in the Boston area, defects in its charter and community opposition to its proposed lines significantly delayed the commencement of its operations. The company was unable to secure approval to lay tracks between Dover (now East Berkeley) and Boylston streets until late 1856, by which time a competing line, the Cambridge Railroad, had already begun providing railway service between Boston and Cambridge. Eventually, however, the company was able to complete a single track as far as Boylston Street, and on September 18, 1856, municipal authorities of Roxbury boarded a car and were taken for a ride along the line.^[5]

The original route of the Metropolitan ran from Boylston Market, at the corner of Boylston and Washington streets, to Eliot Square in Roxbury via Washington Street.^[6] On October 3, the route was extended along Tremont Street as far north as Scollay Square (now Government Center), returning along Washington Street and Harrison Avenue, and on October 11 a double track was completed as far as the Tremont House near King's Chapel.^[7] The line, which offered service between the two municipalities at a speed of seven miles per hour, quickly proved to be a popular one, and in its first full year of operations almost four million passengers were carried on 116,560 trips.^[8] By statute, fares for the line within the city of Boston were initially capped at five cents per trip.^[9]

Expansion

Over the next three decades, the Metropolitan Railroad received grants to lay its lines on dozens of additional locations in Boston and Roxbury, including in downtown and the West and South Ends;^[10] at the same time, it undertook a strategy of acquiring or leasing the lines of several competing railways, enabling it to significantly expand its foothold in Boston and a number of surrounding towns in the process. Within a few years of its incorporation it had cemented its status as the largest street railway company in the city, ahead of the other principal railroads of the Union/Cambridge, South Boston, and Middlesex.^[11]

In 1858 the Metropolitan was authorized by the legislature to acquire the West Roxbury Railroad, which provided service between Roxbury and West Roxbury,^[12] and in 1859 it received similar permission to purchase the franchise and property of the Brookline Railroad.^[13] In 1863 the company expanded into Dorchester with the absorption of the Dorchester Railway and Dorchester Expansion Railway, which collectively connected that town to Boston with lines along Dorchester Avenue and several other streets,^[14] and a year later Dorchester and Roxbury Railroad was also acquired.^[15]

In 1864 the Metropolitan made a bid on the Suffolk Railroad, which operated in East Boston and held an East Boston-Downtown line running via ferryboats to Hanover Street in the North End and thence to Scollay Square. The company was successful in absorbing the rail lines of the Suffolk, but its attempts to secure the ferry lines were stymied by Boston city officials, and it was eventually directed to remove the tracks connecting to the ferry terminals in 1871.^[16]

In 1865 the Chlesea and East Boston Railroad, which connected East Boston and Chelsea via the Meridian Street Bridge, was absorbed by the Metropolitan,^[17] and in 1868 the Brookline and Back Bay Street Railway, running from Brookline Village to Roxbury Crossing, was taken over.^[18] In 1878 the Boston and West Roxbury Railroad, which had already leased its line to the Metropolitan several years prior, was formally consolidated with the company.^[19]

Middle years

 

Boston Elevated Railway work car #724, formerly Metropolitan horsecar #804, at Seashore Trolley Museum

Complaints that the Metropolitan was engaging in monopolistic behavior eventually led to calls for reform,^[20] and in 1872 the Highland Street Railway was chartered with the avowed purpose of competing with the company for business around its original Boston and Roxbury lines. Over the next several years the two railway companies were major rivals, with Highland usage of Metropolitan tracks presenting a particular point of contention; at the same time, the Highland constructed a new line along Shawmut Avenue to compete with the Metropolitan and gradually expanded its presence in Roxbury, Dorchester, and the South End.^[21]

In 1874 Calvin A. Richards was elected as president of the Metropolitan, having previously served for eight months as a member of the board of directors. Although a newcomer to the railway industry, his firm style of management quickly enabled the company to recover from what had previously been a poor period of performance, and the financial situation of the Metropolitan was significantly improved as a result. Over the next thirteen years he remained as president of the railway, making him its longest-serving executive by far.^[22]

Consolidation

 

Map of the lines of the Metropolitan (in green) and other horsecar companies operating in Boston in 1886

In the fall of 1886, two new street railway companies were formed, the West End Street Railway and the Suburban Street Railway. The original incorporators started as a land company, with the goal of connecting and expanding the Boston and Brookline portions of Beacon Street in order to enhance the value of the land that they held along that route. In order to further increase the marketability of the land, the two railways were formed to provide transportation to the area, and the West End Railway was granted the right to enter Boston through the avenue and the neighborhood of Back Bay.^[23]

To the directors of the Metropolitan, the emergence of the West End was seen as a threat to their business, and in order to counter this new rival they decided to make an effort to expand their own operations. The company initially made an attempt to take over the South Boston Railroad, which at that time was already running more car miles on Metropolitan tracks than on its own,^[24] and when this failed it alternatively filed proposals to extend its own lines into the South Boston peninsula.^[25] Talks with the directors of the Cambridge Railroad were also initiated, and in February 1887 the two railways announced an agreement to unite into a new consolidated company, which would be among the largest in the country once completed.^[26]

These actions by the Metropolitan quickly drew alarm from the managers of the West End, and in response the latter suddenly made a bid to acquire a controlling interest in all of the railway companies of Boston (excepting only the Lynn and Boston). Within a short time, majority positions in the Metropolitan and the other companies had been secured, and in June 1887 the state legislature passed a bill allowing the West End to consolidate with any other railway operating in Boston.^[27]

Shortly after the passage of the West End Bill, the managers of the West End made an offer to the remaining shareholders of the Metropolitan for 1.25 shares of West End 8% preferred stock in exchange for each Metropolitan share held. The board of the Metropolitan, which by then had become an advocate for consolidation, recommended acceptance of the proposal, and President Richards decided to set a precedent by being the first individual to exchange his shares. In November 1887 consolidation was formally completed, with the West End absorbing the Metropolitan, together with the South Boston and Consolidated (successor to the Middlesex and Highland) railroads, on November 12, and absorption of the Cambridge following soon after on November 19.^[28]

Notes

1. Nineteenth Annual Report 1888, pp. 375 ff.
2. Hager 1892, p. 15; Nineteenth Annual Report 1888, pp. 378–79.
3. Pinanski 1908, pp. 8–9; Royal Commission 1906, pp. 438, 440.
4. Moore 1873, p. 180.
5. Burns 1888, p. 19; Pinanski 1908, pp. 9–10; Royal Commission 1906, p. 438.
6. Royal Commission 1906, p. 438; Hager 1892, p. 15.
7. Burns 1888, p. 19.
8. Railroad Returns 1858, p. 7. According to Pinanski 1908, p. 10, however, the passenger count for the first year was over eight million.
9. Charters and Locations 1869, p. 106.
10. Charters and Locations 1869, pp. 108 ff.; Locations 1879, pp. 21 ff.
11. Fifty Years 1938, p. 13; Pinanski 1908, pp. 10–11. For passenger numbers as of 1865, see Railroad Returns 1866, pp. 252 ff.
12. Acts and Resolves 1856, pp. 116–17; Reports of Cases 1864, p. 280. The property and franchise of the company were conveyed to the Metropolitan on August 29, 1862.
13. Acts and Resolves 1859, p. 236; Railroad Returns 1860, p. 3 n. A.
14. Hager 1892, pp. 18–19; Royal Commission 1906, p. 439. For the routes of these companies, see Charters and Locations 1869, pp. 64 ff.
15. Charters and Locations 1869, p. 95 n.1; Locations 1879, p. 4.
16. Cheney 2004, p. 6; Royal Commission 1906, p. 439; Hager 1892, p. 19. See also Locations 1879, p. 29.
17. Royal Commission 1906, p. 439; Public Service Commission 1915, p. 940; Hager 1892, p. 20; Charters and Locations 1869, pp. 60 ff.
18. Royal Commission 1906, p. 439; Hager 1892, p. 20.
19. Railroad Returns 1866, p. 262 (under the name of Dedham and West Roxbury Railway); Public Service Commission 1915, p. 940.
20. Evidence and Arguments 1872, passim; Another Highlands Voice 1872, p. 3: Metropolitan Monopoly 1872, p. 4.
21. Pinanski 1908, pp. 14–16; Royal Commission 1906, p. 439; Compensation 1873, p. 8.
22. Bacon 1896, p. 995; Burns 1888, p. 19. For the tenures of other presidents of the company, see Evidence and Arguments 1872, pp. 104–05.
23. Pinanski 1908, pp. 14–16; Royal Commission 1906, p. 439; Hager 1892, pp. 11–13.
24. Pinanski 1908, p. 11 n. 2.
25. Strong, But Dull 1887, p. 7; Stands By His Act 1887, p. 7; Railroad Day 1887, p. 8.
26. Pinanski 1908, p. 17; Royal Commission 1906, p. 439; Two Made One 1887, p. 2.
27. Pinanski 1908, p. 17; Royal Commission 1906, p. 439; Acts and Resolves 1887, pp. 1072 ff.
28. Pinanski 1908, pp. 17–18; Royal Commission 1906, pp. 439–40; Acts and Resolves 1887, pp. 1072 ff; Hager 1892, pp. 21–25; West End Railway Company 1887, p. 3; Public Service Commission 1915, p. 939.

References

• Acts and Resolves Passed by the General Court of Massachusetts, in the Year 1856. Boston: William White. 1856.
• Acts and Resolves Passed by the General Court of Massachusetts, in the Year 1859. Boston: William White. 1859.
• Acts and Resolves Passed by the General Court of Massachusetts, in the Year 1887. Boston: Wright & Potter. 1887.
• Appendices to the Report of the Royal Commission on London Traffic. London: Wyman and Sons. 1906.
• Bacon, Edwin M., ed. (1896). Men of Progress: One Thousand Biographical Sketches and Portraits of the Leaders in Business and Professional Life in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston: New England Magazine.
• Burns, E.F. (January 15, 1888). "HORSE CARS: Where and for What They Were First Used". Boston Daily Globe. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
• The Charters and Locations of the Several Street Railways in the City of Boston, 1869. Boston: Alfred Mudge & Son. 1869.
• Cheney, Frank (2004). Boston's Blue Line. Great Britain: Arcadia.
• "Compensation: Award of the Railroad Commissioners on the Claim of the Metropolitan against the Highland Railroad". Boston Daily Globe. December 29, 1873. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
• Evidence and Arguments before the Committee on Horse Railroads of the Legislature of Massachusetts, Session of 1872,. Boston: Wright & Potter. 1872.
• Fifty Years of Unified Transportation in Metropolitan Boston. Boston: Boston Elevated Railway Company. 1938.
• "The Fourth Return of the Metropolitan Railroad Corporation, for the Year Ending November 30, 1859". Returns of the Railroad Corporations in Massachusetts, 1859. Together With an Abstract of the Same. Boston: William Wright. 1860.
• Hager, Louis P., ed. (1892). History of the West End Street Railway. Boston: Louis P. Hager.
• Locations of the Boston Street Railways, Granted by the Board of Aldermen, 1879. Vol. 2. Boston: Rockwell and Churchill. 1879.
• "The Metropolitan Monopoly". Boston Daily Globe. April 25, 1872.
• "The Metropolitan Railroad - Another Voice from the Highlands". Boston Post. February 6, 1872. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
• Moore, Charles W. (1873). The Freemasons' Monthly Magazine. Vol. 32. Boston: Batchelder & Wood.
• Nineteenth Annual Report of the Board of Railroad Commissioners, January 1888. Boston: Wright & Potter. 1888.
• Pinanski, Abraham Edward (1908). The Street Railway System of Metropolitan Boston. New York: McGraw Publishing.
• "Railroad Day". Boston Daily Globe. March 15, 1887. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
• Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 1864.
• Returns of the Railroad Corporations in Massachusetts, 1865: With Abstracts of the Same. Boston: Wright & Potter. 1866.
• Second Annual Report of the Public Service Commission. Vol. 2. Boston: Wright & Potter. 1915.
• "The Second Return of the Metropolitan Railroad Corporation, for the Year Ending Nov. 30, 1857". Abstracts of the Returns of the Railroad Corporations of the State of Massachusetts, 1857. Boston: William White. 1858.
• "Stands By His Act". Boston Sunday Globe. February 27, 1887. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
• "Strong, But Dull". Boston Sunday Globe. February 20, 1887. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
• "Two Made One". Boston Daily Globe. February 15, 1887. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
• "West End Railway Company". Boston Daily Globe. July 8, 1887. Retrieved August 4, 2019.