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Meteorological history of Cyclone Freddy

March 14, 2023

Cyclone Freddy is the longest-lived tropical cyclone on record, beating the previous record of Hurricane John in 1994.[1] It also has the highest accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) of any tropical cyclone on record worldwide, surpassing Hurricane Ioke in 2006.[1] Additionally, Freddy is the only known tropical cyclone to achieve seven separate rapid intensification cycles.[2] While in the Australian region cyclone basin, the storm quickly intensified and became a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone, before it moved into the South-West Indian Ocean basin. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimated Freddy's peak strength, equivalent to Category 5 strength on the Saffir–Simpson scale. During 19 February, Météo-France (MFR) upgraded it to a very intense tropical cyclone. Freddy made its first landfall near Mananjary, Madagascar.

Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Freddy
Very intense tropical cyclone (SWIO scale)
Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Track of Cyclone Freddy, according to the Saffir-Simpson scale
Formed4 February 2023
DissipatedCurrently active
Duration5 weeks and 3 days
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 220 km/h (140 mph)
1-minute sustained: 270 km/h (165 mph)
Lowest pressure931 hPa (mbar); 27.49 inHg
Areas affected
Part of the 2022–23 Australian region and South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons

Freddy rapidly weakened overland but re-strengthened in the Mozambique Channel. Soon afterward, Freddy made his second landfall (and first landfall overall) just south of Vilankulos, Mozambique. On 2 March, the remnant low of Freddy began to acquire tropical characteristics after re-emerging into the channel. Soon after, Freddy intensified, becoming a tropical cyclone. Then, Freddy made its third landfall (and second landfall overall) in Quelimane, Zambezia Province, Mozambique.

Origins

 
Cyclone Freddy starting to intensify off the coast of Western Australia on 7 February

During 30 January, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) began monitoring a developing weak tropical low embedded within a monsoon trough in Timor Sea.[3] The disturbance was assigned the official identifier code 13U.[4] Environmental conditions were assessed as being marginally conducive for tropical cyclogenesis.[5] By 4 February, the BoM reported that the disturbance had developed approximately 770 km (480 mi) north-northwest of Broome in Western Australia.[6][7] During 6 February, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on the system.[8] By 09:00 UTC, the JTWC initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11S.[9] The BoM reported that the tropical low had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and named it Freddy.[10][11]

Later that next day, feeder bands were covering its very broad and central dense overcast (CDO), prompting the JTWC to upgrade the system to a Category 1-equivalent cyclone.[12] The BoM subsequently followed suit and upgraded Freddy into a Category 2 tropical cyclone.[13] Freddy attained Category 3 cyclone.[14] Freddy began showing an eye feature seen in microwave imaging, with Freddy later becoming a Category 2-equivalent cyclone.[15] Freddy weakened slightly due to CDO and a persistent area of cold cloud tops.[16] Weakening occurred as the JTWC assessed that Freddy's winds bottomed out at 150 km/h (90 mph).[17] Freddy weakened back into a tropical storm, and the BoM estimated winds of 100 km/h (65 mph), the weakening resulting from easterly wind shear.[18][19]

Crossover, rapid deepening, and first landfall

 
Cyclone Freddy as seen from the International Space Station on 20 February

Continuing to rapidly intensify, Freddy intensified, becoming a Category 3-equivalent cyclone around 15:00 UTC on 11 February.[20] Freddy had further intensified to a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone due to the presence of a well-defined eye surrounded by deep convection.[21] Freddy intensified into a Category 4-equivalent cyclone with a symmetric CDO.[22] According to the JTWC, Freddy gradually became disorganized, with its eye no longer well-defined, and Freddy fell to 185 km/h (115 mph) winds.[23] The BoM also reported that Freddy's winds weakened to 155 km/h (100 mph) of winds.[24] Despite easterly vertical wind shear, Freddy maintained a symmetric convective core.[25] The cyclone's ragged and cloud filled eye appeared on satellite imagery.[26] At 12:00 UTC on 14 February, Freddy crossed 90° E into the South-West Indian Ocean basin, and was immediately classified as a tropical cyclone by Météo-France (MFR)[27][28] The MFR upgraded the system to an intense tropical cyclone.[29]

Freddy exhibited highly symmetrical and annular characteristics around 03:00 UTC on 15 February.[30] Later the next day, the JTWC also assessed Freddy as having 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 270 km/h (165 mph), making the storm a Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone,[31][32] as the cyclone sustained a symmetric ring around deep convection.[33] During 18 February, Freddy began to rapidly deteriorate as a sudden spike in mid-level shear began impacting the storm.[34] As a result, the cyclone briefly weakened to 1-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) before restrengthening once again.[35] Later that next day, Freddy was upgraded to a very intense tropical cyclone.[36] Shortly afterward, Freddy's cloud pattern slightly deteriorated, causing the cyclone to weaken to an intense tropical cyclone by 00:00 UTC on 20 February.[37] Freddy passed north of Mauritius, Réunion[38] and weakened to a tropical cyclone on 21 February.[39] At about 7 p.m. local time that day, the cyclone made its first landfall near Mananjary, Madagascar.[40] After landfall, Freddy was re-classified as an overland depression, with sustained winds of 110 km/h (70 mph).[41] The JTWC also reported that Freddy substantially weakened as it traversed the mountainous terrain of Madagascar, and was downgraded to 130 km/h (80 mph).[42]

Re-strengthening, second landfall, and weakening

 
Severe Tropical Storm Freddy nearing Mozambique on 24 February

During 22 February, Freddy significantly improved in organization as it moved southwestward across the Mozambique Channel.[43] Later that day, Freddy re-strengthened into a zone of disturbed weather.[43][44] Freddy had re-developed under the deep convection in the northern semicircle of the circulation.[45] Freddy re-strengthened into a moderate tropical storm after the convection began to rapidly increase.[46] The system passed to the north of Europa Island.[47] Freddy re-strengthened further, marking its intensification into a severe tropical storm.[48] Freddy continued to organize with convective bands wrapping into the center.[49]

Six hours later, cloud pattern deteriorated, as it approaching the coast of Mozambique.[50] By 12:00 UTC on 24 February, the MFR reported that Freddy had made second landfall in Mozambique (and first landfall overall) south of Vilankulos, Mozambique with 10-sustained winds of 85 km/h (50 mph).[51] Shortly after the landfall, the JTWC discontinued warnings on the system.[52] Freddy rapidly weakened as it moved westward and further inland, weakening to an overland depression by 18:00 UTC that day.[53] The MFR determined that Freddy convective activity was located in the southeast semicircle.[54] Even though the MFR stopped issuing advisories on 25 February, they were still monitoring and predicted that the remnant low would likely re-develop into a tropical system.[55][56]

Re-development and third landfall

 
Cyclone Freddy off the coast of Madagascar on 7 March

During 1 March, Freddy re-emerged into the Mozambique Channel, the JTWC resumed monitoring and stated the system had the potential to re-develop.[57] Environmental conditions were assessed as being marginally conducive for tropical cyclogenesis, with low vertical wind shear and moderate equatorial outflow.[57] During 2 March, Freddy observed an increase in deep convection in the eastern semicircle, prompting MFR to classify the storm as a tropical disturbance again.[58] Microwave imagery revealed that Freddy convection was gradually wrapping around the southern periphery of the circulation.[59] Later that next day, Freddy was downgraded to zone of disturbed weather status by the MFR.[60] Multispectral animated satellite imagery partially revealed an exposed low-level circulation center (LLCC) with deep convection persisting along the eastern periphery of the LLCC.[61] As a result, the JTWC re-issued a TCFA by 21:00 UTC that day.[61] Freddy showed signs of intensification as it approached the system's estimated center, the MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression.[62] Freddy strengthened into a moderate tropical storm as the ASCAT-C pass featured below gale-force winds on its southern quadrant.[63] Six hours later, Freddy gained tropical storm strength yet again with under the influence of a persistent area of convection.[64] The convection continued to decrease, and Freddy was better organized through the LLCC.[65] Freddy gradually improved its convection with improvements in further consolidation.[66]

 
Cyclone Freddy nearly stationary while off the coast of Mozambique on 11 March.

By 18:00 UTC on 5 March, Freddy strengthened to severe tropical storm as it accelerated eastward toward the coast of Madagascar.[67] The convection wrapped around the system's LLCC and the system gradually consolidated.[68] Freddy began to show an ill-defined eye that was visible on satellite imagery.[69] During 7 March, Freddy had become a tropical cyclone status with sustained winds of 130 km/h (80 mph), while the JTWC estimated that its 1-minute sustained winds reached 155 km/h (100 mph).[70][71] Six hours later, Freddy continued to interact with a mid-troposphere shear.[72] Freddy fell to severe tropical storm status later that next day.[73] The cyclone then rapidly weakened as a result of the presence of higher wind shear as well as dry air intrusion.[74] Later, the storm weakened to 110 km/h (70 mph).[74] Despite the shear, convection intensified near the center as banding features improved.[75][76] The Dvorak analysis indicated that Freddy strengthened into 120 km/h (75 mph).[77] The cyclone had a well-defined eye within the storm's compact and symmetrical CDO.[78][79] During 11 March, Freddy made its third landfall (and second landfall overall) on Quelimane, Zambezia Province, Mozambique with sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph).[80][81]

The JTWC subsequently issued a final warning on the system three hours later.[82] As the cyclone's eye disappeared from satellite imagery, Freddy's weakened into a severe tropical storm.[83] Six hours later, Freddy's cloud pattern deteriorated, with the storm weakening back into a moderate tropical storm.[84] Freddy weakened to an overland depression with sustained winds of around 55 km/h (35 mph).[85] At 12:00 UTC on 13 March, the MFR issued its last advisory on the storm.[86]

Records

Cyclone Freddy holds the record for the longest-lasting tropical cyclone worldwide in recorded history.[2][1] Freddy also holds the record for the all-time highest accumulated cyclone energy of a tropical cyclone worldwide, with an ACE of 86, breaking the former record of 85.26, set by Hurricane Ioke in 2006.[1] Additionally, Freddy was the first tropical cyclone to undergo seven separate rounds of rapid intensification.[1] Prior to Freddy, no storm in the Southern hemisphere had rapidly intensified more than three times.[2][87]

In the Northern Hemisphere, only three storms appear to have experienced four bouts of rapid intensification, including Hurricane Norman in 2018, Hurricane Emily in 2005, and Hurricane John in 1994.[2][88] The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) will conduct a formal investigation to determine whether Freddy tied or surpassed John's record.[89][90] Freddy was one of only four systems—the others being cyclones Litanne in 1994 and Leon–Eline and Hudah in 2000—to travel the entirety of the southern Indian Ocean.[91]

See also

References

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyclone Freddy.

March 14, 2023
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Cyclone Freddy is the longest lived tropical cyclone on record beating the previous record of Hurricane John in 1994 1 It also has the highest accumulated cyclone energy ACE of any tropical cyclone on record worldwide surpassing Hurricane Ioke in 2006 1 Additionally Freddy is the only known tropical cyclone to achieve seven separate rapid intensification cycles 2 While in the Australian region cyclone basin the storm quickly intensified and became a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone before it moved into the South West Indian Ocean basin The Joint Typhoon Warning Center JTWC estimated Freddy s peak strength equivalent to Category 5 strength on the Saffir Simpson scale During 19 February Meteo France MFR upgraded it to a very intense tropical cyclone Freddy made its first landfall near Mananjary Madagascar Very Intense Tropical Cyclone FreddyVery intense tropical cyclone SWIO scale Category 5 tropical cyclone SSHWS Track of Cyclone Freddy according to the Saffir Simpson scaleFormed4 February 2023DissipatedCurrently activeDuration5 weeks and 3 daysHighest winds10 minute sustained 220 km h 140 mph 1 minute sustained 270 km h 165 mph Lowest pressure931 hPa mbar 27 49 inHgAreas affectedMascarene Islands Madagascar Mozambique Zimbabwe MalawiPart of the 2022 23 Australian region and South West Indian Ocean cyclone seasonsFreddy rapidly weakened overland but re strengthened in the Mozambique Channel Soon afterward Freddy made his second landfall and first landfall overall just south of Vilankulos Mozambique On 2 March the remnant low of Freddy began to acquire tropical characteristics after re emerging into the channel Soon after Freddy intensified becoming a tropical cyclone Then Freddy made its third landfall and second landfall overall in Quelimane Zambezia Province Mozambique Contents 1 Origins 2 Crossover rapid deepening and first landfall 3 Re strengthening second landfall and weakening 4 Re development and third landfall 5 Records 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksOrigins Edit Cyclone Freddy starting to intensify off the coast of Western Australia on 7 February During 30 January the Australian Bureau of Meteorology BoM began monitoring a developing weak tropical low embedded within a monsoon trough in Timor Sea 3 The disturbance was assigned the official identifier code 13U 4 Environmental conditions were assessed as being marginally conducive for tropical cyclogenesis 5 By 4 February the BoM reported that the disturbance had developed approximately 770 km 480 mi north northwest of Broome in Western Australia 6 7 During 6 February the Joint Typhoon Warning Center JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert TCFA on the system 8 By 09 00 UTC the JTWC initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11S 9 The BoM reported that the tropical low had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and named it Freddy 10 11 Later that next day feeder bands were covering its very broad and central dense overcast CDO prompting the JTWC to upgrade the system to a Category 1 equivalent cyclone 12 The BoM subsequently followed suit and upgraded Freddy into a Category 2 tropical cyclone 13 Freddy attained Category 3 cyclone 14 Freddy began showing an eye feature seen in microwave imaging with Freddy later becoming a Category 2 equivalent cyclone 15 Freddy weakened slightly due to CDO and a persistent area of cold cloud tops 16 Weakening occurred as the JTWC assessed that Freddy s winds bottomed out at 150 km h 90 mph 17 Freddy weakened back into a tropical storm and the BoM estimated winds of 100 km h 65 mph the weakening resulting from easterly wind shear 18 19 Crossover rapid deepening and first landfall Edit Cyclone Freddy as seen from the International Space Station on 20 FebruaryContinuing to rapidly intensify Freddy intensified becoming a Category 3 equivalent cyclone around 15 00 UTC on 11 February 20 Freddy had further intensified to a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone due to the presence of a well defined eye surrounded by deep convection 21 Freddy intensified into a Category 4 equivalent cyclone with a symmetric CDO 22 According to the JTWC Freddy gradually became disorganized with its eye no longer well defined and Freddy fell to 185 km h 115 mph winds 23 The BoM also reported that Freddy s winds weakened to 155 km h 100 mph of winds 24 Despite easterly vertical wind shear Freddy maintained a symmetric convective core 25 The cyclone s ragged and cloud filled eye appeared on satellite imagery 26 At 12 00 UTC on 14 February Freddy crossed 90 E into the South West Indian Ocean basin and was immediately classified as a tropical cyclone by Meteo France MFR 27 28 The MFR upgraded the system to an intense tropical cyclone 29 Freddy exhibited highly symmetrical and annular characteristics around 03 00 UTC on 15 February 30 Later the next day the JTWC also assessed Freddy as having 1 minute maximum sustained winds of 270 km h 165 mph making the storm a Category 5 equivalent tropical cyclone 31 32 as the cyclone sustained a symmetric ring around deep convection 33 During 18 February Freddy began to rapidly deteriorate as a sudden spike in mid level shear began impacting the storm 34 As a result the cyclone briefly weakened to 1 minute sustained winds of 205 km h 125 mph before restrengthening once again 35 Later that next day Freddy was upgraded to a very intense tropical cyclone 36 Shortly afterward Freddy s cloud pattern slightly deteriorated causing the cyclone to weaken to an intense tropical cyclone by 00 00 UTC on 20 February 37 Freddy passed north of Mauritius Reunion 38 and weakened to a tropical cyclone on 21 February 39 At about 7 p m local time that day the cyclone made its first landfall near Mananjary Madagascar 40 After landfall Freddy was re classified as an overland depression with sustained winds of 110 km h 70 mph 41 The JTWC also reported that Freddy substantially weakened as it traversed the mountainous terrain of Madagascar and was downgraded to 130 km h 80 mph 42 Re strengthening second landfall and weakening Edit Severe Tropical Storm Freddy nearing Mozambique on 24 February During 22 February Freddy significantly improved in organization as it moved southwestward across the Mozambique Channel 43 Later that day Freddy re strengthened into a zone of disturbed weather 43 44 Freddy had re developed under the deep convection in the northern semicircle of the circulation 45 Freddy re strengthened into a moderate tropical storm after the convection began to rapidly increase 46 The system passed to the north of Europa Island 47 Freddy re strengthened further marking its intensification into a severe tropical storm 48 Freddy continued to organize with convective bands wrapping into the center 49 Six hours later cloud pattern deteriorated as it approaching the coast of Mozambique 50 By 12 00 UTC on 24 February the MFR reported that Freddy had made second landfall in Mozambique and first landfall overall south of Vilankulos Mozambique with 10 sustained winds of 85 km h 50 mph 51 Shortly after the landfall the JTWC discontinued warnings on the system 52 Freddy rapidly weakened as it moved westward and further inland weakening to an overland depression by 18 00 UTC that day 53 The MFR determined that Freddy convective activity was located in the southeast semicircle 54 Even though the MFR stopped issuing advisories on 25 February they were still monitoring and predicted that the remnant low would likely re develop into a tropical system 55 56 Re development and third landfall Edit Cyclone Freddy off the coast of Madagascar on 7 MarchDuring 1 March Freddy re emerged into the Mozambique Channel the JTWC resumed monitoring and stated the system had the potential to re develop 57 Environmental conditions were assessed as being marginally conducive for tropical cyclogenesis with low vertical wind shear and moderate equatorial outflow 57 During 2 March Freddy observed an increase in deep convection in the eastern semicircle prompting MFR to classify the storm as a tropical disturbance again 58 Microwave imagery revealed that Freddy convection was gradually wrapping around the southern periphery of the circulation 59 Later that next day Freddy was downgraded to zone of disturbed weather status by the MFR 60 Multispectral animated satellite imagery partially revealed an exposed low level circulation center LLCC with deep convection persisting along the eastern periphery of the LLCC 61 As a result the JTWC re issued a TCFA by 21 00 UTC that day 61 Freddy showed signs of intensification as it approached the system s estimated center the MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression 62 Freddy strengthened into a moderate tropical storm as the ASCAT C pass featured below gale force winds on its southern quadrant 63 Six hours later Freddy gained tropical storm strength yet again with under the influence of a persistent area of convection 64 The convection continued to decrease and Freddy was better organized through the LLCC 65 Freddy gradually improved its convection with improvements in further consolidation 66 Cyclone Freddy nearly stationary while off the coast of Mozambique on 11 March By 18 00 UTC on 5 March Freddy strengthened to severe tropical storm as it accelerated eastward toward the coast of Madagascar 67 The convection wrapped around the system s LLCC and the system gradually consolidated 68 Freddy began to show an ill defined eye that was visible on satellite imagery 69 During 7 March Freddy had become a tropical cyclone status with sustained winds of 130 km h 80 mph while the JTWC estimated that its 1 minute sustained winds reached 155 km h 100 mph 70 71 Six hours later Freddy continued to interact with a mid troposphere shear 72 Freddy fell to severe tropical storm status later that next day 73 The cyclone then rapidly weakened as a result of the presence of higher wind shear as well as dry air intrusion 74 Later the storm weakened to 110 km h 70 mph 74 Despite the shear convection intensified near the center as banding features improved 75 76 The Dvorak analysis indicated that Freddy strengthened into 120 km h 75 mph 77 The cyclone had a well defined eye within the storm s compact and symmetrical CDO 78 79 During 11 March Freddy made its third landfall and second landfall overall on Quelimane Zambezia Province Mozambique with sustained winds of 150 km h 90 mph 80 81 The JTWC subsequently issued a final warning on the system three hours later 82 As the cyclone s eye disappeared from satellite imagery Freddy s weakened into a severe tropical storm 83 Six hours later Freddy s cloud pattern deteriorated with the storm weakening back into a moderate tropical storm 84 Freddy weakened to an overland depression with sustained winds of around 55 km h 35 mph 85 At 12 00 UTC on 13 March the MFR issued its last advisory on the storm 86 Records EditCyclone Freddy holds the record for the longest lasting tropical cyclone worldwide in recorded history 2 1 Freddy also holds the record for the all time highest accumulated cyclone energy of a tropical cyclone worldwide with an ACE of 86 breaking the former record of 85 26 set by Hurricane Ioke in 2006 1 Additionally Freddy was the first tropical cyclone to undergo seven separate rounds of rapid intensification 1 Prior to Freddy no storm in the Southern hemisphere had rapidly intensified more than three times 2 87 In the Northern Hemisphere only three storms appear to have experienced four bouts of rapid intensification including Hurricane Norman in 2018 Hurricane Emily in 2005 and Hurricane John in 1994 2 88 The World Meteorological Organization WMO will conduct a formal investigation to determine whether Freddy tied or surpassed John s record 89 90 Freddy was one of only four systems the others being cyclones Litanne in 1994 and Leon Eline and Hudah in 2000 to travel the entirety of the southern Indian Ocean 91 See also Edit Tropical cyclones portalList of tropical cyclone records List of South West Indian Ocean very intense tropical cyclones List of Category 4 Australian region severe tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones in the Mascarene Islands Hurricane John 1994 The second longest lasting and the farthest traveling tropical cyclone ever observed Hurricane Dora 1999 One of few tropical cyclones to track across all three north Pacific basins Hurricane Ioke 2006 The second highest accumulated cyclone energy ACE recorded in history Cyclones Katrina and Victor Cindy 1998 An extremely long lived tropical cyclone in the South Pacific that eventually regenerated into another cyclone in the Indian OceanReferences Edit a b c d e Cappucci Matthew 12 March 2023 Lashing Mozambique Freddy has become Earth s most energetic cyclone on record Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Archived from the original on 13 March 2023 Retrieved 13 March 2023 a b c d Cappucci Matthew 7 March 2023 Deadly cyclone Freddy has become Earth s longest lived tropical storm The Washington Post Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 Retrieved 7 March 2023 Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region Issued at 2 00 pm WST on Monday 30 January 2023 for the period until midnight WST Thursday 2 February 2023 Report Australian Bureau of Meteorology 30 January 2023 Archived from the original on 3 February 2023 Retrieved 6 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region Issued at 2 00 pm WST on Wednesday 1 February 2023 for the period until midnight WST Saturday 4 February 2023 Report Australian Bureau of Meteorology 1 February 2023 Archived from the original on 3 February 2023 Retrieved 1 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region Issued at 2 00 pm WST on Sunday 5 February 2023 for the period until midnight WST Wednesday 8 February 2023 Report Australian Bureau of Meteorology 5 February 2023 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 5 February 2023 The Australian Tropical Cyclone Database CSV Australian Bureau of Meteorology A guide on how to read the database is available here Tropical Cyclone Forecast Track Map for Tropical Low 13U Report Australian Bureau of Meteorology 6 February 2023 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 6 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert Invest 97S Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 6 February 2023 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 6 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone 11S Eleven Warning No 1 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 6 February 2023 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 6 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone Forecast Track Map for Tropical Cyclone Freddy Report Australian Bureau of Meteorology 6 February 2023 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 6 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Western Region Report Australian Bureau of Meteorology 6 February 2023 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 6 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 4 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 7 February 2023 Archived from the original on 7 February 2023 Retrieved 7 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone Forecast Track Map for Tropical Cyclone Freddy Australian Bureau of Meteorology 7 February 2023 Archived from the original on 7 February 2023 Retrieved 7 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Western Region Australian Bureau of Meteorology 7 February 2023 Archived from the original on 7 February 2023 Retrieved 7 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 6 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 7 February 2023 Archived from the original on 7 February 2023 Retrieved 7 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 8 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 8 February 2023 Archived from the original on 8 February 2023 Retrieved 8 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 10 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 8 February 2023 Archived from the original on 8 February 2023 Retrieved 8 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Western Region Australian Bureau of Meteorology 9 February 2023 Archived from the original on 9 February 2023 Retrieved 9 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 13 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 9 February 2023 Archived from the original on 9 February 2023 Retrieved 9 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 18 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 11 February 2023 Archived from the original on 11 February 2023 Retrieved 11 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Western Region Australian Bureau of Meteorology 11 February 2023 Archived from the original on 11 February 2023 Retrieved 11 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 19 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 12 February 2023 Archived from the original on 12 February 2023 Retrieved 12 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 20 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 12 February 2023 Archived from the original on 12 February 2023 Retrieved 12 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Western Region Australian Bureau of Meteorology 12 February 2023 Archived from the original on 13 February 2023 Retrieved 13 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 22 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 13 February 2023 Archived from the original on 13 February 2023 Retrieved 13 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 23 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 14 February 2023 Archived from the original on 14 February 2023 Retrieved 14 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone 07 Freddy Warning Number 1 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 14 February 2023 Archived from the original PDF on 15 February 2023 Retrieved 14 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone Forecast Track Map for Severe Tropical Cyclone Freddy 13U Australian Bureau of Meteorology 14 February 2023 Archived from the original on 14 February 2023 Retrieved 14 February 2023 Intense Tropical Cyclone 07 Freddy Warning Number 2 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 14 February 2023 Archived from the original PDF on 15 February 2023 Retrieved 14 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 25 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 12 February 2023 Archived from the original on 12 February 2023 Retrieved 12 February 2023 Cappucci Matthew Cyclone Freddy teeters on brink of Category 5 strength in Indian Ocean Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Archived from the original on 17 February 2023 Retrieved 17 February 2023 JTWC Best Track on Tropical Cyclone Freddy 11S National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 17 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 29 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 17 February 2023 Archived from the original on 17 February 2023 Retrieved 17 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 31 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 18 February 2023 Archived from the original on 18 February 2023 Retrieved 18 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 32 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 18 February 2023 Archived from the original on 18 February 2023 Retrieved 18 February 2023 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone 07 Freddy Warning Number 19 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 19 February 2023 Archived from the original PDF on 15 February 2023 Retrieved 19 February 2023 Intense Tropical Cyclone 07 Freddy Warning Number 23 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 20 February 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 21 February 2023 Retrieved 20 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 36 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 20 February 2023 Archived from the original on 20 February 2023 Retrieved 20 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone 07 Freddy Warning Number 28 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 21 February 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 21 February 2023 Retrieved 21 February 2023 Cyclone Freddy Moving Across Madagascar Then A Flood Danger For Mozambique www wunderground com Archived from the original on 22 February 2023 Retrieved 22 February 2023 Overland Depression 07 Freddy Warning Number 30 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 21 February 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 22 February 2023 Retrieved 21 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 39 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 22 February 2023 Archived from the original on 22 February 2023 Retrieved 22 February 2023 a b Zone of Disturbed Weather 07 Freddy Warning Number 33 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 22 February 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 23 February 2023 Retrieved 23 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 40 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 22 February 2023 Archived from the original on 22 February 2023 Retrieved 22 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 41 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 23 February 2023 Archived from the original on 23 February 2023 Retrieved 23 February 2023 Moderate Tropical Storm 07 Freddy Warning Number 36 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 23 February 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 23 February 2023 Retrieved 23 February 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 42 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 23 February 2023 Archived from the original on 23 February 2023 Retrieved 23 February 2023 Severe Tropical Storm 07 Freddy Warning Number 37 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 23 February 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 24 February 2023 Retrieved 23 February 2023 Severe Tropical Storm 07 Freddy Warning Number 39 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 24 February 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 24 February 2023 Retrieved 24 February 2023 Severe Tropical Storm 07 Freddy Warning Number 40 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 24 February 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 24 February 2023 Retrieved 24 February 2023 Moderate Tropical Storm 07 Freddy Warning Number 41 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 24 February 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 24 February 2023 Retrieved 24 February 2023 Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 44 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 24 February 2023 Archived from the original on 24 February 2023 Retrieved 24 February 2023 Overland Depression 07 Freddy Warning Number 42 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 24 February 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 24 February 2023 Retrieved 24 February 2023 Overland Depression 07 Freddy Warning Number 44 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 25 February 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 25 February 2023 Retrieved 25 February 2023 Overland Depression 07 Freddy Warning Number 45 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 25 February 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 26 February 2023 Retrieved 25 February 2023 Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean PDF Report Meteo France 28 February 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 1 March 2023 Retrieved 28 February 2023 a b Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean 18Z 2 March 2023 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 2 March 2023 Archived from the original on 2 March 2023 Retrieved 2 March 2023 Tropical Disturbance 07 Freddy Warning Number 46 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 2 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 2 March 2023 Retrieved 2 March 2023 Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean 03Z 3 March 2023 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 3 March 2023 Archived from the original on 3 March 2023 Retrieved 3 March 2023 Zone of Disturbed Weather 07 Freddy Warning Number 47 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 3 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 3 March 2023 Retrieved 3 March 2023 a b Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert Invest 11S Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 3 March 2023 Archived from the original on 3 March 2023 Retrieved 3 March 2023 Tropical Depression 07 Freddy Warning Number 50 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 4 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 3 March 2023 Retrieved 4 March 2023 Moderate Tropical Storm 07 Freddy Warning Number 51 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 4 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 4 March 2023 Retrieved 4 March 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 45 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 4 March 2023 Archived from the original on 4 March 2023 Retrieved 4 March 2023 Moderate Tropical Storm 07 Freddy Warning Number 55 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 5 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 5 March 2023 Retrieved 5 March 2023 Moderate Tropical Storm 07 Freddy Warning Number 56 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 5 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 5 March 2023 Retrieved 5 March 2023 Severe Tropical Storm 07 Freddy Warning Number 57 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 5 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 5 March 2023 Retrieved 5 March 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 50 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 7 March 2023 Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 Retrieved 7 March 2023 Severe Tropical Storm 07 Freddy Warning Number 63 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 7 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 7 March 2023 Retrieved 7 March 2023 Tropical Cyclone 07 Freddy Warning Number 64 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 7 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 7 March 2023 Retrieved 7 March 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 51 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 7 March 2023 Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 Retrieved 7 March 2023 Tropical Cyclone 07 Freddy Warning Number 68 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 8 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 8 March 2023 Retrieved 8 March 2023 Severe Tropical Storm 07 Freddy Warning Number 69 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 8 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 8 March 2023 Retrieved 8 March 2023 a b Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 54 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 9 March 2023 Archived from the original on 9 March 2023 Retrieved 9 March 2023 Severe Tropical Storm 07 Freddy Warning Number 71 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 8 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 9 March 2023 Retrieved 9 March 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 56 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 10 March 2023 Archived from the original on 10 March 2023 Retrieved 10 March 2023 Tropical Cyclone 07 Freddy Warning Number 73 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 9 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 9 March 2023 Retrieved 9 March 2023 Tropical Cyclone 07 Freddy Warning Number 78 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 11 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 11 March 2023 Retrieved 11 March 2023 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 59 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 11 March 2023 Archived from the original on 11 March 2023 Retrieved 11 March 2023 Mozambique Severe Tropical Storm Freddy Flash Update No 8 as of 11 March 2023 Mozambique ReliefWeb reliefweb int Archived from the original on 12 March 2023 Retrieved 12 March 2023 Tropical Cyclone 07 Freddy Warning Number 81 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 11 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 12 March 2023 Retrieved 11 March 2023 Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy Warning No 60 Report United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center 12 March 2023 Archived from the original on 12 March 2023 Retrieved 12 March 2023 Severe Tropical Storm 07 Freddy Warning Number 83 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 12 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 12 March 2023 Retrieved 12 March 2023 Moderate Tropical Storm 07 Freddy Warning Number 84 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 12 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 12 March 2023 Retrieved 12 March 2023 Overland Depression 07 Freddy Warning Number 85 7 20222023 PDF Report Meteo France 12 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 13 March 2023 Retrieved 12 March 2023 Overland Depression 07 Freddy Warning Number 88 7 20222023 PDF Report 13 March 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 14 March 2023 Retrieved 13 March 2023 Masters Jeff 10 March 2023 Record breaking Cyclone Freddy approaches Mozambique again Yale Climate Connections Yale Climate Connections Archived from the original on 11 March 2023 Retrieved 11 March 2023 Cyclone Freddy to slam Mozambique Friday in rare second hit AP NEWS 7 March 2023 Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 Retrieved 7 March 2023 Donegan Brian 6 March 2023 Freddy likely to set new world record for longest lasting tropical cyclone as it heads for Mozambique again FOX Weather Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 Retrieved 8 March 2023 Tropical Cyclone Freddy may set new record public wmo int 7 March 2023 Archived from the original on 8 March 2023 Retrieved 8 March 2023 Tropical Cyclone Freddy Breaks Records before Lashing Madagascar National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service Archived from the original on 26 February 2023 Retrieved 26 February 2023 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyclone Freddy MFR Track Data of Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Freddy in French JTWC Operational Track Data of Tropical Cyclone 11S Freddy 11S FREDDY from the United States Naval Research Laboratory Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Meteorological history of Cyclone Freddy amp oldid 1144577169, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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