The metatarsal bones or metatarsus (pl.: metatarsi) are a group of five long bones in the midfoot, located between the tarsal bones (which form the heel and the ankle) and the phalanges (toes). Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (the side of the great toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal (often depicted with Roman numerals). The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand. The lengths of the metatarsal bones in humans are, in descending order, second, third, fourth, fifth, and first.[1] A bovine hind leg has two metatarsals.[2]
Metatarsal bones
Skeleton of foot. Superior view. Metatarsals shown in green
Skeleton of left foot. Lateral aspect. Metatarsals shown in purple
The five metatarsals are dorsal convex long bones consisting of a shaft or body, a base (proximally), and a head (distally).[3] The body is prismoid in form, tapers gradually from the tarsal to the phalangeal extremity, and is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above. The base or posterior extremity is wedge-shaped, articulating proximally with the tarsal bones, and by its sides with the contiguous metatarsal bones: its dorsal and plantar surfaces are rough for the attachment of ligaments. The head or distal extremity presents a convex articular surface, oblong from above downward, and extending farther backward below than above. Its sides are flattened, and on each is a depression, surmounted by a tubercle, for ligamentous attachment. Its plantar surface is grooved antero-posteriorly for the passage of the flexor tendons, and marked on either side by an articular eminence continuous with the terminal articular surface.[4]
During growth, the growth plates are located distally on the metatarsals, except on the first metatarsal where it is located proximally. Yet it is quite common to have an accessory growth plate on the distal first metatarsal.[5]
Articulationsedit
Bones of the right foot. Dorsal surface. Metatarsus shown in yellow.
The metatarsal bones are often broken by association football (soccer) players. These and other recent cases have been attributed to the lightweight design of modern football boots, which provide less protection to the foot. In 2010 some football players began testing a new sock that incorporated a rubber silicone pad over the foot to provide protection to the top of the foot.[8] Stress fractures are thought to account for 16% of injuries related to sports participation, and the metatarsals are the bones most often involved. These fractures are sometimes called march fractures, based on their traditional association with military recruits after long marches. The second and third metatarsals are fixed while walking, thus these metatarsals are common sites of injury. The fifth metatarsal may be fractured if the foot is oversupinated during locomotion.[9]
Protection from injuries can be given by the use of safety footwear which can use built-in or removable metatarsal guards.
^Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001). Bevægeapparatets anatomi [Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.). p. 246. ISBN978-87-628-0307-7.
^Mathis, SK; Frame, BA; Smith, CE (1989). "Distal first metatarsal epiphysis. A common pediatric variant". Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 79 (8): 375–79. doi:10.7547/87507315-79-8-375. ISSN 8750-7315. PMID 2681682.
^Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001). Bevægeapparatets anatomi [Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 364–67. ISBN978-87-628-0307-7.
^Bill, Mills (11 December 2010). "Sock boffs may have cured metatarsal woes for Rooney and Co". www.mirrorfootball.co.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
^Perron, Andrew D. (2005-11-23). "Metatarsal Stress Fracture". Retrieved 2007-09-13.
Referencesedit
Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. ISBN3-13-533305-1.
Gray, Henry (1918). "6d. 2. The Metatarsus". Anatomy of the Human Body. Bartleby.com.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metatarsus.
Anatomy figure: 16:01-05 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
January 01, 1970
metatarsal, bones, bone, birds, tarsometatarsus, metatarsus, redirects, here, segment, arthropod, arthropod, chelicerata, metatarsal, bones, metatarsus, metatarsi, group, five, long, bones, midfoot, located, between, tarsal, bones, which, form, heel, ankle, ph. For the bone in birds see tarsometatarsus Metatarsus redirects here For the segment of an arthropod leg see Arthropod leg Chelicerata The metatarsal bones or metatarsus pl metatarsi are a group of five long bones in the midfoot located between the tarsal bones which form the heel and the ankle and the phalanges toes Lacking individual names the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side the side of the great toe the first second third fourth and fifth metatarsal often depicted with Roman numerals The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand The lengths of the metatarsal bones in humans are in descending order second third fourth fifth and first 1 A bovine hind leg has two metatarsals 2 Metatarsal bonesSkeleton of foot Superior view Metatarsals shown in greenSkeleton of left foot Lateral aspect Metatarsals shown in purpleDetailsIdentifiersLatinmetatarsuspl ossa metatarsi also ossa metatarsalia MeSHD008682TA98A02 5 17 001TA21495FMA71340Anatomical terms of bone edit on Wikidata Contents 1 Structure 1 1 Articulations 1 2 Muscle attachments 2 Clinical significance 2 1 Injuries 3 Additional images 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksStructure editThe five metatarsals are dorsal convex long bones consisting of a shaft or body a base proximally and a head distally 3 The body is prismoid in form tapers gradually from the tarsal to the phalangeal extremity and is curved longitudinally so as to be concave below slightly convex above The base or posterior extremity is wedge shaped articulating proximally with the tarsal bones and by its sides with the contiguous metatarsal bones its dorsal and plantar surfaces are rough for the attachment of ligaments The head or distal extremity presents a convex articular surface oblong from above downward and extending farther backward below than above Its sides are flattened and on each is a depression surmounted by a tubercle for ligamentous attachment Its plantar surface is grooved antero posteriorly for the passage of the flexor tendons and marked on either side by an articular eminence continuous with the terminal articular surface 4 During growth the growth plates are located distally on the metatarsals except on the first metatarsal where it is located proximally Yet it is quite common to have an accessory growth plate on the distal first metatarsal 5 Articulations edit nbsp Bones of the right foot Dorsal surface Metatarsus shown in yellow The base of each metatarsal bone articulates with one or more of the tarsal bones at the tarsometatarsal joints and the head with one of the first row of phalanges at the metatarsophalangeal joints Their bases also articulate with each other at the intermetatarsal joints The first metatarsal articulates with the medial cuneiform and to a small extent to the intermediate cuneiform 6 the second with all three cuneiforms 6 the third with the lateral cuneiform 6 the fourth with the lateral cuneiform and the cuboid 6 The fifth with the cuboid 6 Muscle attachments edit nbsp Muscle attachments seen from above nbsp Muscle attachments seen from below Muscle Direction Attachment 7 Tibialis anterior Insertion Basis of first metatarsal Peroneous tertius Insertion Dorsal side basis of fifth metatarsal Peroneous longus Insertion Tuberosity of first metatarsal Peroneous brevis Insertion Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal Horizontal head of adductor hallucis Origin Deep transverse metatarsal ligament Flexor digiti minimi brevis Origin Basis of fifth metatarsal Plantar interossei Origin Medial side of third fourth and fifth metatarsal Dorsal interossei Origin First to fifth metatarsalClinical significance editInjuries edit nbsp Fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal The metatarsal bones are often broken by association football soccer players These and other recent cases have been attributed to the lightweight design of modern football boots which provide less protection to the foot In 2010 some football players began testing a new sock that incorporated a rubber silicone pad over the foot to provide protection to the top of the foot 8 Stress fractures are thought to account for 16 of injuries related to sports participation and the metatarsals are the bones most often involved These fractures are sometimes called march fractures based on their traditional association with military recruits after long marches The second and third metatarsals are fixed while walking thus these metatarsals are common sites of injury The fifth metatarsal may be fractured if the foot is oversupinated during locomotion 9 Protection from injuries can be given by the use of safety footwear which can use built in or removable metatarsal guards Additional images edit nbsp X ray of foot nbsp Skeleton of left foot Medial aspect nbsp Oblique section of left intertarsal and tarsometatarsal articulations showing the synovial cavities nbsp Ankle and tarsometarsal joints showing bones of foot Deep dissection nbsp Safety footwear with removable metatarsal guard See also editArches of the foot Ball foot Bone terminology Terms for anatomical location Jones fracture Lisfranc injury Morton s toeNotes edit Bojsen Moller Finn Simonsen Erik B Tranum Jensen Jorgen 2001 Bevaegeapparatets anatomi Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus in Danish 12th ed p 246 ISBN 978 87 628 0307 7 Identification cattle hock bone Platzer 2004 p 220 Gray s 1918 6d 2 The Metatarsus Mathis SK Frame BA Smith CE 1989 Distal first metatarsal epiphysis A common pediatric variant Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 79 8 375 79 doi 10 7547 87507315 79 8 375 ISSN 8750 7315 PMID 2681682 a b c d e Platzer 2004 p 218 Bojsen Moller Finn Simonsen Erik B Tranum Jensen Jorgen 2001 Bevaegeapparatets anatomi Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus in Danish 12th ed pp 364 67 ISBN 978 87 628 0307 7 Bill Mills 11 December 2010 Sock boffs may have cured metatarsal woes for Rooney and Co www mirrorfootball co uk Retrieved 12 December 2010 Perron Andrew D 2005 11 23 Metatarsal Stress Fracture Retrieved 2007 09 13 References editPlatzer Werner 2004 Color Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol 1 Locomotor System 5th ed Thieme ISBN 3 13 533305 1 Gray Henry 1918 6d 2 The Metatarsus Anatomy of the Human Body Bartleby com External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metatarsus Anatomy figure 16 01 05 at Human Anatomy Online SUNY Downstate Medical Center Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Metatarsal bones amp oldid 1220975782, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
