Although Namibia's population is fairly small, the country has a diverse choice of media; in 2010 two TV stations, 19 radio stations (without counting community stations), 5 daily newspapers, several weeklies and special publications compete for the attention of the audience. As of 2014, Namibia had 3 television stations, 13 newspapers, and 25 radio stations.[1] Additionally, a mentionable amount of foreign media, especially South African, is available. Online media are mostly based on print publication contents. Namibia has a state-owned Press Agency, called NAMPA.[2] Overall c. 500 journalists work in the country.[3]
Compared to neighbouring countries, Namibia has a large degree of media freedom. Over the past years, the country usually ranked in the upper quarter of the Press Freedom Index of Reporters without Borders, reaching position 21 in 2010, being on par with Canada and the best-positioned African country.[4] The African Media Barometer shows similarly positive results.[citation needed] However, as in other countries, there is still mentionable influence of representatives of state and economy on media in Namibia.[2] In 2009, Namibia dropped to position 36 on the Press Freedom Index.[5] In 2013, it was 19th.[6] In 2014 it ranked 22nd[7] In 2021, Namibia ranked 24th in the world[8]
Media and journalists in Namibia are represented by the Namibian chapter of the Media Institute of Southern Africa and the Editors' Forum of Namibia. An independent media ombudsman was appointed in 2009 to prevent a state-controlled media council.[2]
HistoryEdit
The first newspaper in Namibia was the German-language Windhuker Anzeiger, founded 1898 by attorney George Wasserfall. It mainly reported on movements of the German imperial forces, the Schutztruppe. After the establishment of the newspaper the German colonial administration used it as a government gazette.[9]
During German rule, the newspapers mainly reflected the living reality and the view of the white German-speaking minority. The black majority was ignored or depicted as a threat. During South African rule, the white bias continued, with mentionable influence of the Pretoria government on the "South West African" media system. Independent newspapers were seen as a menace to the existing order, critical journalists threatened.[2][10][11]
Current daily newspapers are the private publications The Namibian (English and other languages), Die Republikein (Afrikaans), Allgemeine Zeitung (German) and Namibian Sun (English) as well as the state-owned New Era (predominantly English). Except for the most widely circulated newspaper, The Namibian,[1] which is owned by a trust, the other mentioned private newspapers are part of the Democratic Media Holdings.[2]
Weekly publications are the tabloid Informanté owned by TrustCo, Windhoek Observer, Namibia Economist, as well as the regional Namib Times. Current affairs magazines include Insight Namibia, Vision2030 Focus magazine[citation needed] and Prime FOCUS. Monthly publications are Sister Namibia magazine, the longest running NGO magazine in Namibia and Namibia Sport, the only national sport magazine. Furthermore, the print market is complemented with party publications, student newspapers and PR publications.[2]
Radio was introduced in 1969 with Radio Owambo, an FM channel destined for the indigenous Ovambo people. However, people in Namibia already owned short wave radio sets to receive international channels, such that FM radio broadcasts were initially not widely received.[12]
Today the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) is the public broadcaster and offers a "National Radio" in English and nine language services in locally spoken languages. The nine private radio stations in the country are mainly English-language channels, except for Kosmos 94.1 (Afrikaans) and Radio Omulunga (Ovambo).
Television service in Namibia started in 1981 with rebroadcasts of programs of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC). The service was at least a day late as the cassettes had to be flown in from South Africa, and it was available only in the capital Windhoek. Later TV was also available in Oshakati and in Walvis Bay, and over time local content was added.[15]
^ abcdefRothe, Andreas (2010): Media System and News Selection in Namibia. p. 14-96
^Kahiurika, Ndanki; Ngutjinazo, Okeri (22 January 2019). "40 journalists lose jobs since 2016". The Namibian. p. 6.
^. Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
^. Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
^. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
^. Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^"World press freedom, 30 years after the Declaration of Windhoek". The GroundTruth Project. 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
^Heuva, William Edward (November 1996). The Alternative Press in Namibia 1960–1990(PDF). Rhodes University.
^von Nahmen, Carsten (2001): Deutschsprachige Medien in Namibia
^Links, Frederico (2006): We write what we like: The role of independent print media and independent reporting in Namibia
^Mosia, Lebona; Riddle, Charles; Zaffiro, Jim (1994). "From Revolutionary to Regime Radio: Three Decades of Nationalist Broadcasting in Southern Africa" (PDF). Africa Media Review. African Council for Communication Education. 8 (1).
^ abcde"Namibia Profile: Media". BBC News. 23 June 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
William Heuva (2001). Media and Resistance Politics: The Alternative Press in Namibia, 1960-1990. Basler Afrika Bibliographien [de]. Basel: P. Schlettwein. ISBN978-3-908193-10-4.
Carsten von Nahmen (2001). Deutschsprachige Medien in Namibia: vom Windhoeker Anzeiger zum Deutschen Hörfunkprogramm der Namibian Broadcasting Corporation, 1898-1998 (in German). Windhoek: Namibia Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft [de]. ISBN999164024X.
"Namibia: Directory: the Press". Africa South of the Sahara 2003. Regional Surveys of the World. Europa Publications. 2003. p. 744+. ISBN9781857431315. ISSN 0065-3896. (Includes broadcasting)
Martin Buch Larsen (2007). Media environment in Namibia, 1990-2007. Windhoek: Media Institute of Southern Africa. ISBN9789994568239.
Toyin Falola; Daniel Jean-Jacques, eds. (2015). "Namibia: Media". Africa: an Encyclopedia of Culture and Society. ABC-CLIO. p. 909. ISBN978-1-59884-666-9.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Media of Namibia.
Karen Fung, African Studies Association (ed.). "News (by country): Namibia". Africa South of the Sahara. USA – via Stanford University. Annotated directory
mass, media, namibia, includes, radio, television, online, print, formats, contents, overview, history, publications, radio, television, also, references, bibliography, external, linksoverview, editalthough, namibia, population, fairly, small, country, diverse. Mass media in Namibia includes radio television and online and print formats Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 Publications 4 Radio 5 Television 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksOverview EditAlthough Namibia s population is fairly small the country has a diverse choice of media in 2010 two TV stations 19 radio stations without counting community stations 5 daily newspapers several weeklies and special publications compete for the attention of the audience As of 2014 Namibia had 3 television stations 13 newspapers and 25 radio stations 1 Additionally a mentionable amount of foreign media especially South African is available Online media are mostly based on print publication contents Namibia has a state owned Press Agency called NAMPA 2 Overall c 500 journalists work in the country 3 Compared to neighbouring countries Namibia has a large degree of media freedom Over the past years the country usually ranked in the upper quarter of the Press Freedom Index of Reporters without Borders reaching position 21 in 2010 being on par with Canada and the best positioned African country 4 The African Media Barometer shows similarly positive results citation needed However as in other countries there is still mentionable influence of representatives of state and economy on media in Namibia 2 In 2009 Namibia dropped to position 36 on the Press Freedom Index 5 In 2013 it was 19th 6 In 2014 it ranked 22nd 7 In 2021 Namibia ranked 24th in the world 8 Media and journalists in Namibia are represented by the Namibian chapter of the Media Institute of Southern Africa and the Editors Forum of Namibia An independent media ombudsman was appointed in 2009 to prevent a state controlled media council 2 History EditThe first newspaper in Namibia was the German language Windhuker Anzeiger founded 1898 by attorney George Wasserfall It mainly reported on movements of the German imperial forces the Schutztruppe After the establishment of the newspaper the German colonial administration used it as a government gazette 9 During German rule the newspapers mainly reflected the living reality and the view of the white German speaking minority The black majority was ignored or depicted as a threat During South African rule the white bias continued with mentionable influence of the Pretoria government on the South West African media system Independent newspapers were seen as a menace to the existing order critical journalists threatened 2 10 11 Publications EditSee also List of newspapers in Namibia nbsp Headquarters of Windhoek Observer newspaper 2011Current daily newspapers are the private publications The Namibian English and other languages Die Republikein Afrikaans Allgemeine Zeitung German and Namibian Sun English as well as the state owned New Era predominantly English Except for the most widely circulated newspaper The Namibian 1 which is owned by a trust the other mentioned private newspapers are part of the Democratic Media Holdings 2 Weekly publications are the tabloid Informante owned by TrustCo Windhoek Observer Namibia Economist as well as the regional Namib Times Current affairs magazines include Insight Namibia Vision2030 Focus magazine citation needed and Prime FOCUS Monthly publications are Sister Namibia magazine the longest running NGO magazine in Namibia and Namibia Sport the only national sport magazine Furthermore the print market is complemented with party publications student newspapers and PR publications 2 Radio EditSee also List of radio stations in Africa Namibia and Telecommunications in Namibia Radio and television Radio was introduced in 1969 with Radio Owambo an FM channel destined for the indigenous Ovambo people However people in Namibia already owned short wave radio sets to receive international channels such that FM radio broadcasts were initially not widely received 12 Today the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation NBC is the public broadcaster and offers a National Radio in English and nine language services in locally spoken languages The nine private radio stations in the country are mainly English language channels except for Kosmos 94 1 Afrikaans and Radio Omulunga Ovambo Current99FM Namibia Kanaal 7 Channel 7 13 Katutura Community Radio 14 JACC FM 13 NBC 13 UNAM Radio University of Namibia Radiowave FM Fresh FM Kosmos FM Eagle FM NBC Local Language Raio 1 DefunctVoice of Namibia 1966 1990Television EditSee also Telecommunications in Namibia Radio and Television Television service in Namibia started in 1981 with rebroadcasts of programs of the South African Broadcasting Corporation SABC The service was at least a day late as the cassettes had to be flown in from South Africa and it was available only in the capital Windhoek Later TV was also available in Oshakati and in Walvis Bay and over time local content was added 15 Local TV Channels Namibian Broadcasting Corporation 13 One Africa Television 13 DSTVSee also EditTelecommunications in Namibia Communications Regulatory Authority of Namibia Namibia Press Agency Editors Forum of Namibia de Regional Media Institute of Southern Africa headquartered in Windhoek Namibia 16 Windhoek Declaration of press freedom 1991 Media of South Africa some consumed in Namibia 1 References Edit a b c Falola 2015 a b c d e f Rothe Andreas 2010 Media System and News Selection in Namibia p 14 96 Kahiurika Ndanki Ngutjinazo Okeri 22 January 2019 40 journalists lose jobs since 2016 The Namibian p 6 Press Freedom Index 2010 Reporters Without Borders Archived from the original on 24 November 2010 Retrieved 12 December 2012 Press Freedom Index 2009 Reporters Without Borders Archived from the original on 28 January 2012 Retrieved 26 August 2017 Press Freedom Index 2013 Archived from the original on 27 July 2014 Retrieved 24 June 2013 World Press Freedom Index Reporters Without Borders Archived from the original on 14 February 2014 Retrieved 25 April 2015 World press freedom 30 years after the Declaration of Windhoek The GroundTruth Project 2021 05 03 Retrieved 2021 08 18 Heuva William Edward November 1996 The Alternative Press in Namibia 1960 1990 PDF Rhodes University von Nahmen Carsten 2001 Deutschsprachige Medien in Namibia Links Frederico 2006 We write what we like The role of independent print media and independent reporting in Namibia Mosia Lebona Riddle Charles Zaffiro Jim 1994 From Revolutionary to Regime Radio Three Decades of Nationalist Broadcasting in Southern Africa PDF Africa Media Review African Council for Communication Education 8 1 a b c d e Namibia Profile Media BBC News 23 June 2011 Retrieved 29 July 2017 Europa 2003 Dierks Klaus Chronology of Namibian History 1981 klausdierks com Retrieved 30 October 2017 Victor Tonchi et al 2012 Historical Dictionary of Namibia 2nd ed Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0 8108 5398 0 Bibliography EditWilliam Heuva 2001 Media and Resistance Politics The Alternative Press in Namibia 1960 1990 Basler Afrika Bibliographien de Basel P Schlettwein ISBN 978 3 908193 10 4 Carsten von Nahmen 2001 Deutschsprachige Medien in Namibia vom Windhoeker Anzeiger zum Deutschen Horfunkprogramm der Namibian Broadcasting Corporation 1898 1998 in German Windhoek Namibia Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft de ISBN 999164024X Namibia Directory the Press Africa South of the Sahara 2003 Regional Surveys of the World Europa Publications 2003 p 744 ISBN 9781857431315 ISSN 0065 3896 Includes broadcasting Martin Buch Larsen 2007 Media environment in Namibia 1990 2007 Windhoek Media Institute of Southern Africa ISBN 9789994568239 Andreas Rothe 2011 Media System and News Selections in Namibia Munster LIT Verlag ISBN 9783643111944 Toyin Falola Daniel Jean Jacques eds 2015 Namibia Media Africa an Encyclopedia of Culture and Society ABC CLIO p 909 ISBN 978 1 59884 666 9 Namibia Freedom of the Press USA Freedom House 2015 OCLC 57509361External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Media of Namibia Karen Fung African Studies Association ed News by country Namibia Africa South of the Sahara USA via Stanford University Annotated directory DMOZ Namibia News and Media Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mass media in Namibia amp oldid 1171207447, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
