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Mass media in the Philippines

January 09, 2023

Mass media in the Philippines consists of several types of media: television, radio, newspapers, magazines, cinema, and websites.

Communication towers in Zamboanga City

In 2004, the Philippines had 225 television stations, 369 AM radio broadcast stations, 583 FM radio broadcast stations, 10 internet radio stations, 5 shortwave stations and 7 million newspapers in circulation.[1]

Media outlets, such as PTV/RPN/IBC (television) and the Philippine Broadcasting Service (radio), are government-run, while most outlets are privately owned.[1]

The most widely read newspapers are the Manila Bulletin, The Philippine Star, Philippine Daily Inquirer, Business Mirror, and BusinessWorld.[1]

Media culture

Much media ownership is concentrated in the hands of prominent families and businesses. Consequently, some reports tend to be one-sided presentations favoring special interests. The privately-owned press also tends toward sensationalism at times.[1]

While the media companies are predominantly owned by moneyed and influential tycoons, the Filipino readers are given the option with the advent of the new media and this has leveled the playing field. Reputable online news publications or news portals, blog sites, and other online available resources has disrupted the readership of other giant news media companies.

Some giant media companies in the broadcasting industry have adapted also in the online news portal this include GMA Network, ABS-CBN Corporation, TV5 Network, and government owned television network PTV4. This strategy was strongly considered due to the growing number of Filipinos who use social media instead of television in watching the news through snippets or short video clips.

Due to the proliferation of disinformation and fake news, Filipino readers have turned to alternative news sources.[citation needed] Other alternative media outlets present in the Philippines include Tudla Productions, Southern Tagalog Exposure, Mayday Multimedia, Altermidya,[2] and Bulatlat.[3]

Freedom of the press

Further information: Human rights in the Philippines and Censorship in the Philippines

Freedom of speech and freedom of the press are enshrined in the 1987 Constitution. According to the Constitution, under Article XVI, Section 10, the State is obligated to "provide the policy environment for … the balanced flow of information into, out of, and across the country, in accordance with a policy that respects the freedom of speech and of the press." The Constitution also guarantees freedom of the press under Article III, Section 4.[4] The Office of the President is responsible for managing the government’s policy toward the press.

The Philippines is also a signatory to the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which aims to protect freedom of expression and the freedom of the press.[5]

Although independent observers credit the government with respecting freedom of the press in general, the government has been criticized for failing to investigate thoroughly summary killings of journalists and for subjecting journalists to harassment and surveillance.[6] In addition to killings, journalists in the Philippines have been victims of various forms of threats and attacks, including verbal assault and intimidation, physical assault, and libel charges. Journalists may also be blacklisted from covering public events.[7]

Violence against journalists

See also: List of journalists killed in the Philippines and Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines

The Philippines is among the most dangerous countries in the world according to various media watchdogs. The fifth annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index released by the international press freedom watchdog Reporters Without Borders (RSF) has placed the Philippines among the worst-ranked countries for 2006 at 142nd place. It indicated the continuing murders of journalists and increased legal harassment in the form of libel suits as part of the problem in the Philippines.[8] Between 1986 and 2005, 52 journalists have been murdered[9] and most of their killers go unpunished.[10]

The Committee to Protect Journalists ranked the Philippines among the deadliest and most dangerous places for journalists.[11] The Philippines was also ranked as the most dangerous country in Asia for journalists in 2018 according to the Philippine Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, which tallied 85 attacks on the media in 2018 under President Rodrigo Duterte.[12]

Libel and cyber libel

See also: Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 and People of the Philippines v. Santos, Ressa and Rappler

Libel and online libel are criminal offenses in the Philippines.[13][14] Penalties for online libel include imprisonment for a maximum of 12 years and a fine of a maximum of ₱1,000,000.[15] Since the American colonial period in the Philippines, libel laws have been used to stifle dissent. Media organizations contend that libel has been "used by people in power to harass journalists and muzzle critical reportage".[15]

There were 37 cases of libel and oral defamation recorded from July 2016 to April 2021. Eighteen of these were online libel, while 8 of the 37 cases also led to arrests of journalists.[7]

There was a rise in libel and cyber libel cases in the country in 2020, according to the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines (NUJP).[16] Rappler CEO Maria Ressa was among those convicted of cyber libel in a 2020 case involving the retroactive application of a then new cybercrime law to an article that had been published years before.[17]

NUJP has called on Congress to decriminalize libel and cyber libel, noting how these are "commonly used weapons against independent journalism."[18]

Red-tagging and other forms of harassment

See also: ABS-CBN Shutdown

Journalists have been subjected to red-tagging and other forms of harassment, such as surveillance, doxing, and extortion. Red-tagging endangers journalists and makes them vulnerable to violence and to being jailed on trumped up charges, such as illegal possession of firearms.[7][19] Media organizations and journalists have also been subjected to vilification and various forms of intimidation.[20]

Government agencies, such as the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict chaired by the President of the Philippines, have used red-tagging against journalists. From June 2016 to April 2021, there have been 51 cases of intimidation of journalists, including 30 cases of red-tagging.[7]

The Department of Justice filed five cases in Philippine courts against Rappler, which publishes articles critical of the Philippine government. The filing of cases has been seen as part of efforts to intimidate, threaten, and ultimately shut down the website.[21] Then-President Rodrigo Duterte also threatened to shut down over alleged tax liabilities the Philippine Daily Inquirer, which published reports critical of the Philippine government's war on drugs.[21]

Suppression of press freedom during the Marcos dictatorship (1972-1986)

See also: Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality § Control of mass media, and Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship

Before the declaration of martial law in September 1972, mass media in the Philippines functioned as a government watchdog and source of information for citizens. Marcos exerted considerable effort to stifle the free press, which is considered a key feature of a functioning democracy.[22] He shut down media outlets and set up set up print and broadcast outlets that he controlled through his cronies. In doing so, he silenced public criticism and opposition by controlling information that the people had access to. This allowed him to have the final say on what passed as truth.[23]

By controlling the press, the dictatorship was able to suppress negative news and create an exaggerated perception of progress.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Philippines country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (March 2006). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ "The Good Kind of Independent, Alternative Media". Esquire Philippines. November 24, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
  3. ^ "Alternative News in the Philippines". J Source: The Canadian Journalism Project. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
  4. ^ "On Freedom of the Press and the Rule of Law". UP College of Law. May 6, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  5. ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (May 21, 2020). "Int'l body tells Duterte, NTC: PH a signatory of UN press freedom pact". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  6. ^ "Philippines: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved October 18, 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d De Jesus, Melinda (May 5, 2021). "2021 State of Press Freedom in the Philippines". Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  8. ^ "Philippines among worst-ranked countries in press freedom index". freeexpressionasia.wordpress.com/. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  9. ^ "52 journalists killed since the return to democracy in 1986". May 2, 2005. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
  10. ^ "Journalist shot dead by gunman in the Philippines". South China Morning Post. October 31, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  11. ^ Manahan, Job (October 29, 2020). "PH out of top 5 deadliest countries for journalists after 10 years, but still 7th most dangerous". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved April 22, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ Dancel, Raul (November 2, 2018). "Philippines: Most dangerous place for journalists in Asia". The Straits Times. Retrieved April 22, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ "Criminal Libel Suits Against Journalists". CMFR. February 5, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
  14. ^ Felongco, Gilbert. "Journalists wary of new web libel law". Gulf News. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
  15. ^ a b "Digital Martial Law: 10 Scary Things About the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012". Spot. October 12, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
  16. ^ Peña, Dawn (April 20, 2021). "Philippine press freedom ranking slides down on 3rd year". Bulatlat. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  17. ^ "World Report 2021: Rights Trends in Philippines". Human Rights Watch. December 16, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  18. ^ Gregorio, Xave (January 15, 2021). "Calls to decriminalize libel resurface as Rappler journalists face yet another libel suit". Philstar. Retrieved April 22, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ Crispin, Shawn (May 5, 2022). "'Red-tagging' of journalists looms over Philippine elections". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  20. ^ "Red tagging and vilification will not cow the independent media". National Union of Journalists of the Philippines. February 29, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  21. ^ a b "A New Weapon Against Press Freedom in the Philippines". Human Rights Watch. December 6, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  22. ^ Elemia, Camille (September 19, 2020). "FAST FACTS: How Marcos silenced, controlled the media during Martial Law". Rappler. Retrieved October 30, 2022.
  23. ^ "Breaking the News: Silencing the Media Under Martial Law". Martial Law Museum. Retrieved October 30, 2022.
  24. ^ Lapeña, Carmela (September 20, 2012). "Balikwas: Literature and the media under Martial Law". GMA News Online. Retrieved October 30, 2022.

Further reading

January 09, 2023
mass, media, philippines, this, article, needs, updated, please, help, update, this, article, reflect, recent, events, newly, available, information, september, 2021, consists, several, types, media, television, radio, newspapers, magazines, cinema, websites, . This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information September 2021 Mass media in the Philippines consists of several types of media television radio newspapers magazines cinema and websites Communication towers in Zamboanga City In 2004 the Philippines had 225 television stations 369 AM radio broadcast stations 583 FM radio broadcast stations 10 internet radio stations 5 shortwave stations and 7 million newspapers in circulation 1 Media outlets such as PTV RPN IBC television and the Philippine Broadcasting Service radio are government run while most outlets are privately owned 1 The most widely read newspapers are the Manila Bulletin The Philippine Star Philippine Daily Inquirer Business Mirror and BusinessWorld 1 Contents 1 Media culture 2 Freedom of the press 2 1 Violence against journalists 2 2 Libel and cyber libel 2 3 Red tagging and other forms of harassment 2 4 Suppression of press freedom during the Marcos dictatorship 1972 1986 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingMedia culture EditMuch media ownership is concentrated in the hands of prominent families and businesses Consequently some reports tend to be one sided presentations favoring special interests The privately owned press also tends toward sensationalism at times 1 While the media companies are predominantly owned by moneyed and influential tycoons the Filipino readers are given the option with the advent of the new media and this has leveled the playing field Reputable online news publications or news portals blog sites and other online available resources has disrupted the readership of other giant news media companies Some giant media companies in the broadcasting industry have adapted also in the online news portal this include GMA Network ABS CBN Corporation TV5 Network and government owned television network PTV4 This strategy was strongly considered due to the growing number of Filipinos who use social media instead of television in watching the news through snippets or short video clips Due to the proliferation of disinformation and fake news Filipino readers have turned to alternative news sources citation needed Other alternative media outlets present in the Philippines include Tudla Productions Southern Tagalog Exposure Mayday Multimedia Altermidya 2 and Bulatlat 3 Freedom of the press EditFurther information Human rights in the Philippines and Censorship in the Philippines Freedom of speech and freedom of the press are enshrined in the 1987 Constitution According to the Constitution under Article XVI Section 10 the State is obligated to provide the policy environment for the balanced flow of information into out of and across the country in accordance with a policy that respects the freedom of speech and of the press The Constitution also guarantees freedom of the press under Article III Section 4 4 The Office of the President is responsible for managing the government s policy toward the press The Philippines is also a signatory to the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which aims to protect freedom of expression and the freedom of the press 5 Although independent observers credit the government with respecting freedom of the press in general the government has been criticized for failing to investigate thoroughly summary killings of journalists and for subjecting journalists to harassment and surveillance 6 In addition to killings journalists in the Philippines have been victims of various forms of threats and attacks including verbal assault and intimidation physical assault and libel charges Journalists may also be blacklisted from covering public events 7 Violence against journalists Edit See also List of journalists killed in the Philippines and Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines The Philippines is among the most dangerous countries in the world according to various media watchdogs The fifth annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index released by the international press freedom watchdog Reporters Without Borders RSF has placed the Philippines among the worst ranked countries for 2006 at 142nd place It indicated the continuing murders of journalists and increased legal harassment in the form of libel suits as part of the problem in the Philippines 8 Between 1986 and 2005 52 journalists have been murdered 9 and most of their killers go unpunished 10 The Committee to Protect Journalists ranked the Philippines among the deadliest and most dangerous places for journalists 11 The Philippines was also ranked as the most dangerous country in Asia for journalists in 2018 according to the Philippine Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility which tallied 85 attacks on the media in 2018 under President Rodrigo Duterte 12 Libel and cyber libel Edit See also Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 and People of the Philippines v Santos Ressa and Rappler Libel and online libel are criminal offenses in the Philippines 13 14 Penalties for online libel include imprisonment for a maximum of 12 years and a fine of a maximum of 1 000 000 15 Since the American colonial period in the Philippines libel laws have been used to stifle dissent Media organizations contend that libel has been used by people in power to harass journalists and muzzle critical reportage 15 There were 37 cases of libel and oral defamation recorded from July 2016 to April 2021 Eighteen of these were online libel while 8 of the 37 cases also led to arrests of journalists 7 There was a rise in libel and cyber libel cases in the country in 2020 according to the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines NUJP 16 Rappler CEO Maria Ressa was among those convicted of cyber libel in a 2020 case involving the retroactive application of a then new cybercrime law to an article that had been published years before 17 NUJP has called on Congress to decriminalize libel and cyber libel noting how these are commonly used weapons against independent journalism 18 Red tagging and other forms of harassment Edit See also ABS CBN Shutdown Journalists have been subjected to red tagging and other forms of harassment such as surveillance doxing and extortion Red tagging endangers journalists and makes them vulnerable to violence and to being jailed on trumped up charges such as illegal possession of firearms 7 19 Media organizations and journalists have also been subjected to vilification and various forms of intimidation 20 Government agencies such as the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict chaired by the President of the Philippines have used red tagging against journalists From June 2016 to April 2021 there have been 51 cases of intimidation of journalists including 30 cases of red tagging 7 The Department of Justice filed five cases in Philippine courts against Rappler which publishes articles critical of the Philippine government The filing of cases has been seen as part of efforts to intimidate threaten and ultimately shut down the website 21 Then President Rodrigo Duterte also threatened to shut down over alleged tax liabilities the Philippine Daily Inquirer which published reports critical of the Philippine government s war on drugs 21 Suppression of press freedom during the Marcos dictatorship 1972 1986 Edit See also Ferdinand Marcos s cult of personality Control of mass media and Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship Before the declaration of martial law in September 1972 mass media in the Philippines functioned as a government watchdog and source of information for citizens Marcos exerted considerable effort to stifle the free press which is considered a key feature of a functioning democracy 22 He shut down media outlets and set up set up print and broadcast outlets that he controlled through his cronies In doing so he silenced public criticism and opposition by controlling information that the people had access to This allowed him to have the final say on what passed as truth 23 By controlling the press the dictatorship was able to suppress negative news and create an exaggerated perception of progress 24 See also EditList of newspapers in the Philippines List of radio stations in the Philippines List of television stations in the Philippines Philippine cinema Philippine television Radio in the Philippines Internet in the Philippines Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng PilipinasReferences Edit a b c d Philippines country profile Library of Congress Federal Research Division March 2006 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain The Good Kind of Independent Alternative Media Esquire Philippines November 24 2017 Retrieved July 17 2021 Alternative News in the Philippines J Source The Canadian Journalism Project Retrieved July 17 2021 On Freedom of the Press and the Rule of Law UP College of Law May 6 2020 Retrieved October 15 2022 Lalu Gabriel Pabico May 21 2020 Int l body tells Duterte NTC PH a signatory of UN press freedom pact Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved October 15 2022 Philippines Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report Freedom House Retrieved October 18 2022 a b c d De Jesus Melinda May 5 2021 2021 State of Press Freedom in the Philippines Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism Retrieved October 15 2022 Philippines among worst ranked countries in press freedom index freeexpressionasia wordpress com Retrieved August 22 2007 52 journalists killed since the return to democracy in 1986 May 2 2005 Retrieved January 27 2013 Journalist shot dead by gunman in the Philippines South China Morning Post October 31 2021 Retrieved November 9 2021 Manahan Job October 29 2020 PH out of top 5 deadliest countries for journalists after 10 years but still 7th most dangerous ABS CBN News Retrieved April 22 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Dancel Raul November 2 2018 Philippines Most dangerous place for journalists in Asia The Straits Times Retrieved April 22 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Criminal Libel Suits Against Journalists CMFR February 5 2016 Retrieved November 7 2022 Felongco Gilbert Journalists wary of new web libel law Gulf News Retrieved November 7 2022 a b Digital Martial Law 10 Scary Things About the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 Spot October 12 2020 Retrieved November 7 2022 Pena Dawn April 20 2021 Philippine press freedom ranking slides down on 3rd year Bulatlat Retrieved April 22 2021 World Report 2021 Rights Trends in Philippines Human Rights Watch December 16 2020 Retrieved April 22 2021 Gregorio Xave January 15 2021 Calls to decriminalize libel resurface as Rappler journalists face yet another libel suit Philstar Retrieved April 22 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Crispin Shawn May 5 2022 Red tagging of journalists looms over Philippine elections Committee to Protect Journalists Retrieved October 15 2022 Red tagging and vilification will not cow the independent media National Union of Journalists of the Philippines February 29 2020 Retrieved October 17 2022 a b A New Weapon Against Press Freedom in the Philippines Human Rights Watch December 6 2018 Retrieved October 17 2022 Elemia Camille September 19 2020 FAST FACTS How Marcos silenced controlled the media during Martial Law Rappler Retrieved October 30 2022 Breaking the News Silencing the Media Under Martial Law Martial Law Museum Retrieved October 30 2022 Lapena Carmela September 20 2012 Balikwas Literature and the media under Martial Law GMA News Online Retrieved October 30 2022 Further reading EditReuters Institute for the Study of Journalism University of Oxford 2020 Philippines Digital News Report UK OCLC 854746354 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mass media in the Philippines amp oldid 1130027219, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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