Mbabane
Mbabane (/ˌʌmbɑːˈbɑːneɪ/;[1] Swazi: ÉMbábáne, IPA: [ɛ́ᵐbʱáɓánɛ]) is a city in Eswatini (previously called Swaziland), and is one of the two capitals (along with Lobamba), serving as the executive capital.
Mbabane | |
|---|---|
Panoramic view of Mbabane | |
Mbabane Location of Mbabane in Eswatini | |
| Coordinates: 26°19′S 31°08′E / 26.317°S 31.133°E | |
| Country | Eswatini |
| District | Hhohho |
| Founded | 1902 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Sikhumbuzo Dube |
| Area | |
| • Total | 81.76 km2 (31.57 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,243 m (4,078 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
| • Total | 94,874 |
| • Density | 1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi) |
| Postal code | H100 |
| Climate | Cwb |
| Website | www |
With an estimated population of 94,874 (2010), it is located on the Mbabane River and its tributary the Polinjane River in the Mdzimba Mountains. It is located in the Hhohho Region, of which it is also the capital. The average elevation of the city is 1,243 meters. It lies on the MR3 road.
History
The town grew after the nation's administrative centre moved from Bremersdorp (now called Manzini) in 1902.[2] It derives its name from a chief, Mbabane Kunene, who lived in the area when British settlers arrived.
Mbabane was founded in 1887 by Mickey Wells, on the spot where the Transvaal-to-Mozambique route crossed the Mbabane river. It was declared the capital of the new Protectorate of Swaziland in 1902. During this time, Mbabane consisted of a few shops, churches and schools founded by white settlers. Black Africans were not allowed to live in the town and had to reside in nearby rural districts.[3] By the 1930s, Mbabane had electricity, running water, telephone connection and a hospital.
Prior to the Second World War, most Swazis lived in rural districts and worked outside Eswatini, which prevented the town from growing.
After the war, the creation of trade schools in the city, the arrival of the Goba railway connecting Maputo to the mines in South Africa, and foreign investment resources within Eswatini (particularly sugar) all contributed to the city's growth. Mbabane became the central hub for development in the Hhohho district.
In the years following independence, governmental buildings such as the British Consulate were built in Mbabane. Further growth has been achieved through the growth of the tourism industry in Eswatini, of which Mbabane has become the centre. Mbabane today is home to hotels and recreational sites such as clubs and golf courses tending to tourists.[4][5]
Economy
Mbabane's closest border crossing to South Africa is Ngwenya-Oshoek, and though siSwati is the primary language, English is widespread. Mbabane, and Eswatini itself, depend on tourism and sugar exports. It is also a commercial hub for the surrounding region, while tin and iron were mined nearby. The city has two sites for light industries.
The financial services sector in Mbabane is also key driver of economic growth, providing a wide array of services such as banking, investment management, and insurance, The continuous growth of the financial services sector in Mbabane has positioned the city as a key financial hub in the region, contributing to the overall economic progress of Eswatini.[6][7]
Education
Mbabane is the home of the Waterford-Kamhlaba United World College of Southern Africa, as well as one of the three campuses of the University of Eswatini. Limkokwing University of Creative Technology is a private international university that lies by the South African-Eswatini border with several university candidates from Eswatini.
Culture
Indingilizi Gallery is an art gallery in Mbabane, established in 1982 and showcases a range of Swazi art, including sculptures, paintings, batiks, mohair, ethnic jewellery and pottery.[8]
Places of worship
Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches: Roman Catholic Diocese of Manzini (Catholic Church), Swaziland Reformed Church (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Zion Christian Church.[9] There are also Muslim mosques.
Geography
Mbabane is located in the district of Hhohho, of which it is also the capital, and lies on the Mbabane River and its tributary the Polinjane River in the Mdzimba Mountains. The average elevation of the city is 1243 metres. Neighbourhoods and suburbs include Mbangweni, Sidvwashini, Kent Rock, Sandla, Westridge Park, Malunge, New Checkers, Msunduza and Vukutentele.
Climate
Due to its altitude, Mbabane features a moderate subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwb). The city has a mild climate and snow is a rare event, which has occurred only three times since 1900.[10] The city averages only four days of frost a year. The average temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) in July and 22 °C (72 °F) in January.[11][12] The thermal range is low, but the winter night is cold for a subtropical climate in general. Most of the precipitation is concentrated in the summer. The difference in the driest month (June) and the wettest (January) is 210 mm.[12]
| Climate data for Mbabane (1961-1990 normals, extremes 1957-1977) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 33.4 (92.1) | 32.2 (90.0) | 33.5 (92.3) | 31.0 (87.8) | 29.4 (84.9) | 26.8 (80.2) | 28.6 (83.5) | 31.2 (88.2) | 33.6 (92.5) | 34.2 (93.6) | 34.5 (94.1) | 32.4 (90.3) | 34.5 (94.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 24.9 (76.8) | 24.5 (76.1) | 24.1 (75.4) | 22.6 (72.7) | 21.4 (70.5) | 19.3 (66.7) | 19.8 (67.6) | 21.3 (70.3) | 23.2 (73.8) | 22.8 (73.0) | 22.5 (72.5) | 23.7 (74.7) | 22.5 (72.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.9 (67.8) | 19.5 (67.1) | 18.8 (65.8) | 16.8 (62.2) | 14.7 (58.5) | 12.0 (53.6) | 12.2 (54.0) | 14.0 (57.2) | 16.4 (61.5) | 17.1 (62.8) | 17.7 (63.9) | 19.0 (66.2) | 16.5 (61.7) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 14.9 (58.8) | 14.5 (58.1) | 13.4 (56.1) | 11.0 (51.8) | 7.9 (46.2) | 4.7 (40.5) | 4.6 (40.3) | 6.6 (43.9) | 9.5 (49.1) | 11.3 (52.3) | 12.9 (55.2) | 14.2 (57.6) | 10.5 (50.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) | 6.4 (43.5) | 6.0 (42.8) | 3.4 (38.1) | −1.3 (29.7) | −4.5 (23.9) | −6.1 (21.0) | −2.5 (27.5) | −1.0 (30.2) | −1.0 (30.2) | 5.5 (41.9) | 6.6 (43.9) | −6.1 (21.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 253.2 (9.97) | 224.6 (8.84) | 151.6 (5.97) | 87.9 (3.46) | 33.8 (1.33) | 19.4 (0.76) | 20.1 (0.79) | 35.1 (1.38) | 69.4 (2.73) | 141.9 (5.59) | 197.8 (7.79) | 206.9 (8.15) | 1,441.7 (56.76) |
| Average rainy days | 16.9 | 14.3 | 13.8 | 9.8 | 5.1 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 6.5 | 9.2 | 14.9 | 17.0 | 16.5 | 129.9 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 172.7 | 162.1 | 194.6 | 195.2 | 226.0 | 233.0 | 238.9 | 246.3 | 209.2 | 178.4 | 160.9 | 170.1 | 2,387.1 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 41 | 45 | 52 | 57 | 68 | 75 | 73 | 72 | 59 | 45 | 40 | 40 | 55 |
| Source 1: WMO[13] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (extremes, sunshine 1970-1975)[14] | |||||||||||||
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Mbabane is twinned with:
References
- ^ "Mbabane". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
- ^ Britannica, Mbabane, britannica.com, USA, accessed on June 30, 2019
- ^ Scott, Peter (1951). "Land Policy and the Native Population of Swaziland". The Geographical Journal. 117 (4): 435–447. doi:10.2307/1790685. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1790685.
- ^ Brooms, Derrick. "Mbabane, Swaziland (1887- )". BlackPast.org. from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ^ "MBABANE INFORMATION AND HISTORY". eSwatini Happenings. from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ^ Rume, Allison (2023-01-23). "Mbabane: Discover Mbabane, Capital of Swaziland". Lonely Africa. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
- ^ "IMF Staff Completes 2023 Article IV Mission to Eswatini". IMF. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
- ^ . Swaziplace.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- ^ Britannica, Eswatini, britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019
- ^ "Mbabane". The Kingdom of Swaziland: A Royal Experience. Swaziland Tourist Board. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ The Cambridge Factfinder; 4th ed.
- ^ a b "Mbabane climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Mbabane weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service – Mbabane". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
- ^ "South Africa Climatological Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
- ^ "Mbabane". Sister Cities International. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
- ^ . Taipei City Council. Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
- ^ "Maputo". Tourism in Swaziland. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
Bibliography
- Paul Tiyambe Zeleza; Dickson Eyoh, eds. (2003). "Mbabane, Swaziland". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History. Routledge. ISBN 0415234794.
External links
- Media related to Mbabane at Wikimedia Commons
- Mbabane travel guide from Wikivoyage