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Matatu

January 01, 1970

For the Journal for African Culture and Society, see Matatu (journal). For the rugby team, see Matatū (rugby union).

In Kenya, matatu or matatus (known as mathree in Sheng)[citation needed] are privately owned minibuses used as share taxis.[1] Often decorated, many matatu feature portraits of famous people or slogans and sayings.[2] Likewise, the music they play is also aimed at quickly attracting riders.[3] Over 70% of commuter trips are taken using matatu in cities like Nairobi.[4]

Riding in a Kenyan matatu – minibus size

Although their origins can be traced back to the 1960s, matatu saw growth in Kenya in the 1980s and 1990s, The matatu culture sprung up under the influence of widespread hip-hop music and culture by black Americans in the 1980s. By the early 2000s, the archetypal form was a (gaily decorated) Japanese microvan.[5] C. 2015, larger, bus-sized vehicles also started to be used as matatu. The name may also be used in parts of Nigeria.[6] In Kenya, this industry is regulated,[7] and such minibuses must, by law, be fitted with seatbelts[8] and speed governors.[9][8] Present regulation may not be sufficient deterrent to prevent small infractions[10] as even decoration may be prohibited.[9] Kenya has one of the "most extensive regulatory controls to market entry",[11] and a matatu worker can be pulled from the streets simply for sporting too loud a shirt.[12]

They may ply set routes,[13] display this route,[10] run from termini,[8][14] run both inter and intra-city,[13][15] and may stop along said route to purchase or collect money from passengers.[16] In addition to a driver, matatu may be staffed by a conductor,[17] locally known as a makanga or manamba or donda. As of 1999, they were the only form of public transport available in Nairobi, Kenya, although in 2006 and 2008 this was no longer the case. Over the years, stiff competition[18] is being experienced from bus-sharing applications such as SWVL.[19]

Etymology edit

 
Brightly-coloured matatus in Mombasa in 2022

The name derives from a Swahili or Kikuyu colloquialism meaning "three".[20][21] One explanation is that three 10 cent coins made up the typical 30 cent fare in the 1970s.[20][22] There is no universally agreed opinion on an origin for the name, however, alternatively one news source suggests its origin lies in the Kikuyu language,[23] specifically from the Kikuyu phrase 'mang’otore matatu' meaning 30 cents.

Public perception edit

At times in Kenya, the matatu has been associated with criminality or reckless driving. Writes one academic, "by the end of the 1990s, matatu operators were typically viewed... by Kenyans of all ranks as thugs who exploited and mistreated passengers and participated in gang or mafia-like violence."[20]

In the early 2000s, struggle over control of matatu routes by informal groups led to violence,[24] and contemporary headlines highlight the fact that matatu were perceived as unsafe. These include a 2002 article titled "riding in Kenya's taxi vans is [a] death-defying experience"[25] and another from 1999 proclaiming that the "menace of deadly matatus [is] to be curbed."[23] Mistreatment of passengers has also been reported and includes: "verbal and physical abuse, theft, hijacking, ...sexual harassment, beatings, and rape."[26] Corruption in the matatu industry is exacerbated by the prevalent practice of bribery, as matatu operators are forced to pay regular bribes to Kenyan police officers in order to avoid their vehicles being impounded and penalties.[27]

Kenyan regulation edit

 
A matatu with luggage on top near Voi in 2022

Matatu were explicitly deemed legal in 1973, but it was only in 1984 that even the most basic regulatory framework was constructed for matatu, when licensing and inspections were mandated.[5]

Today, Kenya has been described as having extensive regulatory controls, and a matatu worker can be pulled from the streets simply for sporting too loud a shirt.[28] Some basic safety equipment is required; these minibuses must be fitted with seat belts and speed governors.[29] It's unclear, however, to what extent such laws are followed.

Present regulation may not be a sufficient deterrent to prevent small infractions, as even decoration may be prohibited.[30] Laws prohibiting flashy paint-jobs and eye-searing colors were removed in 2015, and as of 2016 matatu in Kenya are brightly decorated with some operators paying upwards of US$2,000 for custom, decorative paint.[31]

In the 1990s and the 2000s, informal groups emerged managing routes and requiring matatu drivers to pay fees.[24] At times, competition over control of routes precipitated violence.[24] Today, an individual matatu must be associated with one of over 600 independent, government-registered groups known as a SACCOs.[32]

As of late 2010, Kenyan government policy is to phase out minibus matatu in the capital city Nairobi in favour of larger buses seating twenty five or more. Currently, no new matatu vehicles can operate in Nairobi, and the existing ones will be allowed to continue serving passengers until they become completely inoperable. It could take ten years or more to ease the congestion caused by more-popular smaller minibuses, however.[33]

Environmental and health impacts edit

Matatu, which are most frequently diesel vehicles, are frequently idling in urban areas, creating additional air and noise pollution.[34] In some areas, matatu drivers are actively discouraged from idling the vehicle while stopped, leading to fuel consumption and exhaust when the vehicle is not in motion.[34] Some companies are exploring electric buses as a potential replacement for the high-emission vehicles.[4] SACCOs like Citi Hoppa and Super Metro started using electric buses in 2022 that were BYD K6 leased by BasiGo.[35][36]

In popular media edit

In the Netflix series Sense8, Capheus, a main character who lives in Nairobi, drives the matatu Van Damn, a tribute to Capheus' favorite action star, Jean-Claude Van Damme. A matatu is also featured in an episode of the seventh season of the Netflix series Big Mouth.[37]

See also edit

  • Dala dala, Tanzania
  • Tro tro, Ghana
  • Jeepney, Philippines
  • Colectivo, South America
  • Danfo, Nigeria
  • Marshrutka, Russia, CIS countries, Baltic states, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Turkmenistan and some former USSR countries, such as Bulgaria.
  • Dolmus, Turkey, Northern Cyprus
  • Car Rapide, Senegal

References edit

  1. ^ For Kenya and neighbouring nations, see Kenya's Taxi Vans Are Packed and Perilous nytimes.com, 24 April 1988
    • For private ownership, see In Nairobi, Kenya puts brakes on its runaway success csmonitor.com, 28 June 1999
    • For matatu as minibuses, see Kenya (page 383) Tom Parkinson, Max Phillips, Will Gourlay. Lonely Planet, 2006. 416 pages. 1740597435, 9781740597432.
    • For past use of pick-up trucks, see Have You Ever Taken A Matatu? 25 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine glpinc.org. and "Field notes: a matatu, a bike and a walk" Schatz, Enid. Contexts Vol. 2, No. 3 (SUMMER 2003), pp. 58-59
    • For past use of estate cars, see Muyia, Nafukho. "The Forgonen Workers" (PDF). Social Science Research Report Series, no. 18. Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa. p. 7. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  2. ^ For portraits, see Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (page 376) edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pages. 9987080936, 9789987080939.
    • For slogans and sayings, see Roll over Snoop Dogg, Ocampo is new king of the matatu csmonitor.com, 29 January 2010
  3. ^ DJ Edu (21 February 2015). "The buses you choose because of their music". Radio 1Xtra. BBC. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  4. ^ a b "The matatus of Nairobi: A necessary bane". www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  5. ^ a b Mutongi, Kenda (2017). Matatu: A History of Popular Transportation in Nairobi. University of Chicago Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-226-47142-6.
  6. ^ "The Boda-Boda Boom – Part Two". The Boda Boda Boom. 1 March 2016. 6 or 7 minutes in. BBC.
  7. ^ In Nairobi, Kenya puts brakes on its runaway success csmonitor.com, June 28, 1999.
  8. ^ a b c Kenya (p. 383). Tom Parkinson, Max Phillips, Will Gourlay. Lonely Planet, 2006. 352 pp. 1740597435, 9781740597432.
  9. ^ a b Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (p. 371). edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pp. 9987080936, 9789987080939.
  10. ^ a b Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai (p. 367). edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pp. 9987080936, 9789987080939.
  11. ^ Kumar & Barrett, Stuck in Traffic (2008), p. 17. 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Rodriguez-Torres, Deyssi; Charton-Bigot, Helene (2010). Nairobi Today: The Paradox of a Fragmented City. African Books Collective. ISBN 978-9987-08-093-9.
  13. ^ a b Kenya (p. 382). Tom Parkinson, Max Phillips, Will Gourlay. Lonely Planet, 2006. 352 pp. 1740597435, 9781740597432.
  14. ^ Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (p. 374), edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pp. 9987080936, 9789987080939.
  15. ^ Negotiating social space: East African microenterprises (p. 69). Patrick O. Alila, Poul O. Pedersen. Africa World Press, 2001. 353 pp. 0865439648, 9780865439641.
  16. ^ For set routes, see Kenya (page 382) Tom Parkinson, Max Phillips, Will Gourlay. Lonely Planet, 2006. 352 pages. 1740597435, 9781740597432.
    • For termini, see Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (page 374) edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pages. 9987080936, 9789987080939.
    • For intra and inter-city travel, see Negotiating social space: East African microenterprises (page 69) Patrick O. Alila, Poul O. Pedersen. Africa World Press, 2001. 353 pages. 0865439648, 9780865439641.
  17. ^ Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (page 371) edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pages. 9987080936, 9789987080939.
  18. ^ Ride sharing applications disrupt matatu industry in Kenya, see
  19. ^ SWVL site
  20. ^ a b c Thugs or Entrepreneurs? Perceptions of matatu Operators in Nairobi, 1970 to the Present. Kenda Mutongi. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute Vol. 76, No. 4 (2006), pp. 550
  21. ^ Edward Harris. "Matatu buses add color, entertainment to Kenya's rutted roads." Sunday Gazette-Mail. Gazette Daily Inc. 2007. HighBeam Research. 13 June 2015
  22. ^ McKinley Jr., James C. (16 April 1996). "Nairobi Journal;Take (On) the Minibuses, if You Dare". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  23. ^ a b Otani, Robert. "Menace of Deadly Matatus to Be Curbed." African Business. IC Publications Ltd. 1999. HighBeam Research. 6 June 2015
  24. ^ a b c A City under Siege: Banditry & Modes of Accumulation in Nairobi, 1991–2004. Musambayi Katumanga. Review of African Political Economy Vol. 32, No. 106, Africa from SAPs to PRSP: Plus Ca Change Plus C'est la Meme Chose (Dec., 2005), pp. 505-520
  25. ^ "Riding in Kenya's taxi vans is death-defying experience." Chicago Tribune (Chicago, IL). Tribune. 2002. HighBeam Research. 6 June 2015
  26. ^ "No Mercy, No Remorse": Personal Experience Narratives about Public Passenger Transportation in Nairobi, Kenya. Mbugua wa Mungai and David A. Samper. Africa Today. Vol. 52, No. 3 (Spring, 2006), pp. 51-81
  27. ^ "Fuel Prices And Corruption Are Hitting Kenya's Public Transport Hard | STP News". 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  28. ^ For extensive Kenyan regulatory control, see Stuck in Traffic; Urban Transport in Africa (page 14) Ajay Kumar & Fanny Barrett. Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic in co-operation with the World Bank, January 2008. Draft Final Report.
    • For loud shirts as illegal, see Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (page 376) edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pages. 9987080936, 9789987080939.
  29. ^ Kenya (page 383) Tom Parkinson, Max Phillips, Will Gourlay. Lonely Planet, 2006. 352 pages. 1740597435, 9781740597432.
  30. ^ For regulation as insufficient deterrent, see Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (page 367) edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pages. 9987080936, 9789987080939.
    • For decoration being prohibited, see Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (page 371) edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pages. 9987080936, 9789987080939.
  31. ^ "Inside Africa" CNN International 25 October 2016
  32. ^ For requirement to associate, see "Kamwaro on Matatu Sacco". Standard Digital. 16 February 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
    • For number of SACCOs and government registration, see "REGISTERED SACCOS AND COMPANIES" (PDF). National Transport and Safety Authority. Government of Kenya. 13 January 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  33. ^ Ngirachu, John (31 December 2010). "New rules to rein in wild sector". Daily Nation. Nation Media Group. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  34. ^ a b "Nairobi matatus' odd engine idling culture pollutes, harms health". UNEP. 19 December 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  35. ^ "Citi Hoppa, East Shuttle get electric buses". Nation. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  36. ^ "Super Metro gets first electric bus". The Star. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  37. ^ "The International Show". Big Mouth. Season 7. Episode 6. 20 October 2023. Netflix.

External links edit

 
Look up matatu in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • "Ma3, a band inspired by matatu". Network Africa. BBC World Service. 27 February 2012.

January 01, 1970
matatu, journal, african, culture, society, journal, rugby, team, matatū, rugby, union, kenya, matatu, matatus, known, mathree, sheng, citation, needed, privately, owned, minibuses, used, share, taxis, often, decorated, many, matatu, feature, portraits, famous. For the Journal for African Culture and Society see Matatu journal For the rugby team see Matatu rugby union In Kenya matatu or matatus known as mathree in Sheng citation needed are privately owned minibuses used as share taxis 1 Often decorated many matatu feature portraits of famous people or slogans and sayings 2 Likewise the music they play is also aimed at quickly attracting riders 3 Over 70 of commuter trips are taken using matatu in cities like Nairobi 4 Riding in a Kenyan matatu minibus size Although their origins can be traced back to the 1960s matatu saw growth in Kenya in the 1980s and 1990s The matatu culture sprung up under the influence of widespread hip hop music and culture by black Americans in the 1980s By the early 2000s the archetypal form was a gaily decorated Japanese microvan 5 C 2015 larger bus sized vehicles also started to be used as matatu The name may also be used in parts of Nigeria 6 In Kenya this industry is regulated 7 and such minibuses must by law be fitted with seatbelts 8 and speed governors 9 8 Present regulation may not be sufficient deterrent to prevent small infractions 10 as even decoration may be prohibited 9 Kenya has one of the most extensive regulatory controls to market entry 11 and a matatu worker can be pulled from the streets simply for sporting too loud a shirt 12 They may ply set routes 13 display this route 10 run from termini 8 14 run both inter and intra city 13 15 and may stop along said route to purchase or collect money from passengers 16 In addition to a driver matatu may be staffed by a conductor 17 locally known as a makanga or manamba or donda As of 1999 they were the only form of public transport available in Nairobi Kenya although in 2006 and 2008 this was no longer the case Over the years stiff competition 18 is being experienced from bus sharing applications such as SWVL 19 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Public perception 3 Kenyan regulation 4 Environmental and health impacts 5 In popular media 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksEtymology edit nbsp Brightly coloured matatus in Mombasa in 2022 The name derives from a Swahili or Kikuyu colloquialism meaning three 20 21 One explanation is that three 10 cent coins made up the typical 30 cent fare in the 1970s 20 22 There is no universally agreed opinion on an origin for the name however alternatively one news source suggests its origin lies in the Kikuyu language 23 specifically from the Kikuyu phrase mang otore matatu meaning 30 cents Public perception editAt times in Kenya the matatu has been associated with criminality or reckless driving Writes one academic by the end of the 1990s matatu operators were typically viewed by Kenyans of all ranks as thugs who exploited and mistreated passengers and participated in gang or mafia like violence 20 In the early 2000s struggle over control of matatu routes by informal groups led to violence 24 and contemporary headlines highlight the fact that matatu were perceived as unsafe These include a 2002 article titled riding in Kenya s taxi vans is a death defying experience 25 and another from 1999 proclaiming that the menace of deadly matatus is to be curbed 23 Mistreatment of passengers has also been reported and includes verbal and physical abuse theft hijacking sexual harassment beatings and rape 26 Corruption in the matatu industry is exacerbated by the prevalent practice of bribery as matatu operators are forced to pay regular bribes to Kenyan police officers in order to avoid their vehicles being impounded and penalties 27 Kenyan regulation edit nbsp A matatu with luggage on top near Voi in 2022 Matatu were explicitly deemed legal in 1973 but it was only in 1984 that even the most basic regulatory framework was constructed for matatu when licensing and inspections were mandated 5 Today Kenya has been described as having extensive regulatory controls and a matatu worker can be pulled from the streets simply for sporting too loud a shirt 28 Some basic safety equipment is required these minibuses must be fitted with seat belts and speed governors 29 It s unclear however to what extent such laws are followed Present regulation may not be a sufficient deterrent to prevent small infractions as even decoration may be prohibited 30 Laws prohibiting flashy paint jobs and eye searing colors were removed in 2015 and as of 2016 matatu in Kenya are brightly decorated with some operators paying upwards of US 2 000 for custom decorative paint 31 In the 1990s and the 2000s informal groups emerged managing routes and requiring matatu drivers to pay fees 24 At times competition over control of routes precipitated violence 24 Today an individual matatu must be associated with one of over 600 independent government registered groups known as a SACCOs 32 As of late 2010 Kenyan government policy is to phase out minibus matatu in the capital city Nairobi in favour of larger buses seating twenty five or more Currently no new matatu vehicles can operate in Nairobi and the existing ones will be allowed to continue serving passengers until they become completely inoperable It could take ten years or more to ease the congestion caused by more popular smaller minibuses however 33 Environmental and health impacts editMatatu which are most frequently diesel vehicles are frequently idling in urban areas creating additional air and noise pollution 34 In some areas matatu drivers are actively discouraged from idling the vehicle while stopped leading to fuel consumption and exhaust when the vehicle is not in motion 34 Some companies are exploring electric buses as a potential replacement for the high emission vehicles 4 SACCOs like Citi Hoppa and Super Metro started using electric buses in 2022 that were BYD K6 leased by BasiGo 35 36 In popular media editIn the Netflix series Sense8 Capheus a main character who lives in Nairobi drives the matatu Van Damn a tribute to Capheus favorite action star Jean Claude Van Damme A matatu is also featured in an episode of the seventh season of the Netflix series Big Mouth 37 See also editDala dala Tanzania Tro tro Ghana Jeepney Philippines Colectivo South America Danfo Nigeria Marshrutka Russia CIS countries Baltic states Ukraine Armenia Georgia Turkmenistan and some former USSR countries such as Bulgaria Dolmus Turkey Northern Cyprus Car Rapide SenegalReferences edit For Kenya and neighbouring nations see Kenya s Taxi Vans Are Packed and Perilous nytimes com 24 April 1988 For private ownership see In Nairobi Kenya puts brakes on its runaway success csmonitor com 28 June 1999 For matatu as minibuses see Kenya page 383 Tom Parkinson Max Phillips Will Gourlay Lonely Planet 2006 416 pages 1740597435 9781740597432 For past use of pick up trucks see Have You Ever Taken A Matatu Archived 25 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine glpinc org and Field notes a matatu a bike and a walk Schatz Enid Contexts Vol 2 No 3 SUMMER 2003 pp 58 59 For past use of estate cars see Muyia Nafukho The Forgonen Workers PDF Social Science Research Report Series no 18 Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa p 7 Retrieved 25 September 2012 For portraits see Nairobi Today the Paradox of a Fragmented City Hidden Centz Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu Mbugua wa Mungai page 376 edited by Helene Charton Bigot Deyssi Rodriguez Torres African Books Collective 2010 404 pages 9987080936 9789987080939 For slogans and sayings see Roll over Snoop Dogg Ocampo is new king of the matatu csmonitor com 29 January 2010 DJ Edu 21 February 2015 The buses you choose because of their music Radio 1Xtra BBC Retrieved 1 March 2015 a b The matatus of Nairobi A necessary bane www downtoearth org in Retrieved 9 September 2022 a b Mutongi Kenda 2017 Matatu A History of Popular Transportation in Nairobi University of Chicago Press pp 7 8 ISBN 978 0 226 47142 6 The Boda Boda Boom Part Two The Boda Boda Boom 1 March 2016 6 or 7 minutes in BBC In Nairobi Kenya puts brakes on its runaway success csmonitor com June 28 1999 a b c Kenya p 383 Tom Parkinson Max Phillips Will Gourlay Lonely Planet 2006 352 pp 1740597435 9781740597432 a b Nairobi Today the Paradox of a Fragmented City Hidden Centz Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu Mbugua wa Mungai p 371 edited by Helene Charton Bigot Deyssi Rodriguez Torres African Books Collective 2010 404 pp 9987080936 9789987080939 a b Nairobi Today the Paradox of a Fragmented City Hidden Centz Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu Mbugua wa Mungai p 367 edited by Helene Charton Bigot Deyssi Rodriguez Torres African Books Collective 2010 404 pp 9987080936 9789987080939 Kumar amp Barrett Stuck in Traffic 2008 p 17 Archived 2012 09 17 at the Wayback Machine Rodriguez Torres Deyssi Charton Bigot Helene 2010 Nairobi Today The Paradox of a Fragmented City African Books Collective ISBN 978 9987 08 093 9 a b Kenya p 382 Tom Parkinson Max Phillips Will Gourlay Lonely Planet 2006 352 pp 1740597435 9781740597432 Nairobi Today the Paradox of a Fragmented City Hidden Centz Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu Mbugua wa Mungai p 374 edited by Helene Charton Bigot Deyssi Rodriguez Torres African Books Collective 2010 404 pp 9987080936 9789987080939 Negotiating social space East African microenterprises p 69 Patrick O Alila Poul O Pedersen Africa World Press 2001 353 pp 0865439648 9780865439641 For set routes see Kenya page 382 Tom Parkinson Max Phillips Will Gourlay Lonely Planet 2006 352 pages 1740597435 9781740597432 For termini see Nairobi Today the Paradox of a Fragmented City Hidden Centz Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu Mbugua wa Mungai page 374 edited by Helene Charton Bigot Deyssi Rodriguez Torres African Books Collective 2010 404 pages 9987080936 9789987080939 For intra and inter city travel see Negotiating social space East African microenterprises page 69 Patrick O Alila Poul O Pedersen Africa World Press 2001 353 pages 0865439648 9780865439641 Nairobi Today the Paradox of a Fragmented City Hidden Centz Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu Mbugua wa Mungai page 371 edited by Helene Charton Bigot Deyssi Rodriguez Torres African Books Collective 2010 404 pages 9987080936 9789987080939 Ride sharing applications disrupt matatu industry in Kenya see SWVL site a b c Thugs or Entrepreneurs Perceptions of matatu Operators in Nairobi 1970 to the Present Kenda Mutongi Africa Journal of the International African Institute Vol 76 No 4 2006 pp 550 Edward Harris Matatu buses add color entertainment to Kenya s rutted roads Sunday Gazette Mail Gazette Daily Inc 2007 HighBeam Research 13 June 2015 McKinley Jr James C 16 April 1996 Nairobi Journal Take On the Minibuses if You Dare The New York Times Retrieved 7 June 2015 a b Otani Robert Menace of Deadly Matatus to Be Curbed African Business IC Publications Ltd 1999 HighBeam Research 6 June 2015 a b c A City under Siege Banditry amp Modes of Accumulation in Nairobi 1991 2004 Musambayi Katumanga Review of African Political Economy Vol 32 No 106 Africa from SAPs to PRSP Plus Ca Change Plus C est la Meme Chose Dec 2005 pp 505 520 Riding in Kenya s taxi vans is death defying experience Chicago Tribune Chicago IL Tribune 2002 HighBeam Research 6 June 2015 No Mercy No Remorse Personal Experience Narratives about Public Passenger Transportation in Nairobi Kenya Mbugua wa Mungai and David A Samper Africa Today Vol 52 No 3 Spring 2006 pp 51 81 Fuel Prices And Corruption Are Hitting Kenya s Public Transport Hard STP News 6 June 2023 Retrieved 6 June 2023 For extensive Kenyan regulatory control see Stuck in Traffic Urban Transport in Africa page 14 Ajay Kumar amp Fanny Barrett Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic in co operation with the World Bank January 2008 Draft Final Report For loud shirts as illegal see Nairobi Today the Paradox of a Fragmented City Hidden Centz Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu Mbugua wa Mungai page 376 edited by Helene Charton Bigot Deyssi Rodriguez Torres African Books Collective 2010 404 pages 9987080936 9789987080939 Kenya page 383 Tom Parkinson Max Phillips Will Gourlay Lonely Planet 2006 352 pages 1740597435 9781740597432 For regulation as insufficient deterrent see Nairobi Today the Paradox of a Fragmented City Hidden Centz Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu Mbugua wa Mungai page 367 edited by Helene Charton Bigot Deyssi Rodriguez Torres African Books Collective 2010 404 pages 9987080936 9789987080939 For decoration being prohibited see Nairobi Today the Paradox of a Fragmented City Hidden Centz Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu Mbugua wa Mungai page 371 edited by Helene Charton Bigot Deyssi Rodriguez Torres African Books Collective 2010 404 pages 9987080936 9789987080939 Inside Africa CNN International 25 October 2016 For requirement to associate see Kamwaro on Matatu Sacco Standard Digital 16 February 2011 Retrieved 14 June 2015 For number of SACCOs and government registration see REGISTERED SACCOS AND COMPANIES PDF National Transport and Safety Authority Government of Kenya 13 January 2015 Retrieved 14 June 2015 Ngirachu John 31 December 2010 New rules to rein in wild sector Daily Nation Nation Media Group Retrieved 8 April 2016 a b Nairobi matatus odd engine idling culture pollutes harms health UNEP 19 December 2018 Retrieved 9 September 2022 Citi Hoppa East Shuttle get electric buses Nation 10 March 2022 Retrieved 21 December 2023 Super Metro gets first electric bus The Star Retrieved 21 December 2023 The International Show Big Mouth Season 7 Episode 6 20 October 2023 Netflix External links edit nbsp Look up matatu in Wiktionary the free dictionary Ma3 a band inspired by matatu Network Africa BBC World Service 27 February 2012 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Matatu amp oldid 1213493145, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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