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Martinus (son of Heraclius)

December 01, 2023

Martinus (Greek: Μαρτίνος, translit. Martínos) or Marinus (Greek: Μαρίνος, romanized: Marínos; died possibly in 641) was caesar of the Byzantine Empire from c. 639 to 641. Martinus was the fifth son of Emperor Heraclius and Empress Martina, who was Heraclius' second wife and niece. Martinus was elevated to caesar, a junior imperial title that placed him on the line of succession, at some point between 638 and 640 by his father.

Martinus
Caesar of the Byzantine Empire
Reignc. 639 – September or October 641
PredecessorHeraclonas
SuccessorConstans II
Co-rulers
DiedPossibly in 641
DynastyHeraclian
FatherHeraclius
MotherMartina

Heraclius died on 11 February 641, leaving the Byzantine Empire to Martinus's half-brother Constantine III and his elder full brother Heraclonas; Constantine III soon died of tuberculosis, although some of his partisans alleged that Martina poisoned him. One such partisan, Valentinus, led troops to Chalcedon, across the Bosporus strait from the imperial capital, Constantinople, to force Martina to install Constans II, the son of Constantine III, as co-emperor. Valentinus seized Constantinople and forced Martina to install Constans II in September or October 641, and deposed Martina, Heraclonas, and Martinus. Martinus was mutilated and exiled to Rhodes. He died soon after, possibly during or immediately after the mutilations.

Life edit

 
Coin of 616, depicting Martinus's father Heraclius, his half-brother Constantine III, and his mother Martina

Martinus was born to Byzantine Emperor Heraclius and Empress Martina, Heraclius's niece and second wife, at an unknown date;[1] he was likely named after his mother.[2] Prior to taking the throne in 610, Heraclius had been married to Fabia Eudokia, with whom he had had a daughter, Eudoxia Epiphania, and a son, Constantine III. After she died in 612,[3][4] to further secure the succession, Heraclius remarried, wedding his niece Martina in either 613 or 623, with the latter date considered more likely. Although this marriage was very unpopular and offended the clergy, it was very fruitful.[4] The number and order of Heraclius's children by Martina is unsure, with sources estimating nine,[5] ten,[6] or eleven children.[7] Their first two sons were disabled and therefore unable to inherit, but Heraclonas was born healthy in 626, David Tiberius in 630, and Martinus at some later time. Constantine III was raised to co-emperor in 613 (aged 9 months), and Heraclonas in 638 (aged 12 years).[4]

Martinus received the high courtly title nobilissimus under Heraclius, while his elder brother David was made caesar (a junior imperial title which placed him on the line of succession) on 4 July 638.[1][8][9] According to the Byzantine historian Nicephorus Gregoras, Martinus was also made caesar on the same day, but the later historian Emperor Constantine VII mentions only Tiberius.[8][10] A partially preserved papyrus letter known as SB VI 8986, and another papyrus document, CPR XXIII 35, shows that Martinus was definitely promoted to caesar at some point between 639 and 640, although the exact dating is debated: the German papyrologist who restored SB VI 8986, Fritz Mitthof [de], and the Byzantine historian Nikolaos Gonis argue for a date range between October 639 and September 640,[11][12] whereas Byzantine scholar Constantin Zuckerman argues for a range between 4 January 639 and 8 November 639.[12]

According to the 7th-century historian John of Nikiu, Martinus and his brother David were involved in the banishment of Ecumenical Patriarch Pyrrhus of Constantinople (r. 638–641) to the Exarchate of Africa. However, the two princes were too young at the time to have taken an active role in any banishment and the account by John of Nikiu is so contradictory that no safe conclusions can be drawn from it.[8][13]

Reign of Constantine III and Heraclonas edit

 
Map of the Byzantine Empire in 650, after the loss of Egypt and other territories to Muslim conquest

When Heraclius died on 11 February 641, he declared in his will that Constantine III (aged 28) and Heraclonas (aged 15) would equally co-rule the empire, but should consider Martina as their mother, and empress. The Byzantine Senate accepted Constantine III and Heraclonas as co-emperors, but rejected Martina as regent for Heraclonas.[14][15][16] On 20/24 April or 26 May 641, Constantine died of an advanced case of tuberculosis. However, some of his supporters alleged that Martina had him poisoned, leaving her son Heraclonas as the sole ruler under her regency.[16][17][18] In August 641, Valentinus, a general who had been loyal to Constantine before his death, led his troops to Chalcedon to force Martina to elevate Constans II, the son of Constantine, to co-emperor. A mob rose up in the city, demanding that Patriarch Pyrrhus crown Constans II as emperor,[19][20][21] and then abdicate, to be replaced by his steward Paul II (r. 641–653). Martina, now in a truly desperate situation, offered the military further donatives (monetary gifts to the army to secure their loyalty), and attempted to negotiate with Valentinus, recalling an influential patron of his, Philagrius, from exile in Africa, and offering him the title of comes excubitorum (a very influential post that entailed command over the imperial bodyguard).[18][19][22]

Valentinus's revolt and Martinus's death edit

In late September or October, Martina elevated Constans to co-emperor, but also raised Heraclonas's brother Tiberius to co-emperor alongside them.[15] Despite these overtures, Valentinus entered Constantinople shortly thereafter, deposed Heraclonas and Martina, and then elevated Constans to sole emperor.[18][19] Heraclonas, Martina, Tiberius, and Martinus are said by John of Nikiu to have been "escorted forth with insolence". Valentinus had Martinus's nose cut off, emasculated him, and then banished him and his family to Rhodes, where they remained until their deaths.[1][23][24] According to some sources, these mutilations either killed Martinus immediately or soon afterwards.[25]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b c PmbZ, Martinos (#4774 /corr.).
  2. ^ Humphreys 2019, p. 35.
  3. ^ DIR Fabia.
  4. ^ a b c Humphreys 2019, pp. 32–33.
  5. ^ Alexander 1977, p. 230.
  6. ^ Spatharakis 1976, p. 19.
  7. ^ Grumel 1958, p. 362.
  8. ^ a b c Gonis 2008, p. 199.
  9. ^ Kaegi 2003, p. 266.
  10. ^ Garland 2002, p. 256.
  11. ^ Gonis 2008, pp. 199–202.
  12. ^ a b Zuckerman 2010, p. 875.
  13. ^ PmbZ, David (#1241 /corr.).
  14. ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 307–310.
  15. ^ a b PmbZ, Heraklonas (#2565/corr.).
  16. ^ a b DIR Heraklonas.
  17. ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 308–309.
  18. ^ a b c Bellinger & Grierson 1992, p. 390.
  19. ^ a b c Treadgold 1997, p. 309.
  20. ^ Stratos 1968, p. 88.
  21. ^ Stratos 1968, p. 179.
  22. ^ Garland 2002, p. 68.
  23. ^ DIR Martina.
  24. ^ Garland 2002, p. 70.
  25. ^ Krsmanović 2017, p. 46.

Bibliography edit

  • Alexander, Suzanne Spain (1977). "Heraclius, Byzantine Imperial Ideology, and the David Plates". Speculum. Chicago. 52 (2): 217–237. doi:10.2307/2850511. JSTOR 2850511. S2CID 161886591.
  • Bellinger, Alfred Raymond; Grierson, Philip, eds. (1992). Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: Phocas to Theodosius III, 602–717. Part 1. Phocas and Heraclius (602–641). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88402-024-0.
  • Garland, Lynda (2000a). . De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  • Garland, Lynda (2000b). . De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  • Garland, Lynda (2002). Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527–1204. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203024812. ISBN 978-1-134-75639-1.
  • Gonis, Nikolaos (2008). "SB VI 8986 and Heraclius' Sons". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 166: 199–202. JSTOR 20476531.
  • Grumel, Venance (1958). Traité d'études byzantines. Tome 1, La chronologie [Treatise on Byzantine Studies. Volume 1, The chronology] (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. OCLC 4260118.
  • Humphreys, Mike (2019). "The shifting importance of dynasty in Heraclian ideology". In Tougher, Shaun (ed.). The Emperor in the Byzantine World : Papers from the Forty-Seventh Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies. London: Routledge. pp. 28–51. doi:10.4324/9780429060984-3. ISBN 978-0-429-59046-7. S2CID 159258626.
  • Kaegi, Walter E. (2003). Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81459-1.
  • Krsmanović, Bojana (2017). "Castration as a Consequence of the Strengthening of the Dynastic Principle". Зборник радова Византолошког института (54): 41–64. doi:10.2298/ZRVI1754041K. ISSN 0584-9888.
  • Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
  • Moore, R. Scott (1996). . De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  • Spatharakis, Iohannis (1976). The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts. Leiden: Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-04783-9.
  • Stratos, A. N. (1968). Byzantium in the Seventh Century. Amsterdam: Hakkert. OCLC 271030914.
  • Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. doi:10.1515/9780804779371. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6.
  • Zuckerman, Constantin (2010). On the Title and Office of the Byzantine Basileus. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre D'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance. ISBN 978-2-916716-28-2.

Primary sources edit

Regnal titles
Preceded by Caesar of the Byzantine Empire
c. 639 – September or October 641
with David Tiberias (4 July 638 – November 641) 		Succeeded by

December 01, 2023
martinus, heraclius, martinus, greek, Μαρτίνος, translit, martínos, marinus, greek, Μαρίνος, romanized, marínos, died, possibly, caesar, byzantine, empire, from, martinus, fifth, emperor, heraclius, empress, martina, heraclius, second, wife, niece, martinus, e. Martinus Greek Martinos translit Martinos or Marinus Greek Marinos romanized Marinos died possibly in 641 was caesar of the Byzantine Empire from c 639 to 641 Martinus was the fifth son of Emperor Heraclius and Empress Martina who was Heraclius second wife and niece Martinus was elevated to caesar a junior imperial title that placed him on the line of succession at some point between 638 and 640 by his father MartinusCaesar of the Byzantine EmpireReignc 639 September or October 641PredecessorHeraclonasSuccessorConstans IICo rulersHeraclonasDavid TiberiusConstans II all in 641 DiedPossibly in 641DynastyHeraclianFatherHeracliusMotherMartinaHeraclius died on 11 February 641 leaving the Byzantine Empire to Martinus s half brother Constantine III and his elder full brother Heraclonas Constantine III soon died of tuberculosis although some of his partisans alleged that Martina poisoned him One such partisan Valentinus led troops to Chalcedon across the Bosporus strait from the imperial capital Constantinople to force Martina to install Constans II the son of Constantine III as co emperor Valentinus seized Constantinople and forced Martina to install Constans II in September or October 641 and deposed Martina Heraclonas and Martinus Martinus was mutilated and exiled to Rhodes He died soon after possibly during or immediately after the mutilations Contents 1 Life 1 1 Reign of Constantine III and Heraclonas 1 2 Valentinus s revolt and Martinus s death 2 References 2 1 Citations 2 2 Bibliography 3 Primary sourcesLife edit nbsp Coin of 616 depicting Martinus s father Heraclius his half brother Constantine III and his mother MartinaMartinus was born to Byzantine Emperor Heraclius and Empress Martina Heraclius s niece and second wife at an unknown date 1 he was likely named after his mother 2 Prior to taking the throne in 610 Heraclius had been married to Fabia Eudokia with whom he had had a daughter Eudoxia Epiphania and a son Constantine III After she died in 612 3 4 to further secure the succession Heraclius remarried wedding his niece Martina in either 613 or 623 with the latter date considered more likely Although this marriage was very unpopular and offended the clergy it was very fruitful 4 The number and order of Heraclius s children by Martina is unsure with sources estimating nine 5 ten 6 or eleven children 7 Their first two sons were disabled and therefore unable to inherit but Heraclonas was born healthy in 626 David Tiberius in 630 and Martinus at some later time Constantine III was raised to co emperor in 613 aged 9 months and Heraclonas in 638 aged 12 years 4 Martinus received the high courtly title nobilissimus under Heraclius while his elder brother David was made caesar a junior imperial title which placed him on the line of succession on 4 July 638 1 8 9 According to the Byzantine historian Nicephorus Gregoras Martinus was also made caesar on the same day but the later historian Emperor Constantine VII mentions only Tiberius 8 10 A partially preserved papyrus letter known as SB VI 8986 and another papyrus document CPR XXIII 35 shows that Martinus was definitely promoted to caesar at some point between 639 and 640 although the exact dating is debated the German papyrologist who restored SB VI 8986 Fritz Mitthof de and the Byzantine historian Nikolaos Gonis argue for a date range between October 639 and September 640 11 12 whereas Byzantine scholar Constantin Zuckerman argues for a range between 4 January 639 and 8 November 639 12 According to the 7th century historian John of Nikiu Martinus and his brother David were involved in the banishment of Ecumenical Patriarch Pyrrhus of Constantinople r 638 641 to the Exarchate of Africa However the two princes were too young at the time to have taken an active role in any banishment and the account by John of Nikiu is so contradictory that no safe conclusions can be drawn from it 8 13 Reign of Constantine III and Heraclonas edit nbsp Map of the Byzantine Empire in 650 after the loss of Egypt and other territories to Muslim conquestWhen Heraclius died on 11 February 641 he declared in his will that Constantine III aged 28 and Heraclonas aged 15 would equally co rule the empire but should consider Martina as their mother and empress The Byzantine Senate accepted Constantine III and Heraclonas as co emperors but rejected Martina as regent for Heraclonas 14 15 16 On 20 24 April or 26 May 641 Constantine died of an advanced case of tuberculosis However some of his supporters alleged that Martina had him poisoned leaving her son Heraclonas as the sole ruler under her regency 16 17 18 In August 641 Valentinus a general who had been loyal to Constantine before his death led his troops to Chalcedon to force Martina to elevate Constans II the son of Constantine to co emperor A mob rose up in the city demanding that Patriarch Pyrrhus crown Constans II as emperor 19 20 21 and then abdicate to be replaced by his steward Paul II r 641 653 Martina now in a truly desperate situation offered the military further donatives monetary gifts to the army to secure their loyalty and attempted to negotiate with Valentinus recalling an influential patron of his Philagrius from exile in Africa and offering him the title of comes excubitorum a very influential post that entailed command over the imperial bodyguard 18 19 22 Valentinus s revolt and Martinus s death edit In late September or October Martina elevated Constans to co emperor but also raised Heraclonas s brother Tiberius to co emperor alongside them 15 Despite these overtures Valentinus entered Constantinople shortly thereafter deposed Heraclonas and Martina and then elevated Constans to sole emperor 18 19 Heraclonas Martina Tiberius and Martinus are said by John of Nikiu to have been escorted forth with insolence Valentinus had Martinus s nose cut off emasculated him and then banished him and his family to Rhodes where they remained until their deaths 1 23 24 According to some sources these mutilations either killed Martinus immediately or soon afterwards 25 References editCitations edit a b c PmbZ Martinos 4774 corr Humphreys 2019 p 35 DIR Fabia a b c Humphreys 2019 pp 32 33 Alexander 1977 p 230 Spatharakis 1976 p 19 Grumel 1958 p 362 a b c Gonis 2008 p 199 Kaegi 2003 p 266 Garland 2002 p 256 Gonis 2008 pp 199 202 a b Zuckerman 2010 p 875 PmbZ David 1241 corr Treadgold 1997 pp 307 310 a b PmbZ Heraklonas 2565 corr a b DIR Heraklonas Treadgold 1997 pp 308 309 a b c Bellinger amp Grierson 1992 p 390 a b c Treadgold 1997 p 309 Stratos 1968 p 88 Stratos 1968 p 179 Garland 2002 p 68 DIR Martina Garland 2002 p 70 Krsmanovic 2017 p 46 Bibliography edit Alexander Suzanne Spain 1977 Heraclius Byzantine Imperial Ideology and the David Plates Speculum Chicago 52 2 217 237 doi 10 2307 2850511 JSTOR 2850511 S2CID 161886591 Bellinger Alfred Raymond Grierson Philip eds 1992 Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection Phocas to Theodosius III 602 717 Part 1 Phocas and Heraclius 602 641 Washington D C Dumbarton Oaks ISBN 978 0 88402 024 0 Garland Lynda 2000a Martina Second Wife of Heraclius De Imperatoribus Romanis Archived from the original on 12 August 2019 Retrieved 13 August 2019 Garland Lynda 2000b Fabia First Wife of Heraclius De Imperatoribus Romanis Archived from the original on 20 January 2022 Retrieved 20 November 2022 Garland Lynda 2002 Byzantine Empresses Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527 1204 London Routledge doi 10 4324 9780203024812 ISBN 978 1 134 75639 1 Gonis Nikolaos 2008 SB VI 8986 and Heraclius Sons Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik 166 199 202 JSTOR 20476531 Grumel Venance 1958 Traite d etudes byzantines Tome 1 La chronologie Treatise on Byzantine Studies Volume 1 The chronology in French Vol 1 Paris Presses universitaires de France OCLC 4260118 Humphreys Mike 2019 The shifting importance of dynasty in Heraclian ideology In Tougher Shaun ed The Emperor in the Byzantine World Papers from the Forty Seventh Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies London Routledge pp 28 51 doi 10 4324 9780429060984 3 ISBN 978 0 429 59046 7 S2CID 159258626 Kaegi Walter E 2003 Heraclius Emperor of Byzantium Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 81459 1 Krsmanovic Bojana 2017 Castration as a Consequence of the Strengthening of the Dynastic Principle Zbornik radova Vizantoloshkog instituta 54 41 64 doi 10 2298 ZRVI1754041K ISSN 0584 9888 Lilie Ralph Johannes Ludwig Claudia Pratsch Thomas Zielke Beate 2013 Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online Berlin Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften Nach Vorarbeiten F Winkelmanns erstellt in German Berlin and Boston De Gruyter Moore R Scott 1996 Heraklonas April May September 641 A D De Imperatoribus Romanis Archived from the original on 25 July 2019 Retrieved 25 July 2019 Spatharakis Iohannis 1976 The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts Leiden Brill Archive ISBN 978 90 04 04783 9 Stratos A N 1968 Byzantium in the Seventh Century Amsterdam Hakkert OCLC 271030914 Treadgold Warren 1997 A History of the Byzantine State and Society Stanford Stanford University Press doi 10 1515 9780804779371 ISBN 978 0 8047 2630 6 Zuckerman Constantin 2010 On the Title and Office of the Byzantine Basileus Paris Association des Amis du Centre D Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance ISBN 978 2 916716 28 2 Primary sources editChronicle of John of Nikiu CPR XXIII 35 De Ceremoniis SB VI 8986 Regnal titlesPreceded byHeraclonas Caesar of the Byzantine Empirec 639 September or October 641with David Tiberias 4 July 638 November 641 Succeeded byConstans II Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Martinus son of Heraclius amp oldid 1180787256, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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