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Martha Dix

April 27, 2024

Martha Dix (née Lindner; other married name Koch; July 19, 1895, Cologne – March 6, 1985, Sarrians, France) was a German goldsmith and silversmith, as well as the wife of the painter Otto Dix. She was portrayed many times by her husband from 1921 to 1933.[1][2] A well-known double portrait of the couple appears in the photographer August Sander's portfolio People of the 20th Century (1925).

Martha Dix, in a photograph by Hugo Erfurth (1922)

Life edit

Martha Lindner was born in Cologne in 1895 as the youngest of four children into a wealthy middle-class family. Her mother was Maria Juliane Lindner (née Rottluger), and her father was Bernhard Lindner, an insurance director. In addition to her mother tongue, she learned several foreign languages (French, Italian, English and Russian) and piano. In addition to music, she was also interested in fine arts and design from an early age, so she attended the Cologne Sonderbund exhibition when she was 17. She is described as “self-confident, assertive and demanding” and well-educated".[3]

In 1914 she got engaged to the urologist Hans Koch, who basically would have preferred to have a relationship with her sister, five years older than her. The couple married in 1915 while Koch was still in the war; he returned to Düsseldorf due to an injury. where he opened his own art gallery ("Graphinett") after the war.

During this marriage with Koch, Martha gave birth to two children, the son Martin, called "Muggeli" (born 1917) and the daughter Han (born 1920), called "Hanali". A ménage à trois between Maria, Martha and Hans Koch is assumed, as the Cologne gallery owner Karl Nierendorf, who was also in love with Maria, described in his notes.[4]

In October 1921, Otto Dix came to Düsseldorf at the invitation of Johanna Ey and Hans Koch, where he sold the latter two works and received his first portrait commission from him. He worked in the Koch house and the result was the unflattering portrait of Dr. Hans Koch.[5] A love affair quickly developed between Martha Koch and Otto Dix, which culminated in the fact that she went to Dresden with him for a few months before returning to Düsseldorf. Hugo Erfurth's photographs from Dix's circle of friends in Dresden were taken during this early period.

Martha Dix proved that, despite her upper-class background, she was practical and adaptable. For example, she renovated the shared apartment and took care of the everyday things of living together. The two also enjoyed the urban life in the 1920s.

Otto and Martha Dix ("Jim and Mutzli") initially stayed in Düsseldorf. In the autumn of 1925 the family moved with their two and a half year old daughter Nelly into an apartment on Kaiserdamm in Berlin. Martha Dix's father had paid the rent for seven years in advance. In 1927, her son Ursus was born, and in 1928 she gave birth to her youngest son Jan. From 1927, Otto Dix had a professorship at the Dresden Art Academy, from which he was dismissed in 1933 by the National Socialists.[6][7]

The Dix family first moved to Randegg Castle, which belonged to Hans Koch and initially lived in more or less precarious circumstances, as Dix was also prohibited from exhibiting. In 1935/1936, after the death of her father, Martha Dix had her own house and studio built with her inheritance in Hemmenhofen on the Lake Constance; she herself was registered as the client. The house remained the center of the Dix family's life for decades and this is where the three children grew up. Otto Dix traveled to Dresden until 1943 and annually after 1947, where he had a long-time lover Käthe König, with whom he had a daughter born in 1939. At the end of the war, Otto Dix was once again deployed and was in French captivity until February 1946. Members of the French occupation troops were quartered in the house in Hemmenhofen, which Martha Dix said she was able to come to terms with, among other things, because she spoke French.[8][9]

Their daughter Nelly died in 1953, and Martha and Otto Dix took their granddaughter Bettina to live with them. After Otto Dix's death in 1969, she adopted Bettina in 1972 and traveled with her to Thailand, Morocco and France. After she had a first heart attack in 1979, Martha Dix moved to Sarrians in Provence, France, to live with her granddaughter Bettina, from where she made further trips to Greece and Turkey.[10]

She handed over the house in Hemmenhofen and the rights to her husband's estate to the Otto Dix Foundation, which she founded in 1983, and whose shareholders were her two sons and granddaughter Bettina Dix-Pfefferkorn.

Martha portrayed by Otto Dix edit

Between 1921 and 1933, Otto Dix portrayed Martha as often as otherwise only himself; in total it is the motif in over seventy paintings, watercolors and drawings. No other person plays such a diverse role in the artist's work as Martha. Most of the pictures were done in Düsseldorf, Dresden and Berlin, starting with portrait sketches in October 1921, when the couple was just getting to know each other in the Koch house, to the first representative oil painting that shows her as a complex personality, in black fur with a red hat.[11]

Dix's portraits show his wife in a wide variety of roles. "Sometimes she is a muse and witty companion, sometimes a sophisticated woman, sometimes a mother and family center". However, he never painted them in a sexualized or erotic way, as is known from his other works, where he painted prostitutes and their surroundings. Two drawings from 1923 depicting “Mutzli” waking up in the morning are the ultimate eroticism that can be found in his pictures of Martha.

Dix was also present at the birth of his children, which was unusual for the time - he was drawing - from these experiences the unfinished painting Birth and Newborn Child on Hands (Ursus) emerged. This is followed by a whole series of works dealing with the theme of motherhood, children and family, including the painting The Artist's Family with clear echoes of traditional depictions of the Holy Family, albeit ironically. The last paintings with Martha Dix as a motif was made in 1928 (Mrs. Martha Dix I and II). In 1927 Otto Dix had started the long-term parallel relationship with Käthe König. A penultimate drawing, which differs greatly from the previous illustrations, Mutz Sitting was created in 1933, “distant and without illusions”. Martha Dix only reappears as a motif in a picture book from 1955 that was later created for her granddaughter Bettina.[12]

References edit

  1. ^ Deutsche Biographie: Dix, Martha, Deutsche Biographie (German)
  2. ^ Karin Schick, Otto Dix. Hommage a Martha, Kunstmuseum Stuttgart. Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern-Ruit, 2005 (German), ISBN 3-7757-1620-3
  3. ^ Karin Schick, Otto Dix. Hommage a Martha, Kunstmuseum Stuttgart. Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern-Ruit, 2005 (German), ISBN 3-7757-1620-3
  4. ^ Anja Walter-Ris, "3.2.1 Das „Liebesquartett“ und Karl Nierendorf", Die Geschichte der Galerie Nierendorf Kunstleidenschaft im Dienst der Moderne Berlin/New York 1920-1995, Berlin, 2003 (German)
  5. ^ "The Doctor and his Painter (German)".
  6. ^ Aus der Kiste der Enkelin Dix, Westdeutsche Zeitung, 30 August 2011 (German)
  7. ^ Anja Walter-Ris, Karl Nierendorf, Otto Dix und die Ausstellung „Die Neue Sachlichkeit“ in Mannheim 1925, in Die Geschichte der Galerie Nierendorf: Kunstleidenschaft im Dienst der Moderne Berlin/New York 1920-1995, 2003 (German)
  8. ^ Mosheh Tsuḳerman, "Otto Dix im Dritten Reich", in Geschichte und bildende Kunst (= Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte), Wallstein-Verlag, 2006 (German), ISBN 3-8353-0009-1, ISSN 0932-8408
  9. ^ Karin Schick, Otto Dix. Hommage a Martha, Kunstmuseum Stuttgart. Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern-Ruit, 2005 (German), ISBN 3-7757-1620-3
  10. ^ Johannes Stoffler, "Ein biographischer Garten. Der Garten der Familie Dix in Hemmenhofen", in Annemarie Bucher, Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Gartenkultur: Gartenbiografien: Orte erzählen, Band, 2014. Vdf Hochschulverlag, Zürich, 2014 (German), ISBN 978-3-7281-3579-7
  11. ^ "Mal mondäne Frau, mal liebevolle Mutter. Im Kunstmuseum laufen die Vorbereitungen für die Schau „Otto Dix – Hommage à Martha“", Stuttgarter Nachrichten, Stuttgart, 20 August 2005 (German)
  12. ^ Karin Schick, Otto Dix. Hommage a Martha, Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern-Ruit, 2005 (German), ISBN 3-7757-1620-3

April 27, 2024
martha, née, lindner, other, married, name, koch, july, 1895, cologne, march, 1985, sarrians, france, german, goldsmith, silversmith, well, wife, painter, otto, portrayed, many, times, husband, from, 1921, 1933, well, known, double, portrait, couple, appears, . Martha Dix nee Lindner other married name Koch July 19 1895 Cologne March 6 1985 Sarrians France was a German goldsmith and silversmith as well as the wife of the painter Otto Dix She was portrayed many times by her husband from 1921 to 1933 1 2 A well known double portrait of the couple appears in the photographer August Sander s portfolio People of the 20th Century 1925 Martha Dix in a photograph by Hugo Erfurth 1922 Life editMartha Lindner was born in Cologne in 1895 as the youngest of four children into a wealthy middle class family Her mother was Maria Juliane Lindner nee Rottluger and her father was Bernhard Lindner an insurance director In addition to her mother tongue she learned several foreign languages French Italian English and Russian and piano In addition to music she was also interested in fine arts and design from an early age so she attended the Cologne Sonderbund exhibition when she was 17 She is described as self confident assertive and demanding and well educated 3 In 1914 she got engaged to the urologist Hans Koch who basically would have preferred to have a relationship with her sister five years older than her The couple married in 1915 while Koch was still in the war he returned to Dusseldorf due to an injury where he opened his own art gallery Graphinett after the war During this marriage with Koch Martha gave birth to two children the son Martin called Muggeli born 1917 and the daughter Han born 1920 called Hanali A menage a trois between Maria Martha and Hans Koch is assumed as the Cologne gallery owner Karl Nierendorf who was also in love with Maria described in his notes 4 In October 1921 Otto Dix came to Dusseldorf at the invitation of Johanna Ey and Hans Koch where he sold the latter two works and received his first portrait commission from him He worked in the Koch house and the result was the unflattering portrait of Dr Hans Koch 5 A love affair quickly developed between Martha Koch and Otto Dix which culminated in the fact that she went to Dresden with him for a few months before returning to Dusseldorf Hugo Erfurth s photographs from Dix s circle of friends in Dresden were taken during this early period Martha Dix proved that despite her upper class background she was practical and adaptable For example she renovated the shared apartment and took care of the everyday things of living together The two also enjoyed the urban life in the 1920s Otto and Martha Dix Jim and Mutzli initially stayed in Dusseldorf In the autumn of 1925 the family moved with their two and a half year old daughter Nelly into an apartment on Kaiserdamm in Berlin Martha Dix s father had paid the rent for seven years in advance In 1927 her son Ursus was born and in 1928 she gave birth to her youngest son Jan From 1927 Otto Dix had a professorship at the Dresden Art Academy from which he was dismissed in 1933 by the National Socialists 6 7 The Dix family first moved to Randegg Castle which belonged to Hans Koch and initially lived in more or less precarious circumstances as Dix was also prohibited from exhibiting In 1935 1936 after the death of her father Martha Dix had her own house and studio built with her inheritance in Hemmenhofen on the Lake Constance she herself was registered as the client The house remained the center of the Dix family s life for decades and this is where the three children grew up Otto Dix traveled to Dresden until 1943 and annually after 1947 where he had a long time lover Kathe Konig with whom he had a daughter born in 1939 At the end of the war Otto Dix was once again deployed and was in French captivity until February 1946 Members of the French occupation troops were quartered in the house in Hemmenhofen which Martha Dix said she was able to come to terms with among other things because she spoke French 8 9 Their daughter Nelly died in 1953 and Martha and Otto Dix took their granddaughter Bettina to live with them After Otto Dix s death in 1969 she adopted Bettina in 1972 and traveled with her to Thailand Morocco and France After she had a first heart attack in 1979 Martha Dix moved to Sarrians in Provence France to live with her granddaughter Bettina from where she made further trips to Greece and Turkey 10 She handed over the house in Hemmenhofen and the rights to her husband s estate to the Otto Dix Foundation which she founded in 1983 and whose shareholders were her two sons and granddaughter Bettina Dix Pfefferkorn Martha portrayed by Otto Dix editBetween 1921 and 1933 Otto Dix portrayed Martha as often as otherwise only himself in total it is the motif in over seventy paintings watercolors and drawings No other person plays such a diverse role in the artist s work as Martha Most of the pictures were done in Dusseldorf Dresden and Berlin starting with portrait sketches in October 1921 when the couple was just getting to know each other in the Koch house to the first representative oil painting that shows her as a complex personality in black fur with a red hat 11 Dix s portraits show his wife in a wide variety of roles Sometimes she is a muse and witty companion sometimes a sophisticated woman sometimes a mother and family center However he never painted them in a sexualized or erotic way as is known from his other works where he painted prostitutes and their surroundings Two drawings from 1923 depicting Mutzli waking up in the morning are the ultimate eroticism that can be found in his pictures of Martha Dix was also present at the birth of his children which was unusual for the time he was drawing from these experiences the unfinished painting Birth and Newborn Child on Hands Ursus emerged This is followed by a whole series of works dealing with the theme of motherhood children and family including the painting The Artist s Family with clear echoes of traditional depictions of the Holy Family albeit ironically The last paintings with Martha Dix as a motif was made in 1928 Mrs Martha Dix I and II In 1927 Otto Dix had started the long term parallel relationship with Kathe Konig A penultimate drawing which differs greatly from the previous illustrations Mutz Sitting was created in 1933 distant and without illusions Martha Dix only reappears as a motif in a picture book from 1955 that was later created for her granddaughter Bettina 12 References edit Deutsche Biographie Dix Martha Deutsche Biographie German Karin Schick Otto Dix Hommage a Martha Kunstmuseum Stuttgart Hatje Cantz Ostfildern Ruit 2005 German ISBN 3 7757 1620 3 Karin Schick Otto Dix Hommage a Martha Kunstmuseum Stuttgart Hatje Cantz Ostfildern Ruit 2005 German ISBN 3 7757 1620 3 Anja Walter Ris 3 2 1 Das Liebesquartett und Karl Nierendorf Die Geschichte der Galerie Nierendorf Kunstleidenschaft im Dienst der Moderne Berlin New York 1920 1995 Berlin 2003 German The Doctor and his Painter German Aus der Kiste der Enkelin Dix Westdeutsche Zeitung 30 August 2011 German Anja Walter Ris Karl Nierendorf Otto Dix und die Ausstellung Die Neue Sachlichkeit in Mannheim 1925 in Die Geschichte der Galerie Nierendorf Kunstleidenschaft im Dienst der Moderne Berlin New York 1920 1995 2003 German Mosheh Tsuḳerman Otto Dix im Dritten Reich in Geschichte und bildende Kunst Tel Aviver Jahrbuch fur deutsche Geschichte Wallstein Verlag 2006 German ISBN 3 8353 0009 1 ISSN 0932 8408 Karin Schick Otto Dix Hommage a Martha Kunstmuseum Stuttgart Hatje Cantz Ostfildern Ruit 2005 German ISBN 3 7757 1620 3 Johannes Stoffler Ein biographischer Garten Der Garten der Familie Dix in Hemmenhofen in Annemarie Bucher Schweizerische Gesellschaft fur Gartenkultur Gartenbiografien Orte erzahlen Band 2014 Vdf Hochschulverlag Zurich 2014 German ISBN 978 3 7281 3579 7 Mal mondane Frau mal liebevolle Mutter Im Kunstmuseum laufen die Vorbereitungen fur die Schau Otto Dix Hommage a Martha Stuttgarter Nachrichten Stuttgart 20 August 2005 German Karin Schick Otto Dix Hommage a Martha Kunstmuseum Stuttgart Hatje Cantz Ostfildern Ruit 2005 German ISBN 3 7757 1620 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Martha Dix amp oldid 1127551756, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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