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Marteilia

January 01, 1970

Marteilia is a protozoan genus of organisms that are parasites of bivalves. It causes QX disease in Sydney rock oysters and Aber disease in European flat oysters. After being infected by Marteilia, bivalves lose pigmentation in their visceral tissue, and become emaciated (Carrasco, Green, & Itoh, 2015).

Marteilia
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Phylum: Cercozoa
Class: Ascetosporea
Order: Paramyxida
Family: Marteiliidae
Genus: Marteilia
Grizel et al., 1974
Synonyms
  • Marteilioides Comps, Park & Desportes 1986

History edit

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, there was a huge decline in European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) population in Brittany, France. This had a huge socioeconomic impact in Europe. Marteilia refringens was discovered to be the cause of this decline in oyster (Grizel et al., 1974). Around the same time, Marteilia sydneyi was also found to be causing mortalities in Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerate) in Australia (Perkins & Wolf, 1976).

There has been some success in breeding strains of Sydney rock oyster that are resistant to Marteilia ('QX disease').[1][2] However, the disease remains a threat to commercial cultivation of these oysters. It all but destroyed the industry in the Georges River estuary in 1994, spreading to the Hawkesbury River estuary in 2004, and has caused widespread oyster mortality in Port Stephens, as recently as 2021-2022.[3] Selective breeding has recently incorporated lines of wild oysters from the Richmond River, an estuary long ago affected by QX disease, which have a naturally developed QX-resistance.[4][5]

Morphology edit

Marteilia has a very peculiar morphology. The outermost cell is the primary cell. Within the primary cell, there is a nucleus and between 3 and 16 secondary cells. Within a secondary cell, there is a nucleus and between 1 and 6 spores. Within each spore, there is a nucleus and another spore, which has yet another nucleus and spore within. This spore within a spore within a spore is termed a tricellular spore. Marteilia has tricellular spores where as the similar genera Paramarteilia and Paramyxa have bicellular and tetracellular spores respectively (Feist, Hine, Bateman, Stentiford, & Longshaw, 2009).

Cell cycle edit

Marteilia’s morphology is derived from its unique cell cycle. The primary cell undergoes mitosis and produces the secondary cell within the primary cell rather than outside the primary cell. The secondary cell then undergoes mitosis to produce more secondary cells. After reaching a certain number of secondary cells, each secondary cell then undergoes mitosis to produce a spore within itself. The spores undergo a series of endogenous mitosis until it becomes a tricellular spore (Feist, Hine, Bateman, Stentiford, & Longshaw, 2009).

Life cycle edit

Marteilia begins its life cycle by infecting the gills of bivalves. At the gills, it undergoes sporogony where it replicates endogenously, producing secondary cells. Marteilia then enters the haemolymph and is transported then to the host's digestive tubule. Once there, it attaches itself to the digestive tubule epithelium and undergoes sporulation. After producing many spores, Marteilia enters its final stage and ruptures, releasing the spores. Currently, changes to Marteilia spores after release are unknown but it is assumed that some eventually reach another host's gills and repeat its cycle in its new host. (Kleeman, Adlard, & Lester, 2002)

Marteilia species edit

  • Marteilia christenseni Comps 1985
  • Marteilia chungmuensis (Comps, Park & Desportes 1986) Feist et al. 2009
  • Marteilia cochillia Carrasco et al. 2013: a species that infects the cockle Cerastoderma edule (Carrasco et al., 2013)
  • Marteilia granula Itoh et al. 2014: a species that infects the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Itoh et al., 2014)
  • Marteilia lengehi Comps 1976
  • Marteilia maurini Comps, Pichot & Papagianni 1992
  • Marteilia octospora Ruiz et al. 2016: a species that infects the Grooved Razor Shell clam Solen marginatus (Ruiz, López, Lee, Rodríguez, & Darriba, 2016)
  • Marteilia pararefringens Bass, Stentiford & Kerr 2017: a species that infects the Blue mussel Mytilus edulis (Kerr et al., 2018)
  • Marteilia refringens Grizel et al. 1974: a species that infects the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis (Grizel et al., 1974)
  • Marteilia sydneyi Perkins & Wolf 1976: a species that infects the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata (Perkins & Wolf, 1976)
  • Marteilia tapetis Kang et al. 2019

References edit

  • Carrasco, N., Green, T., & Itoh, N. (2015). Marteilia spp. parasites in bivalves: A revision of recent studies. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,131, 43–57. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.016
  • Carrasco, N., Hine, P. M., Durfort, M., Andree, K. B., Malchus, N., Lacuesta, B., . . . Furones, M. D. (2013). Marteilia cochillia sp. nov., a new Marteilia species affecting the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule in European waters. Aquaculture,412-413, 223–230. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.07.027
  • Cavalier-Smith, T. (2017). Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences. Protoplasma,255(1), 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3
  • Feist S. W., Hine P. M., Bateman K. S., Stentiford G. D., & Longshaw M. (2009). Paramarteilia canceri sp. n. (Cercozoa) in the European edible crab (Cancer pagurus) with a proposal for the revision of the order Paramyxida Chatton, 1911. Folia parasitologica, 56(2), 73-85
  • Grizel, H., Comps, M., Bonami, J.R., Cousserans, F., Duthoit, J.L., Le Pennec, M.A. (1974). Recherches sur l’agent de la maladie de la glande digestive de Ostrea edulis Linné. Sci. Pêche, Bull. Inst. Pêches Marit. 240, 7–30
  • Itoh, N., Yamamoto, T., Kang, H. S., Choi, K. S., Green, T. J., Carrasco, N., ... Chow, S. (2014). A novel paramyxean parasite, Marteilia granula sp. nov. (Cercozoa), from the digestive gland of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in Japan. Fish Pathology, 49(4), 181–193.
  • Kerr, R., Ward, G.M., Stentiford, G.D., Alfjorden, A., Mortensen, S., Bignell, J.P., Feist S.W., Villalba, A., Carballal, M.J., Cao, A., Arzul, I., Ryder, D., Bass D. (2018). Marteilia refringens and Marteilia pararefringens sp. nov. are distinct parasites of bivalves and have different European distributions. Parasitology, 145(11), 1483–1492. doi: 10.1017/S003118201800063X[6]
  • Kleeman, S. N., Adlard, R. D., & Lester, R. J. G. (2002). Detection of the initial infective stages of the protozoan parasite Marteilia sydneyi in Saccostrea glomerata and their development through to sporogenesis International Journal for Parasitology,32(6), 767-784 doi: 10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00025-5
  • Perkins, F. O., & Wolf, P. H. (1976). Fine Structure of Marteilia sydneyi sp. n.: Haplosporidan Pathogen of Australian Oysters. The Journal of Parasitology,62(4), 528. doi:10.2307/3279407
  • Ruiz, M., López, C., Lee, R., Rodríguez, R., & Darriba, S. (2016). A novel paramyxean parasite, Marteilia octospora n. sp. (Cercozoa) infecting the Grooved Razor Shell clam Solen marginatus from Galicia (NW Spain). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,135, 34–42. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2016.02.002

Specific

  1. ^ "QX Resistant Oyster Challenge Trial 2005 – 2007. | NSW Department of Primary Industries". www.dpi.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  2. ^ "Once crippled, oyster industry forges ahead with new technology". www.abc.net.au. 2018-11-03. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  3. ^ Chung, Laura (2022-09-05). "Why your Christmas lunch is under threat from an oyster killer". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  4. ^ "Sydney Rock Oyster Breeding Program Update" (PDF). September 2022.
  5. ^ Burt, Michael (2023-05-26). "The future for Port Stephens oysters". The Farmer Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  6. ^ Kerr, R.; Ward, G. M.; Stentiford, G. D.; Alfjorden, A.; Mortensen, S.; Bignell, J. P.; Feist, S. W.; Villalba, A.; Carballal, M. J. (September 2018). "Marteilia refringens and Marteilia pararefringens sp. nov. are distinct parasites of bivalves and have different European distributions". Parasitology. 145 (11): 1483–1492. doi:10.1017/S003118201800063X. ISSN 0031-1820. PMC 6137380. PMID 29886855.

January 01, 1970
marteilia, protozoan, genus, organisms, that, parasites, bivalves, causes, disease, sydney, rock, oysters, aber, disease, european, flat, oysters, after, being, infected, bivalves, lose, pigmentation, their, visceral, tissue, become, emaciated, carrasco, green. Marteilia is a protozoan genus of organisms that are parasites of bivalves It causes QX disease in Sydney rock oysters and Aber disease in European flat oysters After being infected by Marteilia bivalves lose pigmentation in their visceral tissue and become emaciated Carrasco Green amp Itoh 2015 Marteilia Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Clade Diaphoretickes Clade SAR Phylum Cercozoa Class Ascetosporea Order Paramyxida Family Marteiliidae Genus MarteiliaGrizel et al 1974 Synonyms Marteilioides Comps Park amp Desportes 1986 Contents 1 History 2 Morphology 3 Cell cycle 4 Life cycle 5 Marteilia species 6 ReferencesHistory editIn the late 1960s and early 1970s there was a huge decline in European flat oyster Ostrea edulis population in Brittany France This had a huge socioeconomic impact in Europe Marteilia refringens was discovered to be the cause of this decline in oyster Grizel et al 1974 Around the same time Marteilia sydneyi was also found to be causing mortalities in Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerate in Australia Perkins amp Wolf 1976 There has been some success in breeding strains of Sydney rock oyster that are resistant to Marteilia QX disease 1 2 However the disease remains a threat to commercial cultivation of these oysters It all but destroyed the industry in the Georges River estuary in 1994 spreading to the Hawkesbury River estuary in 2004 and has caused widespread oyster mortality in Port Stephens as recently as 2021 2022 3 Selective breeding has recently incorporated lines of wild oysters from the Richmond River an estuary long ago affected by QX disease which have a naturally developed QX resistance 4 5 Morphology editMarteilia has a very peculiar morphology The outermost cell is the primary cell Within the primary cell there is a nucleus and between 3 and 16 secondary cells Within a secondary cell there is a nucleus and between 1 and 6 spores Within each spore there is a nucleus and another spore which has yet another nucleus and spore within This spore within a spore within a spore is termed a tricellular spore Marteilia has tricellular spores where as the similar genera Paramarteilia and Paramyxa have bicellular and tetracellular spores respectively Feist Hine Bateman Stentiford amp Longshaw 2009 Cell cycle editMarteilia s morphology is derived from its unique cell cycle The primary cell undergoes mitosis and produces the secondary cell within the primary cell rather than outside the primary cell The secondary cell then undergoes mitosis to produce more secondary cells After reaching a certain number of secondary cells each secondary cell then undergoes mitosis to produce a spore within itself The spores undergo a series of endogenous mitosis until it becomes a tricellular spore Feist Hine Bateman Stentiford amp Longshaw 2009 Life cycle editMarteilia begins its life cycle by infecting the gills of bivalves At the gills it undergoes sporogony where it replicates endogenously producing secondary cells Marteilia then enters the haemolymph and is transported then to the host s digestive tubule Once there it attaches itself to the digestive tubule epithelium and undergoes sporulation After producing many spores Marteilia enters its final stage and ruptures releasing the spores Currently changes to Marteilia spores after release are unknown but it is assumed that some eventually reach another host s gills and repeat its cycle in its new host Kleeman Adlard amp Lester 2002 Marteilia species editMarteilia christenseni Comps 1985 Marteilia chungmuensis Comps Park amp Desportes 1986 Feist et al 2009 Marteilia cochillia Carrasco et al 2013 a species that infects the cockle Cerastoderma edule Carrasco et al 2013 Marteilia granula Itoh et al 2014 a species that infects the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum Itoh et al 2014 Marteilia lengehi Comps 1976 Marteilia maurini Comps Pichot amp Papagianni 1992 Marteilia octospora Ruiz et al 2016 a species that infects the Grooved Razor Shell clam Solen marginatus Ruiz Lopez Lee Rodriguez amp Darriba 2016 Marteilia pararefringens Bass Stentiford amp Kerr 2017 a species that infects the Blue mussel Mytilus edulis Kerr et al 2018 Marteilia refringens Grizel et al 1974 a species that infects the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis Grizel et al 1974 Marteilia sydneyi Perkins amp Wolf 1976 a species that infects the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata Perkins amp Wolf 1976 Marteilia tapetis Kang et al 2019References editCarrasco N Green T amp Itoh N 2015 Marteilia spp parasites in bivalves A revision of recent studies Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 131 43 57 doi 10 1016 j jip 2015 07 016 Carrasco N Hine P M Durfort M Andree K B Malchus N Lacuesta B Furones M D 2013 Marteilia cochillia sp nov a new Marteilia species affecting the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule in European waters Aquaculture 412 413 223 230 doi 10 1016 j aquaculture 2013 07 027 Cavalier Smith T 2017 Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution and ancient divergences Protoplasma 255 1 297 357 doi 10 1007 s00709 017 1147 3 Feist S W Hine P M Bateman K S Stentiford G D amp Longshaw M 2009 Paramarteilia canceri sp n Cercozoa in the European edible crab Cancer pagurus with a proposal for the revision of the order Paramyxida Chatton 1911 Folia parasitologica 56 2 73 85 Grizel H Comps M Bonami J R Cousserans F Duthoit J L Le Pennec M A 1974 Recherches sur l agent de la maladie de la glande digestive de Ostrea edulis Linne Sci Peche Bull Inst Peches Marit 240 7 30 Itoh N Yamamoto T Kang H S Choi K S Green T J Carrasco N Chow S 2014 A novel paramyxean parasite Marteilia granula sp nov Cercozoa from the digestive gland of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in Japan Fish Pathology 49 4 181 193 Kerr R Ward G M Stentiford G D Alfjorden A Mortensen S Bignell J P Feist S W Villalba A Carballal M J Cao A Arzul I Ryder D Bass D 2018 Marteilia refringens and Marteilia pararefringens sp nov are distinct parasites of bivalves and have different European distributions Parasitology 145 11 1483 1492 doi 10 1017 S003118201800063X 6 Kleeman S N Adlard R D amp Lester R J G 2002 Detection of the initial infective stages of the protozoan parasite Marteilia sydneyi in Saccostrea glomerata and their development through to sporogenesis International Journal for Parasitology 32 6 767 784 doi 10 1016 S0020 7519 02 00025 5 Perkins F O amp Wolf P H 1976 Fine Structure of Marteilia sydneyi sp n Haplosporidan Pathogen of Australian Oysters The Journal of Parasitology 62 4 528 doi 10 2307 3279407 Ruiz M Lopez C Lee R Rodriguez R amp Darriba S 2016 A novel paramyxean parasite Marteilia octospora n sp Cercozoa infecting the Grooved Razor Shell clam Solen marginatus from Galicia NW Spain Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 135 34 42 doi 10 1016 j jip 2016 02 002 Specific QX Resistant Oyster Challenge Trial 2005 2007 NSW Department of Primary Industries www dpi nsw gov au Retrieved 2020 08 05 Once crippled oyster industry forges ahead with new technology www abc net au 2018 11 03 Retrieved 2020 08 05 Chung Laura 2022 09 05 Why your Christmas lunch is under threat from an oyster killer The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 2023 12 23 Sydney Rock Oyster Breeding Program Update PDF September 2022 Burt Michael 2023 05 26 The future for Port Stephens oysters The Farmer Magazine Retrieved 2024 02 23 Kerr R Ward G M Stentiford G D Alfjorden A Mortensen S Bignell J P Feist S W Villalba A Carballal M J September 2018 Marteilia refringens and Marteilia pararefringens sp nov are distinct parasites of bivalves and have different European distributions Parasitology 145 11 1483 1492 doi 10 1017 S003118201800063X ISSN 0031 1820 PMC 6137380 PMID 29886855 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Marteilia amp oldid 1220264156, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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