Martín Enríquez de Almanza y Ulloa, (died ca. March 13, 1583) was the fourth viceroy of New Spain, who ruled in the name of Philip II from November 5, 1568 until October 3, 1580.
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Enríquez de Almanza and the second or maternal family name is Ulloa.
Like many of the early viceroys of New Spain, Almanza was of royal heritage. He was a member of the House of Enríquez, one of the four cadet branches of the House of Burgundy, the ruling dynasty in Castile, yet never inherited a title.
Enríquez was 60 when he was appointed viceroy in New Spain. He brought strength and stability in the wake of the encomenderos' conspiracy of the son of conqueror Hernán Cortés, Don Martín Cortés and other encomenderos who challenged the crown's power. He was subsequently viceroy of Peru, from September 23, 1581 until his death in 1583, a post he reluctantly accepted at age 72.[1] He was a very able administrator in Mexico, asserting crown control, and effective in establishing defenses against northern natives who threatened the vital link between the silver mines in north and Mexico's center.[2]
Born Martín Enríquez de Almanza y Ulloa, his father was Francisco Enríquez de Almanza, 1st Marquess of Alcañices, great-great-grandchild of Infante Fadrique Alfonso of Castile, an illegitimate child of Alfonso XI of Castile. His mother was Isabel de Ulloa y Castilla, also a Castilian royal on her mother's side.
Government and actions
Having been chosen by the Council of the Indies (Consejo de Indias) as viceroy, his first actions upon arrival in New Spain, at Veracruz, were to dislodge the English pirates from the Isla de Sacrificios, a base they had been using to raid the coast and Spanish shipping. When he arrived in Mexico City, he immediately took steps to end the turmoil left by the former president of the Real Audiencia, Alonso Muñoz.
Enríquez de Almanza also acted as a mediator between the bishops and the religious orders operating in New Spain. The dispute between these two religious groups dated from the viceroyalty of Gastón de Peralta, 3rd Marquis of Falces, when a royal disposition stipulated that the administration of the parishes was the responsibility of the secular clergy, obliging friars, nuns and members of the regular clergy to retreat to convents. The regular clergy refused to obey this disposition, beginning the conflict. The Franciscans threatened to abandon the city, and in fact began a march to Veracruz. They were threatened by Indians and ordered to return by the viceroy. After receiving some concessions, they returned to Mexico City.
In 1570 the viceroy personally led an expedition against the Indian tribes that had been devastating the interior, but he did not give into demand for total war against the Chichimeca.[3] He established presidios at Ojuelos and Portezuelos, on the road to Zacatecas. He founded the Villa de San Felipe (Guanajuato) and many other towns and villages, as well as colleges and convents. In 1573 he began the construction of the Cathedral of Mexico City.
Enríquez brought medical attention to the unprotected and helped those in critical conditions. He established hospitals in the city to treat the victims of a terrible epidemic (thought to be chicken pox or varicella) that left 3,000 people dead. He published regulations in which the social protection of the Indians was guaranteed against their Spanish patrons, and a fair salary was assured for those who worked as peasants and farmers.
Establishment of the Inquisition in New Spain
During the government of Enríquez de Almanza, the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio) was formally established in New Spain; it was simultaneously established in Peru. Pedro Moya de Contreras, the first inquisitor in New Spain, arrived in 1571. Composed of a group of high-ranking bishops and sometimes led by the archbishop of Mexico City, the Inquisition had special instructions to oversee and control the religious practices of Spaniards and non-indigenous residents in the territory, and to eradicate any crypto-Jewish communities (judaizantes), as well as any Protestants. Indians were excluded from its jurisdiction.
This religious court became quite active. The first to be tried by the Inquisition in the Indies were two Englishmen and an Irishman, burnt at the stake in Mexico City April 15, 1574 for "Lutheran heresies". An estimated 200 people were tried in 1574, the year in which the first Autos de Fe were held. Most of these 200 people were burnt alive in public plazas or tortured to death in secret dungeons, both scattered throughout what is now downtown Mexico City.[4] The viceroy was required to attend these ceremonies.[citation needed]
Portrait of Enríquez de Almanza, c. 1568
Viceroy of Peru
King Philip II of Spain received outstanding comments about this viceroy, and he was aware of the obvious improvements made during his administration. In recognition of his labor, he was designated viceroy of Peru, Peru being a richer colony. Enríquez de Almanza sailed from the port of Acapulco on the Pacific in 1580. He died in Lima, Peru in 1583, still in office. The Audiencia governed New Spain until the arrival of the next viceroy, Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza, 4th conde de la Coruña.
In Lima people knew him as el Gotoso (The Goutish One) because of his ill health. He was unable to accomplish much as viceroy of Peru and died three years into his term, so that he is thus not counted among the great viceroys. However, in New Spain where he served 12 years as viceroy, he was considered "a wise administrator; he is generally credited with having raised the prestige of the viceroy's office."[5]
References
^Stafford Poole, "Martín Enríquez de Almansa" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, p. 500. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
^Parker, Geoffrey. Philip II fourth edition. Chicago: Open Court 2002, pp. 113-14.
^Lea, Henry Charles (1908). The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies: Silicy--Naples--Sardinia--Milan--the Canaries--Mexico--Peru--New Granada. Macmillan. pp. 205-206.
Powell, Philip Wayne (1957). "Portrait of an American Viceroy: Martín Enríquez, 1568–1583". The Americas. 14 (1): 1–24. doi:10.2307/979116. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 979116. S2CID 143513077.
(in Spanish) García- Abásola González, Antonio F. Martín Enríquez y la reforma de 1568 en Nueva España. 1983.
(in Spanish) "Los Municipios del Estado de Puebla". Colección Los Municipios de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Mexico City: CEDEMUN - SEGOB, 1985.
(in Spanish) García Puron, Manuel, México y sus gobernantes. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrúa, 1984.
(in Spanish) Orozco Linares, Fernando, Gobernantes de México. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, ISBN968-38-0260-5.
(in Spanish) Rosas, Alejandro, et al. Historia de México a través de sus Gobernantes 1st ed. Mexico City: Planeta, 2003.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martín Enríquez de Almansa.
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This article includes a list of references related reading or external links but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations January 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Martin Enriquez de Almanza y Ulloa died ca March 13 1583 was the fourth viceroy of New Spain who ruled in the name of Philip II from November 5 1568 until October 3 1580 The Most ExcellentMartin Enriquez de Almanza4th Viceroy of New SpainIn office November 5 1568 October 3 1580MonarchPhilip IIPreceded byGaston de Peralta 3rd Marquess of FalcesSucceeded byLorenzo Suarez de Mendoza 4th Count of La Coruna6th Viceroy of PeruIn office September 23 1581 March 13 1583MonarchCharles I of SpainPreceded byFrancisco de ToledoSucceeded byFernando Torres de Portugal y MesiaPersonal detailsBornMartin Enriquez de Almanza y UlloaToro Zamora SpainDiedMarch 13 1583Lima Viceroyalty of PeruSignatureIn this Spanish name the first or paternal surname is Enriquez de Almanza and the second or maternal family name is Ulloa Like many of the early viceroys of New Spain Almanza was of royal heritage He was a member of the House of Enriquez one of the four cadet branches of the House of Burgundy the ruling dynasty in Castile yet never inherited a title Enriquez was 60 when he was appointed viceroy in New Spain He brought strength and stability in the wake of the encomenderos conspiracy of the son of conqueror Hernan Cortes Don Martin Cortes and other encomenderos who challenged the crown s power He was subsequently viceroy of Peru from September 23 1581 until his death in 1583 a post he reluctantly accepted at age 72 1 He was a very able administrator in Mexico asserting crown control and effective in establishing defenses against northern natives who threatened the vital link between the silver mines in north and Mexico s center 2 Contents 1 Early years 2 Government and actions 2 1 Establishment of the Inquisition in New Spain 3 Viceroy of Peru 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksEarly years EditBorn Martin Enriquez de Almanza y Ulloa his father was Francisco Enriquez de Almanza 1st Marquess of Alcanices great great grandchild of Infante Fadrique Alfonso of Castile an illegitimate child of Alfonso XI of Castile His mother was Isabel de Ulloa y Castilla also a Castilian royal on her mother s side Government and actions EditHaving been chosen by the Council of the Indies Consejo de Indias as viceroy his first actions upon arrival in New Spain at Veracruz were to dislodge the English pirates from the Isla de Sacrificios a base they had been using to raid the coast and Spanish shipping When he arrived in Mexico City he immediately took steps to end the turmoil left by the former president of the Real Audiencia Alonso Munoz Arms of Martin Enriquez de Almanza which derive from the Spanish Royal FamilyEnriquez de Almanza also acted as a mediator between the bishops and the religious orders operating in New Spain The dispute between these two religious groups dated from the viceroyalty of Gaston de Peralta 3rd Marquis of Falces when a royal disposition stipulated that the administration of the parishes was the responsibility of the secular clergy obliging friars nuns and members of the regular clergy to retreat to convents The regular clergy refused to obey this disposition beginning the conflict The Franciscans threatened to abandon the city and in fact began a march to Veracruz They were threatened by Indians and ordered to return by the viceroy After receiving some concessions they returned to Mexico City In 1570 the viceroy personally led an expedition against the Indian tribes that had been devastating the interior but he did not give into demand for total war against the Chichimeca 3 He established presidios at Ojuelos and Portezuelos on the road to Zacatecas He founded the Villa de San Felipe Guanajuato and many other towns and villages as well as colleges and convents In 1573 he began the construction of the Cathedral of Mexico City Enriquez brought medical attention to the unprotected and helped those in critical conditions He established hospitals in the city to treat the victims of a terrible epidemic thought to be chicken pox or varicella that left 3 000 people dead He published regulations in which the social protection of the Indians was guaranteed against their Spanish patrons and a fair salary was assured for those who worked as peasants and farmers Establishment of the Inquisition in New Spain Edit During the government of Enriquez de Almanza the Holy Office of the Inquisition Tribunal del Santo Oficio was formally established in New Spain it was simultaneously established in Peru Pedro Moya de Contreras the first inquisitor in New Spain arrived in 1571 Composed of a group of high ranking bishops and sometimes led by the archbishop of Mexico City the Inquisition had special instructions to oversee and control the religious practices of Spaniards and non indigenous residents in the territory and to eradicate any crypto Jewish communities judaizantes as well as any Protestants Indians were excluded from its jurisdiction This religious court became quite active The first to be tried by the Inquisition in the Indies were two Englishmen and an Irishman burnt at the stake in Mexico City April 15 1574 for Lutheran heresies An estimated 200 people were tried in 1574 the year in which the first Autos de Fe were held Most of these 200 people were burnt alive in public plazas or tortured to death in secret dungeons both scattered throughout what is now downtown Mexico City 4 The viceroy was required to attend these ceremonies citation needed Portrait of Enriquez de Almanza c 1568Viceroy of Peru EditKing Philip II of Spain received outstanding comments about this viceroy and he was aware of the obvious improvements made during his administration In recognition of his labor he was designated viceroy of Peru Peru being a richer colony Enriquez de Almanza sailed from the port of Acapulco on the Pacific in 1580 He died in Lima Peru in 1583 still in office The Audiencia governed New Spain until the arrival of the next viceroy Lorenzo Suarez de Mendoza 4th conde de la Coruna In Lima people knew him as el Gotoso The Goutish One because of his ill health He was unable to accomplish much as viceroy of Peru and died three years into his term so that he is thus not counted among the great viceroys However in New Spain where he served 12 years as viceroy he was considered a wise administrator he is generally credited with having raised the prestige of the viceroy s office 5 References Edit Stafford Poole Martin Enriquez de Almansa in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture vol 2 p 500 New York Charles Scribner s Sons 1996 Parker Geoffrey Philip II fourth edition Chicago Open Court 2002 pp 113 14 Poole Martin Enriquez de Almansa p 500 Lea Henry Charles 1908 The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies Silicy Naples Sardinia Milan the Canaries Mexico Peru New Granada Macmillan pp 205 206 Poole Martin Enriquez de Almansa p 500 Further reading EditPowell Philip Wayne 1957 Portrait of an American Viceroy Martin Enriquez 1568 1583 The Americas 14 1 1 24 doi 10 2307 979116 ISSN 0003 1615 JSTOR 979116 S2CID 143513077 in Spanish Garcia Abasola Gonzalez Antonio F Martin Enriquez y la reforma de 1568 en Nueva Espana 1983 in Spanish Los Municipios del Estado de Puebla Coleccion Los Municipios de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Mexico City CEDEMUN SEGOB 1985 in Spanish Garcia Puron Manuel Mexico y sus gobernantes Mexico City Joaquin Porrua 1984 in Spanish Orozco Linares Fernando Gobernantes de Mexico Mexico City Panorama Editorial 1985 ISBN 968 38 0260 5 in Spanish Rosas Alejandro et al Historia de Mexico a traves de sus Gobernantes 1st ed Mexico City Planeta 2003 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martin Enriquez de Almansa Government officesPreceded byGaston de Peralta marques de Falces Viceroy of New Spain1568 1580 Succeeded byLorenzo Suarez de Mendoza 4th conde de la CorunaPreceded byFrancisco de Toledo Count of Oropesa Viceroy of Peru1581 1583 Succeeded byCristobal Ramirez de Cartagena Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Martin Enriquez de Almanza amp oldid 1134175806, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
