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Marking Guerrillas

May 10, 2023

The Marking Guerrillas were a Filipino guerrilla army that took part in the anti-Japanese resistance during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II. Headed by Colonel Marcos V. "Marking" Agustin and Valeria "Yay" Panlilio, the army is most well known for carrying out the capture of former Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo during his collaboration with Japan, as well as the unit's role in the battle to capture the Ipo Dam from the Japanese.

History

Formation under FAIT

The force was first organized in early 1942 by Colonel Marcos Villa "Marking" Agustin of the Philippine Scouts. In July of that year, Agustin was joined by journalist and intelligence agent Valeria "Yay" Panlilio, beginning a close relationship between the two. The Marking Guerrillas initially consisted of 150 men, and was part of a larger guerilla army known as the Fil-American Irregular Troops (FAIT), which was organized under U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Straughn.[1] In contrast to other Filipino guerrilla units such as the Hunters ROTC, the Marking Guerrillas consisted primarily of older soldiers and civilians from the lower classes of Filipino society.[2] Agustin claimed that his force consisted of 200,000 men and women; a recognition program by the U.S. Army commissioned after the war determined Marking's Guerrillas to have consisted of roughly 12,200 members by 1945.[3] Between August 1942 and April 1943, the Marking Guerrillas were involved in a series of skirmishes with Japanese patrols on a 4 mi (6.4 km) by 2 mi (3.2 km) peninsula on the banks of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines.[4]

Independent resistance and rivalry with Hunters ROTC

Following Straughn's capture and subsequent execution by the Japanese in August 1943, the Marking Guerrillas became an independent force, operating primarily in the Sierra Madre mountains of Luzon 50 km (31 mi) southeast of Manila. During this time, the guerrillas printed their own banknotes to fund the anti-Japanese resistance and be used as currency for local Filipino communities that they had freed from Japanese control.[1]

A rivalry existed between the Marking Guerrillas and the Hunters ROTC, and while both initially worked together under Straughn's leadership, animosity between the two erupted as they competed for support in Rizal and stole arms from each other as a result of weapons shortages. The two groups engaged in violent clashes with one another, one notable instance being in March 1944 when several Marking units attacked Hunters commander Terry Adevoso's headquarters at Mayamot, an attack which was ultimately repelled. Armed conflict between the two continued until August 1944, when U.S. officer and guerrilla commander Bernard Anderson intervened to end the feud.[5]

The Marking Guerrillas co-operated with the ethnic Chinese Wha-Chi guerrilla unit in the capture of Santa Cruz, Laguna, from the Japanese on January 26, 1945.[6]

Capture of Aguinaldo and Ipo Dam Battle

Units of the Marking Guerrillas participated in the Battle of Manila, where they were responsible for the capture of Japanese collaborator and former Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo, whose home they raided on February 8, 1945. According to Aguinaldo, the guerrillas stole and destroyed many of his belongings during the raid, including jewelry, articles of clothing, documents, and tens of thousands worth of pesos and yen, and had also assaulted his niece.[7]

During the later phases of the Philippines campaign, the Marking Guerrillas assisted the U.S. 43rd Infantry Division commanded by General Leonard Wing. This division, and the Marking Guerrillas by extension, were involved in the capture of the Ipo Dam, Manila's primary water source, from the Japanese, with guerrillas attacking Japanese forces from the western sector of the dam on May 6, 1945. Two regiments under Panlilio's command gathered in Angat, where they captured several strategic positions from the Japanese. On May 17 they crossed the Angat River and raised the American flag over the Ipo Dam's powerhouse, marking the Ipo Dam campaign a success.[1][8][9] The guerrillas had lost 40 men during the raid. The Battle of the Ipo Dam is perhaps the event the Marking Guerrillas are best known for, with American military historian Robert Smith stating that the guerrillas deserved "the lion's share of the credit for the capture of the Ipo Dam."[10]

The Marking Guerrillas ceased operations and disbanded shortly after their victory at the Ipo Dam, largely due to the departure of Yay Panlilio to the United States in early April of 1945. Panlilio would later write of the experiences of her and her husband in her 1949 autobiography The Crucible.

References

  1. ^ a b c Panlilio, Yay (2010). The crucible : an autobiography by Colonel Yay, Filipina American guerrilla. Library Genesis. New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4681-0.
  2. ^ Author, Guest (2018-06-24). "Resistance Warriors of the Philippines". WAR HISTORY ONLINE. Retrieved 2022-01-05. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  3. ^ Department of Defense. Far East Command. Philippines Command. Guerrilla Affairs Division (c. 1949). HQ Philippines Command, U.S. Army Recognition Program of Philippine Guerrillas, ca. 1949 (1). Series: Records Relating to the U.S. Army Recognition Program of Philippine Guerrillas, ca. 1949 - ca. 1949.
  4. ^ "Amazing Filipino Women Heroes - PVAO". Retrieved 2022-01-21.
  5. ^ Villanueva, James Alexander (2019). Awaiting the Allies' Return: The Guerrilla Resistance Against the Japanese in the Philippines during World War II (Thesis). The Ohio State University.
  6. ^ "Battle of Santa Cruz - PVAO". Retrieved 2022-01-17.
  7. ^ ARA, SATOSHI (2015). "Emilio Aguinaldo under American and Japanese Rule Submission for Independence?". Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints. 63 (2): 161–192. doi:10.1353/phs.2015.0019. ISSN 2244-1093. JSTOR 24672333. S2CID 128515904.
  8. ^ "Battle of Ipo Dam - PVAO". Retrieved 2022-01-17.
  9. ^ Maroon, Edward (2015-11-18). "Ipo Dam: A Campaign For Water". Warfare History Network. Retrieved 2022-01-17.
  10. ^ "HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Triumph in the Philippines [Chapter 22]". www.ibiblio.org. Retrieved 2022-01-18.

May 10, 2023
marking, guerrillas, were, filipino, guerrilla, army, that, took, part, anti, japanese, resistance, during, japanese, occupation, philippines, world, headed, colonel, marcos, marking, agustin, valeria, panlilio, army, most, well, known, carrying, capture, form. The Marking Guerrillas were a Filipino guerrilla army that took part in the anti Japanese resistance during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II Headed by Colonel Marcos V Marking Agustin and Valeria Yay Panlilio the army is most well known for carrying out the capture of former Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo during his collaboration with Japan as well as the unit s role in the battle to capture the Ipo Dam from the Japanese Marking GuerrillasActive1942 1945CountryPhilippinesAllegianceCommonwealth of the Philippines United StatesRoleResistance movementEngagementsWorld War II Japanese occupation of the Philippines Philippines Campaign Battle of Manila Battle of Wawa Dam Battle of the Ipo Dam Contents 1 History 1 1 Formation under FAIT 1 2 Independent resistance and rivalry with Hunters ROTC 1 3 Capture of Aguinaldo and Ipo Dam Battle 2 ReferencesHistory EditFormation under FAIT Edit The force was first organized in early 1942 by Colonel Marcos Villa Marking Agustin of the Philippine Scouts In July of that year Agustin was joined by journalist and intelligence agent Valeria Yay Panlilio beginning a close relationship between the two The Marking Guerrillas initially consisted of 150 men and was part of a larger guerilla army known as the Fil American Irregular Troops FAIT which was organized under U S Army Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Straughn 1 In contrast to other Filipino guerrilla units such as the Hunters ROTC the Marking Guerrillas consisted primarily of older soldiers and civilians from the lower classes of Filipino society 2 Agustin claimed that his force consisted of 200 000 men and women a recognition program by the U S Army commissioned after the war determined Marking s Guerrillas to have consisted of roughly 12 200 members by 1945 3 Between August 1942 and April 1943 the Marking Guerrillas were involved in a series of skirmishes with Japanese patrols on a 4 mi 6 4 km by 2 mi 3 2 km peninsula on the banks of Laguna de Bay the largest lake in the Philippines 4 Independent resistance and rivalry with Hunters ROTC Edit Following Straughn s capture and subsequent execution by the Japanese in August 1943 the Marking Guerrillas became an independent force operating primarily in the Sierra Madre mountains of Luzon 50 km 31 mi southeast of Manila During this time the guerrillas printed their own banknotes to fund the anti Japanese resistance and be used as currency for local Filipino communities that they had freed from Japanese control 1 A rivalry existed between the Marking Guerrillas and the Hunters ROTC and while both initially worked together under Straughn s leadership animosity between the two erupted as they competed for support in Rizal and stole arms from each other as a result of weapons shortages The two groups engaged in violent clashes with one another one notable instance being in March 1944 when several Marking units attacked Hunters commander Terry Adevoso s headquarters at Mayamot an attack which was ultimately repelled Armed conflict between the two continued until August 1944 when U S officer and guerrilla commander Bernard Anderson intervened to end the feud 5 The Marking Guerrillas co operated with the ethnic Chinese Wha Chi guerrilla unit in the capture of Santa Cruz Laguna from the Japanese on January 26 1945 6 Capture of Aguinaldo and Ipo Dam Battle Edit Units of the Marking Guerrillas participated in the Battle of Manila where they were responsible for the capture of Japanese collaborator and former Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo whose home they raided on February 8 1945 According to Aguinaldo the guerrillas stole and destroyed many of his belongings during the raid including jewelry articles of clothing documents and tens of thousands worth of pesos and yen and had also assaulted his niece 7 During the later phases of the Philippines campaign the Marking Guerrillas assisted the U S 43rd Infantry Division commanded by General Leonard Wing This division and the Marking Guerrillas by extension were involved in the capture of the Ipo Dam Manila s primary water source from the Japanese with guerrillas attacking Japanese forces from the western sector of the dam on May 6 1945 Two regiments under Panlilio s command gathered in Angat where they captured several strategic positions from the Japanese On May 17 they crossed the Angat River and raised the American flag over the Ipo Dam s powerhouse marking the Ipo Dam campaign a success 1 8 9 The guerrillas had lost 40 men during the raid The Battle of the Ipo Dam is perhaps the event the Marking Guerrillas are best known for with American military historian Robert Smith stating that the guerrillas deserved the lion s share of the credit for the capture of the Ipo Dam 10 The Marking Guerrillas ceased operations and disbanded shortly after their victory at the Ipo Dam largely due to the departure of Yay Panlilio to the United States in early April of 1945 Panlilio would later write of the experiences of her and her husband in her 1949 autobiography The Crucible References Edit a b c Panlilio Yay 2010 The crucible an autobiography by Colonel Yay Filipina American guerrilla Library Genesis New Brunswick N J Rutgers University Press ISBN 978 0 8135 4681 0 Author Guest 2018 06 24 Resistance Warriors of the Philippines WAR HISTORY ONLINE Retrieved 2022 01 05 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a last has generic name help Department of Defense Far East Command Philippines Command Guerrilla Affairs Division c 1949 HQ Philippines Command U S Army Recognition Program of Philippine Guerrillas ca 1949 1 Series Records Relating to the U S Army Recognition Program of Philippine Guerrillas ca 1949 ca 1949 Amazing Filipino Women Heroes PVAO Retrieved 2022 01 21 Villanueva James Alexander 2019 Awaiting the Allies Return The Guerrilla Resistance Against the Japanese in the Philippines during World War II Thesis The Ohio State University Battle of Santa Cruz PVAO Retrieved 2022 01 17 ARA SATOSHI 2015 Emilio Aguinaldo under American and Japanese Rule Submission for Independence Philippine Studies Historical amp Ethnographic Viewpoints 63 2 161 192 doi 10 1353 phs 2015 0019 ISSN 2244 1093 JSTOR 24672333 S2CID 128515904 Battle of Ipo Dam PVAO Retrieved 2022 01 17 Maroon Edward 2015 11 18 Ipo Dam A Campaign For Water Warfare History Network Retrieved 2022 01 17 HyperWar US Army in WWII Triumph in the Philippines Chapter 22 www ibiblio org Retrieved 2022 01 18 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Marking Guerrillas amp oldid 1152063682, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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