Marine Permaculture is a form of mariculture that reflects the principles of permaculture by recreating seaweed forest habitat and other ecosystems in nearshore and offshore ocean environments. Doing so enables a sustainable long-term harvest of seaweeds and seafood, while regenerating life in the ocean.
A kelp forest in San Clemente Island, California demonstrating the diversity of life that can be supported by Marine Permaculutre
Marine Permaculture was created by Dr. Brian von Herzen and colleagues at the Climate Foundation[1] then in Woods Hole, Massachusetts and now in Seattle, Washington.
Marine Permaculture comprises a platform from which seaweed ecosystems can be grown, creating the environmental conditions for primary production and habitat for marine life. Using a system of renewably powered pumps, cool, nutrient-rich waters are brought up from a depth of 100-500 meters, below the nutricline, to the ocean surface, thereby replicating natural overturning circulation processes of ocean upwelling and mitigating against marine heatwaves that have led to ocean stratification and decimated natural macroalgae ecosystems in many regions of the world.[2][3][4] In addition, artificial structures provide substrate seaweeds require to grow on. The seaweed growth and increased plankton provide critical marine habitat for fish populations to thrive.[5] This type of intervention regenerates overturning circulation and returns mixed layer temperatures to levels closer to those measured pre-industrially.
Ocean regeneration potentialedit
Marine Permaculture has received endorsement from a number of permaculture experts, including Morag Gamble of the Permaculture Education Institute,[6] Matt Powers,[7]David Holmgren and the Santa Barbara Permaculture Network,[8] who have recognised its adherence to the principles of permaculture. It has also received considerable attention as a potentially ground-breaking climate solution.[9] It has featured as a “Coming Attraction” solution in the book Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming edited by Paul Hawken and was one of the main climate solutions featured in Damon Gameau’s documentary film 2040. Professor Tim Flannery has also highlighted Marine Permaculture’s potential in sequestering gigatons of carbon through hectare scale platforms in the open ocean,[10][11][12][13] an idea that has also received attention from the voluntary carbon market Nori.[14][15] Marine Permaculture is also mentioned as a climate solution in Burn: Using Fire to Cool the Earth by Albert Bates and Kathleen Draper.[16] Marine Permaculture also features in the MacArthur Foundation's Bold Solutions Network, of the “Top100” innovative solutions to the world’s most pressing challenges.[17]
Product applicationsedit
If deployed at scale, it has the potential to provide food security to billions of people who rely upon the oceans for their primary source of protein, act as a source of blue carbon, while lowering ocean acidification, providing sustainable livelihoods, and restoring marine habitat. To date, Marine Permaculture trials have been conducted in numerous regions of the world including Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Tasmania, where it is being used to regenerate seaweed ecosystems recently decimated from climate change.[18][19][20] Harvesting organic kelp may produce ingredients for agriculture, fertilisers, pharmaceutical and textiles: Biostimulants, such as organic soil immprovers, feed supplements for fish and cattle, pulp for cellulose, fibers to replace wood pulp, nanocellulose for water-proofing cardboards, and biomedical molecules with natural anti-septic properties are some of the products elaborated by the marine permaculture projects.
^Thomsen, Mads S.; Mondardini, Luca; Alestra, Tommaso; Gerrity, Shawn; Tait, Leigh; South, Paul M.; Lilley, Stacie A.; Schiel, David R. (2019). "Local Extinction of Bull Kelp (Durvillaea spp.) Due to a Marine Heatwave". Frontiers in Marine Science. 6. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00084. ISSN 2296-7745. S2CID 69173935.
^Straub, Sandra C.; Wernberg, Thomas; Thomsen, Mads S.; Moore, Pippa J.; Burrows, Michael T.; Harvey, Ben P.; Smale, Dan A. (2019). "Resistance, Extinction, and Everything in Between – The Diverse Responses of Seaweeds to Marine Heatwaves". Frontiers in Marine Science. 6. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00763. hdl:2160/465c66d5-e36f-4392-b45d-e76611368800. ISSN 2296-7745. S2CID 209324664.
^Wernberg, T.; Bennett, S.; Babcock, R. C.; de Bettignies, T.; Cure, K.; Depczynski, M.; Dufois, F.; Fromont, J.; Fulton, C. J.; Hovey, R. K.; Harvey, E. S. (2016-07-08). "Climate-driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem". Science. 353 (6295): 169–172. Bibcode:2016Sci...353..169W. doi:10.1126/science.aad8745. hdl:20.500.11937/31133. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27387951. S2CID 206645399.
^Brown, Marshall. "The Man With The 300 / 2050 Vision". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
^Gamble, Morag (3 December 2019). "Marine Permaculture with Dr Brian von Herzen & Morag Gamble". Youtube.
^Powers, Matt (10 July 2019). "Marine Permaculture with Brian Von Herzen Episode 113 A Regenerative Future". Youtube.
^"Reverse Climate Change with Marine Permaculture Strategies for Ocean Regeneration with Brian von Herzen". The Santa Barbara Independent. 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
^Flannery, Tim (23 September 2019), Can seaweed help curb global warming?, retrieved 2020-08-27
^Can Seaweed Save The World?, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2017-08-22, retrieved 2020-08-27
^Flannery, Tim F. (Tim Fridtjof), 1956- (31 July 2017). Sunlight and seaweed : an argument for how to feed, power and clean up the world. Melbourne. ISBN978-1-925498-68-4. OCLC 987462317.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Flannery, Tim (31 July 2017). "How farming giant seaweed can feed fish and fix the climate". The Conversation. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
^Jospe, Christophe (14 August 2018). "Five ways farming at sea is a climate game changer". Medium.
^"Brian Von Herzen, Founder of Climate Foundation: Reversing Climate Change #34". Youtube. 7 August 2018.
^Bates, Albert K., 1947- (February 2019). Burn : using fire to cool the earth. Draper, Kathleen. White River Junction, Vermont. ISBN978-1-60358-783-9. OCLC 1056201284.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^"Enhancing Coastal Community Value Chains with Marine Permaculture (CVC-MPs)". Lever for Change.org. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
^"Assessing the Potential for Restoration and Permaculture of Tasmania's Giant Kelp Forests - Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies". Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies - University of Tasmania, Australia. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
marine, permaculture, marine, permaculture, form, mariculture, that, reflects, principles, permaculture, recreating, seaweed, forest, habitat, other, ecosystems, nearshore, offshore, ocean, environments, doing, enables, sustainable, long, term, harvest, seawee. Marine Permaculture is a form of mariculture that reflects the principles of permaculture by recreating seaweed forest habitat and other ecosystems in nearshore and offshore ocean environments Doing so enables a sustainable long term harvest of seaweeds and seafood while regenerating life in the ocean A kelp forest in San Clemente Island California demonstrating the diversity of life that can be supported by Marine Permaculutre Marine Permaculture was created by Dr Brian von Herzen and colleagues at the Climate Foundation 1 then in Woods Hole Massachusetts and now in Seattle Washington Contents 1 Macroalgae ecosystems restoration 2 Ocean regeneration potential 3 Product applications 4 ReferencesMacroalgae ecosystems restoration editMarine Permaculture comprises a platform from which seaweed ecosystems can be grown creating the environmental conditions for primary production and habitat for marine life Using a system of renewably powered pumps cool nutrient rich waters are brought up from a depth of 100 500 meters below the nutricline to the ocean surface thereby replicating natural overturning circulation processes of ocean upwelling and mitigating against marine heatwaves that have led to ocean stratification and decimated natural macroalgae ecosystems in many regions of the world 2 3 4 In addition artificial structures provide substrate seaweeds require to grow on The seaweed growth and increased plankton provide critical marine habitat for fish populations to thrive 5 This type of intervention regenerates overturning circulation and returns mixed layer temperatures to levels closer to those measured pre industrially Ocean regeneration potential editMarine Permaculture has received endorsement from a number of permaculture experts including Morag Gamble of the Permaculture Education Institute 6 Matt Powers 7 David Holmgren and the Santa Barbara Permaculture Network 8 who have recognised its adherence to the principles of permaculture It has also received considerable attention as a potentially ground breaking climate solution 9 It has featured as a Coming Attraction solution in the book Drawdown The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming edited by Paul Hawken and was one of the main climate solutions featured in Damon Gameau s documentary film 2040 Professor Tim Flannery has also highlighted Marine Permaculture s potential in sequestering gigatons of carbon through hectare scale platforms in the open ocean 10 11 12 13 an idea that has also received attention from the voluntary carbon market Nori 14 15 Marine Permaculture is also mentioned as a climate solution in Burn Using Fire to Cool the Earth by Albert Bates and Kathleen Draper 16 Marine Permaculture also features in the MacArthur Foundation s Bold Solutions Network of the Top100 innovative solutions to the world s most pressing challenges 17 Product applications editIf deployed at scale it has the potential to provide food security to billions of people who rely upon the oceans for their primary source of protein act as a source of blue carbon while lowering ocean acidification providing sustainable livelihoods and restoring marine habitat To date Marine Permaculture trials have been conducted in numerous regions of the world including Hawaii the Philippines Puerto Rico and Tasmania where it is being used to regenerate seaweed ecosystems recently decimated from climate change 18 19 20 Harvesting organic kelp may produce ingredients for agriculture fertilisers pharmaceutical and textiles Biostimulants such as organic soil immprovers feed supplements for fish and cattle pulp for cellulose fibers to replace wood pulp nanocellulose for water proofing cardboards and biomedical molecules with natural anti septic properties are some of the products elaborated by the marine permaculture projects References edit Climate Foundation Climate Foundation Retrieved 2022 03 06 Thomsen Mads S Mondardini Luca Alestra Tommaso Gerrity Shawn Tait Leigh South Paul M Lilley Stacie A Schiel David R 2019 Local Extinction of Bull Kelp Durvillaea spp Due to a Marine Heatwave Frontiers in Marine Science 6 doi 10 3389 fmars 2019 00084 ISSN 2296 7745 S2CID 69173935 Straub Sandra C Wernberg Thomas Thomsen Mads S Moore Pippa J Burrows Michael T Harvey Ben P Smale Dan A 2019 Resistance Extinction and Everything in Between The Diverse Responses of Seaweeds to Marine Heatwaves Frontiers in Marine Science 6 doi 10 3389 fmars 2019 00763 hdl 2160 465c66d5 e36f 4392 b45d e76611368800 ISSN 2296 7745 S2CID 209324664 Wernberg T Bennett S Babcock R C de Bettignies T Cure K Depczynski M Dufois F Fromont J Fulton C J Hovey R K Harvey E S 2016 07 08 Climate driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem Science 353 6295 169 172 Bibcode 2016Sci 353 169W doi 10 1126 science aad8745 hdl 20 500 11937 31133 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 27387951 S2CID 206645399 Brown Marshall The Man With The 300 2050 Vision Forbes Retrieved 2020 08 27 Gamble Morag 3 December 2019 Marine Permaculture with Dr Brian von Herzen amp Morag Gamble Youtube Powers Matt 10 July 2019 Marine Permaculture with Brian Von Herzen Episode 113 A Regenerative Future Youtube Reverse Climate Change with Marine Permaculture Strategies for Ocean Regeneration with Brian von Herzen The Santa Barbara Independent 2019 05 17 Retrieved 2020 08 27 Ocean Farming Regeneration org Retrieved 2022 02 16 Flannery Tim 23 September 2019 Can seaweed help curb global warming retrieved 2020 08 27 Can Seaweed Save The World Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2017 08 22 retrieved 2020 08 27 Flannery Tim F Tim Fridtjof 1956 31 July 2017 Sunlight and seaweed an argument for how to feed power and clean up the world Melbourne ISBN 978 1 925498 68 4 OCLC 987462317 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Flannery Tim 31 July 2017 How farming giant seaweed can feed fish and fix the climate The Conversation Retrieved 2020 08 27 Jospe Christophe 14 August 2018 Five ways farming at sea is a climate game changer Medium Brian Von Herzen Founder of Climate Foundation Reversing Climate Change 34 Youtube 7 August 2018 Bates Albert K 1947 February 2019 Burn using fire to cool the earth Draper Kathleen White River Junction Vermont ISBN 978 1 60358 783 9 OCLC 1056201284 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Enhancing Coastal Community Value Chains with Marine Permaculture CVC MPs Lever for Change org Retrieved 27 August 2020 Climate Foundation Climate Foundation Retrieved 2020 08 27 Assessing the Potential for Restoration and Permaculture of Tasmania s Giant Kelp Forests Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies University of Tasmania Australia Retrieved 2020 08 27 Seaweed researchers plant kelp tolerant of warmer waters www abc net au 2019 11 11 Retrieved 2020 08 27 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Marine permaculture amp oldid 1195830871, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
