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Mariana of Austria

April 11, 2024

For Maria Anna of Austria (1683–1754), Queen consort of Portugal, see Maria Anna of Austria.

Mariana or Maria Anna of Austria,[a] (24 December 1634 – 16 May 1696), was Queen of Spain from 1649, when she married her uncle Philip IV of Spain, until his death in 1665. She was then appointed regent for their three-year-old son Charles II, and due to his ill health remained an influential figure until she died in 1696.

Mariana of Austria
Queen consort of Spain
Tenure7 October 1649 – 17 September 1665
Queen regent of Spain
Regency17 September 1665 – 6 November 1675
MonarchCharles II
Born(1634-12-24)24 December 1634
Wiener Neustadt, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Died16 May 1696(1696-05-16) (aged 61)
Palace of the Councils, Madrid, Crown of Castile
Burial
El Escorial
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1649; died 1665)​
Issue
Names
Maria Anna
HouseHabsburg
FatherFerdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
MotherMaria Anna of Spain
Signature

Her regency was overshadowed by Spain's post-1648 decline and internal political divisions, combined with a general European economic crisis during the latter half of the 17th century. The inability of her son Charles II of Spain to produce an heir led to constant manoeuvring by other European powers, which ultimately ended in the 1701 to 1714 War of the Spanish Succession.

The Mariana Islands chain in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and the associated Mariana Trench, are named after her.

Early life edit

 
Mariana in a Spanish costume, c. 1630s

Maria Anna was born on 24 December 1634 in Wiener Neustadt, second child of Maria Anna of Spain and her husband Ferdinand (1608–1657), who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1637. Her parents had six children, of whom only Maria Anna and two brothers survived to adulthood; Ferdinand (1633–1654), and Leopold (1640–1705), elected emperor in 1658.[1]

Queen of Spain edit

 
Mariana of Austria at prayer

During this period, both the Spanish Empire and Holy Roman Empire were ruled by different branches of the Habsburgs, who often married each other to ensure their lands remained within the family. In 1646, Maria Anna was betrothed to her cousin and heir to the Spanish throne, Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias. His death three months later left her without a prospective husband and her widowed uncle Philip IV without an heir. On 7 October 1649, the 44-year-old Philip married his 14-year-old niece in Navalcarnero, outside Madrid; from then on, she was known by her Spanish name Mariana. [2]

Only two of their five children survived to adulthood; the eldest, Margaret Theresa (1651–1673), married her maternal uncle Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1666. Mariana's second daughter, Maria Ambrosia, lived only fifteen days, followed by two sons, Philip Prospero (1657–1661) and Ferdinand Thomas (1658–1659). On 6 November 1661, Mariana gave birth to her last child, Charles, later known as El Hechizado or "The Bewitched". Although he had a number of alleged physical and mental issues, foreign observers speculated these were exaggerated by his mother in order to retain political control.[3]

It has been suggested Charles inherited several very rare genetic disorders, including combined pituitary hormone deficiency and distal renal tubular acidosis.[4] However, his elder sister did not appear to suffer the same issues and the authors of the most significant study state "it has not been demonstrated (his) disabilities...were caused by ... recessive alleles inherited from common ancestors."[5] Regardless of the cause, Charles suffered ill health throughout his life, and the Spanish court was split by the struggle between his two potential co-heirs, Louis XIV and Emperor Leopold. His death was expected almost from birth; he was "short, lame, epileptic, senile and completely bald before 35, ... repeatedly baffling Christendom by continuing to live".[6]

Regency edit

 
Mariana of Austria by Diego Velázquez, c. 1656

First regency: 1665–1677 edit

Charles was only three years old when Philip died on 17 September 1665, and Mariana was appointed regent, advised by a Regency Council, until he became a legal adult at the age of 14. She adopted the system of using a valido or 'favourite' established by Philip in 1620 and widely used elsewhere in Europe. The first of these was Juan Everardo Nithard, an Austrian Jesuit and her personal confessor who came with her from Vienna; as Philip's will excluded foreigners from the Regency Council, he had to be naturalised, causing immediate resentment.[7]

A foreigner herself, the two men habitually identified as her favourites were also outsiders; Nithard was succeeded by Fernando de Valenzuela, who came from the lower ranks of Spanish nobility.[8] Even modern accounts of her reign often reflect contemporary sources that viewed women as incapable of ruling on their own and thus imply a sexual relationship.[9] Mariana used a variety of advisors, including Gaspar de Bracamonte, 3rd Count of Peñaranda and the Marquis de Aytona; historian Silvia Mitchell disputes whether Nithard or Valenzuela were validos, since Mariana used them to retain power, rather than delegating it.[10] Despite the emphasis put on her male advisors, she also had female advisors, notably Mariana Engracia Álvarez de Toledo Portugal y Alfonso-Pimentel. [11]

Her son's poor health and lack of an heir led to an ongoing struggle between Mariana's 'Austrian' faction, and a 'French' faction led by Charles' illegitimate half-brother, John of Austria the Younger, until his death in 1679. Spain was also divided into the Crowns of Castile and Aragon, whose very different political cultures made it almost impossible to enact reforms or increase taxes. As a result, government finances were in perpetual crisis, the Crown declaring bankruptcy in 1647, 1652, 1661 and 1666.[12]

This combination of issues meant Mariana faced challenges that would have daunted the most competent ruler; Spain was financially exhausted by almost a century of continuous war, while her reign coincided with the Little Ice Age, a period of cold weather during the second half of the 17th century. Between 1692 and 1699, crops failed across Europe and an estimated 5–10% of the population starved to death.[13]

 
Cardinal Juan Everardo Nithard, c. 1674, Mariana's first advisor until ousted in 1669

The new government also inherited a wide range of economic and political problems. The long-running Portuguese Restoration War was the most urgent, followed in May 1667 by the War of Devolution, when France invaded the Spanish Netherlands and the Spanish province of Franche-Comté.[14] The need to reduce spending resulted in the 1668 treaties of Aix-la-Chapelle and Lisbon ended the war with France and recognising Portugal's independence.[15]

Peace ended the constant drain of Spanish resources, while Aix-La-Chapelle forced France to return most of the territories over-run in 1667 to 1668. Despite this, the army consisted them a humiliation; in June 1668, Joseph Malladas, an Aragonese captain living in Madrid, was executed for plotting to murder Nithard, reputedly on John's behalf.[16]

This power struggle ended with Nithard being appointed Ambassador to Rome in February 1669; he was succeeded as valido by Aytona, who died in 1670 and was replaced by Valenzuela, a member of her household since 1661.[17] In 1672, Spain was dragged into the Franco-Dutch War; Valenzuela was dismissed when Charles came of age in 1675, but Spanish policy continued to be undermined by the struggle for power. Mariana reinstated the regency in 1677 on the grounds of Charles's ill-health and Valenzuela was restored, before John finally gained control in 1677.

Second regency: 1679–1696 edit

John of Austria the Younger died in September 1679 and Mariana became regent once again; one of his final acts was arranging the marriage of Charles to 17-year-old Marie Louise of Orléans, which took place in November 1679.[18] She died in February 1689, without producing an heir; as with many deaths of the period, limited medical knowledge led to allegations she was poisoned. Modern assessments of her symptoms conclude it was almost certainly appendicitis, possibly from the treatments undertaken to improve fertility.[19]

 
Mariana in her later years, by Claudio Coello, c. 1685–1693

Her replacement was Maria Anna of Neuburg, one of 12 children whose family reputation for fertility made them popular choices for royal marriages. Of her sisters, Maria Sophia married Peter II of Portugal, while Eleonore was the third wife of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Anna was aunt to future emperors Joseph I and Charles VI, making her an ideal choice for the Austrian faction.[20]

Charles remained childless; by that time, he was almost certainly impotent, his autopsy later revealing he had only one atrophied testicle.[21] As his health declined, internal struggles over the succession became increasingly bitter, leadership of the pro-French faction passing to Fernández de Portocarrero, Cardinal and Archbishop of Toledo.

Under the influence of the 'Austrians', in 1690 Spain joined the Grand Alliance in the Nine Years' War with France. It declared bankruptcy again in 1692 and by 1696, France occupied most of Catalonia; Mariana retained power with the support of German auxiliaries under Maria Anna's brother Charles Philip, many of whom were expelled after Mariana's death.[22] She died on 16 May 1696 at the Uceda Palace in Madrid, at the age of sixty-one; the cause is thought to have been breast cancer.[23]

Legacy edit

In 1668, Mariana approved the establishment of a Jesuit mission under Diego Luis de San Vitores and Saint Pedro Calungsod on a series of islands the Spanish referred to as the Ladrones, which were renamed the Mariana Islands in her honour.[24]

The Portrait of Mariana of Austria painted by Diego Velázquez was commissioned by Philip and is the only known full-length painting of her. The original is in the Prado Museum in Madrid; a copy was sent to her father Ferdinand and is held by the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. She also appears as a detail in Velasquez' masterpiece Las Meninas which features her daughter Margaret Theresa.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Spanish: Mariana de Austria German: Maria Anna von Österreich

References edit

  1. ^ "Ferdinand III of Habsburg (Habsburg-Lothringen), Holy Roman Emperor". Geni.com. 13 July 1608. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  2. ^ Graziano 2004, pp. 106–107.
  3. ^ Rule 2017, pp. 91–108.
  4. ^ Callaway 2013.
  5. ^ Gonzalo, Ceballos & Quintero 2009, p. 5174.
  6. ^ Durant & Durant 1963, p. 25.
  7. ^ Storrs 2006, p. 154.
  8. ^ Knighton 2005, p. 293.
  9. ^ "Fernando de Valenzuela, marquis de Villa Sierra". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  10. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 56.
  11. ^ "Mariana Engracia de Toledo Portugal y Pimentel". Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish).
  12. ^ Cowans 2003, pp. 26–27.
  13. ^ De Vries 2009, pp. 151–194.
  14. ^ Geyl 1936, pp. 311.
  15. ^ Barton 2009, p. 123.
  16. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 53.
  17. ^ Storrs 2006, p. 155.
  18. ^ Mitchell 2013, pp. 265–269.
  19. ^ García-Escudero López et al. 2009, p. 181.
  20. ^ Rommelse 2011, p. 224.
  21. ^ García-Escudero López et al. 2009, p. 182.
  22. ^ Storrs 2006, p. 158.
  23. ^ Graziano 2004, p. 108.
  24. ^ Kamen 2002, p. 419.

Sources edit

  • Barton, Simon (2009). A History of Spain. Palgrave. ISBN 978-0230200128.
  • Callaway, Ewen (2013). "Inbred Royals Show Traces of Natural Selection". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.12837. S2CID 87959487.
  • Cowans, Jon (2003). Modern Spain: A Documentary History. U. of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1846-9.
  • De Vries, Jan (2009). "The Economic Crisis of the 17th Century". Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 40 (2).
  • Durant, Ariel; Durant, Will (1963). Age of Louis XIV (Story of Civilization). TBS Publishing. ISBN 0207942277.
  • García-Escudero López, Ángel; Arruza Echevarría, A.; Padilla Nieva, Jaime; Puig Giró, Ramon (April 2009). "Carlos II: del hechizo a su patología génito-urinaria" [Charles II; from spell to genitourinary pathology]. Archivos Españoles de Urología [History of Urology] (in Spanish). 62 (3): 179–185. doi:10.4321/s0004-06142009000300002. ISSN 0004-0614. PMID 19542589.
  • Geyl, P (1936). "Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, 1653–72". History. 20 (80): 303–319. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1936.tb00103.x. JSTOR 24401084.
  • Gonzalo, Alvarez; Ceballos, Francisco; Quintero, Celsa (2009). "The Role of Inbreeding in the Extinction of a European Royal Dynasty". PLOS ONE. 4 (4): e5174. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5174A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005174. PMC 2664480. PMID 19367331.
  • Graziano, Frank (2004). Wounds of Love: The Mystical Marriage of Saint Rose of Lima. OUP. ISBN 0195136403.
  • Kamen, Henry (2002). Spain's Road to Empire (2003 ed.). Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0140285284.
  • Knighton, Tess (2005). Carreras Lopez, Juan José (ed.). The Royal Chapel in the time of the Habsburgs: Music and Court Ceremony in Early Modern Europe. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1843831396.
  • Mitchell, Silvia Z (2013). Mariana of Austria and Imperial Spain: Court, Dynastic, and International Politics in Seventeenth- Century Europe. University of Miami Scholarly Repository.
  • Mitchell, Silvia Z (2019). Queen, Mother, and Stateswoman: Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0271083391.
  • Rommelse, Gijs (2011). Ideology and Foreign Policy in Early Modern Europe (1650–1750). Routledge. ISBN 978-1409419136.
  • Rule, John (2017). Onnekink, David; Mijers, Esther (eds.). The Partition Treaties, 1698-1700; A European View in Redefining William III: The Impact of the King-Stadholder in International Context. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138257962.
  • Stolicka, Ondrej. Different German Perspectives on Spanish Politics in the 1670s: The Reaction of Vienna and Berlin on the Coup of Juan José de Austria in the Year 1677, JEHM 23(4), 2019, pp. 367–385. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-00002638
  • Storrs, Christopher (2006). The Resilience of the Spanish Monarchy 1665–1700. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0199246378.

External links edit

  • "Fernando de Valenzuela, marquis de Villa Sierra". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  • "Ferdinand III of Habsburg (Habsburg-Lothringen), Holy Roman Emperor". Geni.com. 13 July 1608. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  • Piferrer, Francisco (1859). "Nobiliario de los reinos y señorios de España (revisado por A. Rujula y Busel).[Nobility of Spain]". Google books. Retrieved 23 December 2019.

Family tree edit

Ancestors of Mariana of Austria
Philip I
of Castile[i][ii][iii]
1478–1506		Joanna
of Castile[i][ii][iii]
1479–1555
Isabella
of Portugal[iv][v]
1503–39		Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor[iv][v]
1500–58		Ferdinand I
Holy Roman Emperor[vi][vii][viii]
1503–64		Anna
of Bohemia
and Hungary[vi][vii][viii]
1503–47		Isabella
of Austria[ix]
1501–26		Christian II
of Denmark[ix]
1481–1559
Maria
of Spain[x]
1528–1603		Maximilian II
Holy Roman Emperor[x]
1527–76		Anna
of Austria[xi][xii]
1528–90		Albert V
Duke of Bavaria[xi][xii]
1528–1579		Christina
of Denmark[ix]
1522–90		Francis I
Duke of Lorraine[ix]
1517–45
Philip II
of Spain[xiii]
1527–98		Anna
of Austria[xiii]
1549–80		Charles II
Archduke of Austria[xiv][xv]
1540–90		Maria Anna
of Bavaria[xiv][xv]
1551–1608		William V
Duke of Bavaria[xvi]
1548–1626		Renata
of Lorraine[xvi]
1544–1602
Philip III
of Spain[xvii][xviii]
1578–1621		Margaret
of Austria[xvii][xviii]
1584–1611		Ferdinand II
Holy Roman Emperor[xix]
1578–1637		Maria Anna
of Bavaria[xix]
1574–1616
Maria Anna
of Spain[xix]
1606–46		Ferdinand III
Holy Roman Emperor[xix]
1608–57
Philip IV
of Spain[xx]
1605–65		Mariana
of Austria[xx]
1634–96
Notes:
  1. ^ a b Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Joanna" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  3. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Elisabeth (eigentlich Isabella von Oesterreich)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 167 – via Wikisource.
  4. ^ a b Kurth, Godefroid (1911). "Philip II" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  5. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria von Spanien" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 19 – via Wikisource.
  6. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 352 – via Wikisource.
  7. ^ a b Press, Volker (1990), "Maximilian II.", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 16, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 471–475; (full text online)
  8. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 151 – via Wikisource.
  9. ^ a b c d Cartwright, Julia Mary (1913). Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lorraine, 1522–1590. New York: E. P. Dutton. pp. 536–539.
  10. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 151 – via Wikisource.
  11. ^ a b Sigmund Ritter von Riezler (1897), "Wilhelm V. (Herzog von Bayern)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 42, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 717–723
  12. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria von Bayern" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 20 – via Wikisource.
  13. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Philipp III." . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 120 – via Wikisource.
  14. ^ a b Eder, Karl (1961), "Ferdinand II.", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 5, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 83–85; (full text online)
  15. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 13 – via Wikisource.
  16. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Anna von Bayern" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 23 – via Wikisource.
  17. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Anna von Spanien" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 23 – via Wikisource.
  18. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Philipp IV." . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 122 – via Wikisource.
  19. ^ a b c d Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Anna (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 24 – via Wikisource.
  20. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Charles II. (King of Spain)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Mariana of Austria
Born: 23 December 1634 Died: 16 May 1696
Spanish royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Elisabeth of France 		Queen consort of Spain
7 October 1649 – 17 September 1665 		Vacant
Title next held by
Marie Louise d'Orléans

April 11, 2024
mariana, austria, maria, anna, austria, 1683, 1754, queen, consort, portugal, maria, anna, austria, mariana, maria, anna, austria, december, 1634, 1696, queen, spain, from, 1649, when, married, uncle, philip, spain, until, death, 1665, then, appointed, regent,. For Maria Anna of Austria 1683 1754 Queen consort of Portugal see Maria Anna of Austria Mariana or Maria Anna of Austria a 24 December 1634 16 May 1696 was Queen of Spain from 1649 when she married her uncle Philip IV of Spain until his death in 1665 She was then appointed regent for their three year old son Charles II and due to his ill health remained an influential figure until she died in 1696 Mariana of AustriaPortrait of Mariana of Austria by Diego Velazquez 1652 53Queen consort of SpainTenure7 October 1649 17 September 1665Queen regent of SpainRegency17 September 1665 6 November 1675MonarchCharles IIBorn 1634 12 24 24 December 1634Wiener Neustadt Archduchy of Austria Holy Roman EmpireDied16 May 1696 1696 05 16 aged 61 Palace of the Councils Madrid Crown of CastileBurialEl EscorialSpousePhilip IV King of Spain m 1649 died 1665 wbr IssueMargaret Theresa Holy Roman EmpressPhilip Prospero Prince of AsturiasCharles II King of SpainNamesMaria AnnaHouseHabsburgFatherFerdinand III Holy Roman EmperorMotherMaria Anna of SpainSignatureHer regency was overshadowed by Spain s post 1648 decline and internal political divisions combined with a general European economic crisis during the latter half of the 17th century The inability of her son Charles II of Spain to produce an heir led to constant manoeuvring by other European powers which ultimately ended in the 1701 to 1714 War of the Spanish Succession The Mariana Islands chain in the northwest Pacific Ocean and the associated Mariana Trench are named after her Contents 1 Early life 2 Queen of Spain 3 Regency 3 1 First regency 1665 1677 3 2 Second regency 1679 1696 4 Legacy 5 Notes 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links 9 Family treeEarly life edit nbsp Mariana in a Spanish costume c 1630sMaria Anna was born on 24 December 1634 in Wiener Neustadt second child of Maria Anna of Spain and her husband Ferdinand 1608 1657 who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1637 Her parents had six children of whom only Maria Anna and two brothers survived to adulthood Ferdinand 1633 1654 and Leopold 1640 1705 elected emperor in 1658 1 Queen of Spain edit nbsp Mariana of Austria at prayerDuring this period both the Spanish Empire and Holy Roman Empire were ruled by different branches of the Habsburgs who often married each other to ensure their lands remained within the family In 1646 Maria Anna was betrothed to her cousin and heir to the Spanish throne Balthasar Charles Prince of Asturias His death three months later left her without a prospective husband and her widowed uncle Philip IV without an heir On 7 October 1649 the 44 year old Philip married his 14 year old niece in Navalcarnero outside Madrid from then on she was known by her Spanish name Mariana 2 Only two of their five children survived to adulthood the eldest Margaret Theresa 1651 1673 married her maternal uncle Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor in 1666 Mariana s second daughter Maria Ambrosia lived only fifteen days followed by two sons Philip Prospero 1657 1661 and Ferdinand Thomas 1658 1659 On 6 November 1661 Mariana gave birth to her last child Charles later known as El Hechizado or The Bewitched Although he had a number of alleged physical and mental issues foreign observers speculated these were exaggerated by his mother in order to retain political control 3 It has been suggested Charles inherited several very rare genetic disorders including combined pituitary hormone deficiency and distal renal tubular acidosis 4 However his elder sister did not appear to suffer the same issues and the authors of the most significant study state it has not been demonstrated his disabilities were caused by recessive alleles inherited from common ancestors 5 Regardless of the cause Charles suffered ill health throughout his life and the Spanish court was split by the struggle between his two potential co heirs Louis XIV and Emperor Leopold His death was expected almost from birth he was short lame epileptic senile and completely bald before 35 repeatedly baffling Christendom by continuing to live 6 Regency edit nbsp Mariana of Austria by Diego Velazquez c 1656First regency 1665 1677 edit Charles was only three years old when Philip died on 17 September 1665 and Mariana was appointed regent advised by a Regency Council until he became a legal adult at the age of 14 She adopted the system of using a valido or favourite established by Philip in 1620 and widely used elsewhere in Europe The first of these was Juan Everardo Nithard an Austrian Jesuit and her personal confessor who came with her from Vienna as Philip s will excluded foreigners from the Regency Council he had to be naturalised causing immediate resentment 7 A foreigner herself the two men habitually identified as her favourites were also outsiders Nithard was succeeded by Fernando de Valenzuela who came from the lower ranks of Spanish nobility 8 Even modern accounts of her reign often reflect contemporary sources that viewed women as incapable of ruling on their own and thus imply a sexual relationship 9 Mariana used a variety of advisors including Gaspar de Bracamonte 3rd Count of Penaranda and the Marquis de Aytona historian Silvia Mitchell disputes whether Nithard or Valenzuela were validos since Mariana used them to retain power rather than delegating it 10 Despite the emphasis put on her male advisors she also had female advisors notably Mariana Engracia Alvarez de Toledo Portugal y Alfonso Pimentel 11 Her son s poor health and lack of an heir led to an ongoing struggle between Mariana s Austrian faction and a French faction led by Charles illegitimate half brother John of Austria the Younger until his death in 1679 Spain was also divided into the Crowns of Castile and Aragon whose very different political cultures made it almost impossible to enact reforms or increase taxes As a result government finances were in perpetual crisis the Crown declaring bankruptcy in 1647 1652 1661 and 1666 12 This combination of issues meant Mariana faced challenges that would have daunted the most competent ruler Spain was financially exhausted by almost a century of continuous war while her reign coincided with the Little Ice Age a period of cold weather during the second half of the 17th century Between 1692 and 1699 crops failed across Europe and an estimated 5 10 of the population starved to death 13 nbsp Cardinal Juan Everardo Nithard c 1674 Mariana s first advisor until ousted in 1669The new government also inherited a wide range of economic and political problems The long running Portuguese Restoration War was the most urgent followed in May 1667 by the War of Devolution when France invaded the Spanish Netherlands and the Spanish province of Franche Comte 14 The need to reduce spending resulted in the 1668 treaties of Aix la Chapelle and Lisbon ended the war with France and recognising Portugal s independence 15 Peace ended the constant drain of Spanish resources while Aix La Chapelle forced France to return most of the territories over run in 1667 to 1668 Despite this the army consisted them a humiliation in June 1668 Joseph Malladas an Aragonese captain living in Madrid was executed for plotting to murder Nithard reputedly on John s behalf 16 This power struggle ended with Nithard being appointed Ambassador to Rome in February 1669 he was succeeded as valido by Aytona who died in 1670 and was replaced by Valenzuela a member of her household since 1661 17 In 1672 Spain was dragged into the Franco Dutch War Valenzuela was dismissed when Charles came of age in 1675 but Spanish policy continued to be undermined by the struggle for power Mariana reinstated the regency in 1677 on the grounds of Charles s ill health and Valenzuela was restored before John finally gained control in 1677 Second regency 1679 1696 edit John of Austria the Younger died in September 1679 and Mariana became regent once again one of his final acts was arranging the marriage of Charles to 17 year old Marie Louise of Orleans which took place in November 1679 18 She died in February 1689 without producing an heir as with many deaths of the period limited medical knowledge led to allegations she was poisoned Modern assessments of her symptoms conclude it was almost certainly appendicitis possibly from the treatments undertaken to improve fertility 19 nbsp Mariana in her later years by Claudio Coello c 1685 1693Her replacement was Maria Anna of Neuburg one of 12 children whose family reputation for fertility made them popular choices for royal marriages Of her sisters Maria Sophia married Peter II of Portugal while Eleonore was the third wife of Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor Maria Anna was aunt to future emperors Joseph I and Charles VI making her an ideal choice for the Austrian faction 20 Charles remained childless by that time he was almost certainly impotent his autopsy later revealing he had only one atrophied testicle 21 As his health declined internal struggles over the succession became increasingly bitter leadership of the pro French faction passing to Fernandez de Portocarrero Cardinal and Archbishop of Toledo Under the influence of the Austrians in 1690 Spain joined the Grand Alliance in the Nine Years War with France It declared bankruptcy again in 1692 and by 1696 France occupied most of Catalonia Mariana retained power with the support of German auxiliaries under Maria Anna s brother Charles Philip many of whom were expelled after Mariana s death 22 She died on 16 May 1696 at the Uceda Palace in Madrid at the age of sixty one the cause is thought to have been breast cancer 23 Legacy editIn 1668 Mariana approved the establishment of a Jesuit mission under Diego Luis de San Vitores and Saint Pedro Calungsod on a series of islands the Spanish referred to as the Ladrones which were renamed the Mariana Islands in her honour 24 The Portrait of Mariana of Austria painted by Diego Velazquez was commissioned by Philip and is the only known full length painting of her The original is in the Prado Museum in Madrid a copy was sent to her father Ferdinand and is held by the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna She also appears as a detail in Velasquez masterpiece Las Meninas which features her daughter Margaret Theresa Notes edit Spanish Mariana de Austria German Maria Anna von OsterreichReferences edit Ferdinand III of Habsburg Habsburg Lothringen Holy Roman Emperor Geni com 13 July 1608 Retrieved 2 November 2019 Graziano 2004 pp 106 107 Rule 2017 pp 91 108 Callaway 2013 Gonzalo Ceballos amp Quintero 2009 p 5174 Durant amp Durant 1963 p 25 Storrs 2006 p 154 Knighton 2005 p 293 Fernando de Valenzuela marquis de Villa Sierra Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 2 November 2019 Mitchell 2019 p 56 Mariana Engracia de Toledo Portugal y Pimentel Real Academia de la Historia in Spanish Cowans 2003 pp 26 27 De Vries 2009 pp 151 194 Geyl 1936 pp 311 Barton 2009 p 123 Mitchell 2019 p 53 Storrs 2006 p 155 Mitchell 2013 pp 265 269 Garcia Escudero Lopez et al 2009 p 181 Rommelse 2011 p 224 Garcia Escudero Lopez et al 2009 p 182 Storrs 2006 p 158 Graziano 2004 p 108 Kamen 2002 p 419 Sources editBarton Simon 2009 A History of Spain Palgrave ISBN 978 0230200128 Callaway Ewen 2013 Inbred Royals Show Traces of Natural Selection Nature News doi 10 1038 nature 2013 12837 S2CID 87959487 Cowans Jon 2003 Modern Spain A Documentary History U of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 0 8122 1846 9 De Vries Jan 2009 The Economic Crisis of the 17th Century Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 40 2 Durant Ariel Durant Will 1963 Age of Louis XIV Story of Civilization TBS Publishing ISBN 0207942277 Garcia Escudero Lopez Angel Arruza Echevarria A Padilla Nieva Jaime Puig Giro Ramon April 2009 Carlos II del hechizo a su patologia genito urinaria Charles II from spell to genitourinary pathology Archivos Espanoles de Urologia History of Urology in Spanish 62 3 179 185 doi 10 4321 s0004 06142009000300002 ISSN 0004 0614 PMID 19542589 Geyl P 1936 Johan de Witt Grand Pensionary of Holland 1653 72 History 20 80 303 319 doi 10 1111 j 1468 229X 1936 tb00103 x JSTOR 24401084 Gonzalo Alvarez Ceballos Francisco Quintero Celsa 2009 The Role of Inbreeding in the Extinction of a European Royal Dynasty PLOS ONE 4 4 e5174 Bibcode 2009PLoSO 4 5174A doi 10 1371 journal pone 0005174 PMC 2664480 PMID 19367331 Graziano Frank 2004 Wounds of Love The Mystical Marriage of Saint Rose of Lima OUP ISBN 0195136403 Kamen Henry 2002 Spain s Road to Empire 2003 ed Allen Lane ISBN 978 0140285284 Knighton Tess 2005 Carreras Lopez Juan Jose ed The Royal Chapel in the time of the Habsburgs Music and Court Ceremony in Early Modern Europe Boydell Press ISBN 978 1843831396 Mitchell Silvia Z 2013 Mariana of Austria and Imperial Spain Court Dynastic and International Politics in Seventeenth Century Europe University of Miami Scholarly Repository Mitchell Silvia Z 2019 Queen Mother and Stateswoman Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain Pennsylvania State University Press ISBN 978 0271083391 Rommelse Gijs 2011 Ideology and Foreign Policy in Early Modern Europe 1650 1750 Routledge ISBN 978 1409419136 Rule John 2017 Onnekink David Mijers Esther eds The Partition Treaties 1698 1700 A European View in Redefining William III The Impact of the King Stadholder in International Context Routledge ISBN 978 1138257962 Stolicka Ondrej Different German Perspectives on Spanish Politics in the 1670s The Reaction of Vienna and Berlin on the Coup of Juan Jose de Austria in the Year 1677 JEHM 23 4 2019 pp 367 385 https doi org 10 1163 15700658 00002638 Storrs Christopher 2006 The Resilience of the Spanish Monarchy 1665 1700 OUP Oxford ISBN 0199246378 External links edit Fernando de Valenzuela marquis de Villa Sierra Britannica com Retrieved 2 November 2019 Ferdinand III of Habsburg Habsburg Lothringen Holy Roman Emperor Geni com 13 July 1608 Retrieved 2 November 2019 Piferrer Francisco 1859 Nobiliario de los reinos y senorios de Espana revisado por A Rujula y Busel Nobility of Spain Google books Retrieved 23 December 2019 Family tree editAncestors of Mariana of AustriaPhilip Iof Castile i ii iii 1478 1506Joannaof Castile i ii iii 1479 1555Isabellaof Portugal iv v 1503 39Charles VHoly Roman Emperor iv v 1500 58Ferdinand IHoly Roman Emperor vi vii viii 1503 64Annaof Bohemiaand Hungary vi vii viii 1503 47Isabellaof Austria ix 1501 26Christian IIof Denmark ix 1481 1559Mariaof Spain x 1528 1603Maximilian IIHoly Roman Emperor x 1527 76Annaof Austria xi xii 1528 90Albert VDuke of Bavaria xi xii 1528 1579Christinaof Denmark ix 1522 90Francis IDuke of Lorraine ix 1517 45Philip IIof Spain xiii 1527 98Annaof Austria xiii 1549 80Charles IIArchduke of Austria xiv xv 1540 90Maria Annaof Bavaria xiv xv 1551 1608William VDuke of Bavaria xvi 1548 1626Renataof Lorraine xvi 1544 1602Philip IIIof Spain xvii xviii 1578 1621Margaretof Austria xvii xviii 1584 1611Ferdinand IIHoly Roman Emperor xix 1578 1637Maria Annaof Bavaria xix 1574 1616Maria Annaof Spain xix 1606 46Ferdinand IIIHoly Roman Emperor xix 1608 57Philip IVof Spain xx 1605 65Marianaof Austria xx 1634 96Notes a b Charles V Holy Roman Emperor at the Encyclopaedia Britannica a b Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Joanna Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 15 11th ed Cambridge University Press a b Wurzbach Constantin von ed 1860 Habsburg Elisabeth eigentlich Isabella von Oesterreich Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire in German Vol 6 p 167 via Wikisource a b Kurth Godefroid 1911 Philip II In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 12 New York Robert Appleton Company a b Wurzbach Constantin von ed 1861 Habsburg Maria von Spanien Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire in German Vol 7 p 19 via Wikisource a b Wurzbach Constantin von ed 1860 Habsburg Karl II von Steiermark Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire in German Vol 6 p 352 via Wikisource a b Press Volker 1990 Maximilian II Neue Deutsche Biographie in German vol 16 Berlin Duncker amp Humblot pp 471 475 full text online a b Wurzbach Constantin von ed 1860 Habsburg Anna von Oesterreich 1528 1587 Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire in German Vol 6 p 151 via Wikisource a b c d Cartwright Julia Mary 1913 Christina of Denmark Duchess of Milan and Lorraine 1522 1590 New York E P Dutton pp 536 539 a b Wurzbach Constantin von ed 1860 Habsburg Anna von Oesterreich Konigin von Spanien Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire in German Vol 6 p 151 via Wikisource a b Sigmund Ritter von Riezler 1897 Wilhelm V Herzog von Bayern Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie in German vol 42 Leipzig Duncker amp Humblot pp 717 723 a b Wurzbach Constantin von ed 1861 Habsburg Maria von Bayern Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire in German Vol 7 p 20 via Wikisource a b Wurzbach Constantin von ed 1861 Habsburg Philipp III Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire in German Vol 7 p 120 via Wikisource a b Eder Karl 1961 Ferdinand II Neue Deutsche Biographie in German vol 5 Berlin Duncker amp Humblot pp 83 85 full text online a b Wurzbach Constantin von ed 1861 Habsburg Margaretha Konigin von Spanien Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire in German Vol 7 p 13 via Wikisource a b Wurzbach Constantin von ed 1861 Habsburg Maria Anna von Bayern Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire in German Vol 7 p 23 via Wikisource a b Wurzbach Constantin von ed 1861 Habsburg Maria Anna von Spanien Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire in German Vol 7 p 23 via Wikisource a b Wurzbach Constantin von ed 1861 Habsburg Philipp IV Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire in German Vol 7 p 122 via Wikisource a b c d Wurzbach Constantin von ed 1861 Habsburg Maria Anna Konigin von Spanien Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire in German Vol 7 p 24 via Wikisource a b Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Charles II King of Spain Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 5 11th ed Cambridge University Press Mariana of AustriaHouse of HabsburgBorn 23 December 1634 Died 16 May 1696Spanish royaltyVacantTitle last held byElisabeth of France Queen consort of Spain7 October 1649 17 September 1665 VacantTitle next held byMarie Louise d Orleans Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mariana of Austria amp oldid 1214938883, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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