Mariana fruit bat
The Mariana fruit bat (Pteropus mariannus), also known as the Mariana flying fox, and the fanihi in Chamorro, is a megabat found only in the Mariana Islands and Ulithi (an atoll in the Caroline Islands).[3] Habitat loss has driven it to endangered status, and it is listed as threatened by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Poaching, habitat loss, and the introduction of invasive species have contributed to the species' decline.
| Mariana fruit bat | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Pteropodidae |
| Genus: | Pteropus |
| Species: | P. mariannus |
| Binomial name | |
| Pteropus mariannus Desmarest, 1822 | |
| Mariana fruit bat range | |
| Synonyms | |
| Pteropus keraudren Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 | |
Description edit
The Mariana fruit bat is a mid-sized bat which weighs 0.6 to 1.1 lb (270 to 500 g), and has a forearm length of 5.3 to 6.1 in (13.4 to 15.6 cm). Males of the species are slightly larger in size than the females. Their abdomens are colored from black to brown, while also having gray hairs. The mantle and the neck are a brighter brown to golden brown color and the head varies from brown to black. Their ears are rounded and their eyes large, giving them the features of a canid, so many megabats are called flying foxes.[4]
Threats edit
The bat is considered a culinary delicacy by Chamorros. Eating fruit bats is linked to a neurological disease called lytico-bodig disease. Paul Alan Cox from the Hawaiian National Tropical Botanical Garden in Kalaheo, and Oliver Sacks from Albert Einstein College in New York, found the bats consumed large quantities of cycad seeds, and - like some eagles, which were shown to build up levels of the pesticide DDT in fat tissue - probably accumulate the toxins to dangerous levels.[5]
Conservation edit
The Mariana Fruit Bat was first proposed for review by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in May 1979.[6] In 1983, the species was listed as an endangered species by the USFWS.[7] The draft of the recovery plan for the Mariana Fruit Bat was sent for review in 2010.[8]
In 2001, the population was estimated to number between 300 and 400 bats on Sarigan.[9] The current population numbers are unknown, but one known concentration is on Ritidian Point in Guam.[10] In 2013, Bat Conservation International listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation. [11]
Behavior edit
Johnson and Wiles described roosting behavior: "Sarigan's population differs from those of larger islands in the archipelago by usually having smaller roost sizes, typically 3–75 bats, and large numbers of solitary bats that at times comprise up to half of the population. Colonies and smaller aggregations were composed primarily of harems with multiple females, whereas a nearly equal sex ratio occurred among solitary animals."[9]
Subspecies edit
Pteropus mariannus has three subspecies:[3]
- P. m. mariannus (Guam Mariana fruit bat)
- P. m. paganensis (Pagan Mariana fruit bat)
- P. m. ulthiensis (Ulithi Mariana fruit bat)
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Mildenstein, T. (2020). "Pteropus mariannus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T188566753A22083400. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T188566753A22083400.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ a b Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ "Mariana fruit Bat (=Mariana flying fox) (Pteropus mariannus mariannus)" 2009-02-26 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Environmental Conservation Online System
- ^ , National Geographic, June 13, 2003
- ^ "Review of the Status of Ten Birds and Two Mammals from Guam" (PDF). Federal Register. 44 (98): 29023–29428. May 18, 1979. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ^ Federal Reserve. 47 (251): 58454. December 30, 1982 https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/federal_register_document/FR-1982-12-30.pdf. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Federal Reserve. 75 (80): 15721. March 30, 2010 https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/federal_register_document/2010-7058.pdf. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ a b Johnson, Nathan C.; Wiles, Gary J. (October 2004). "Population size and natural history of Mariana fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) on Sarigan, Mariana Islands" (PDF). Pacific Science. 58 (4). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press: 585. doi:10.1353/psc.2004.0044. hdl:10125/2744. S2CID 84109386.
- ^ Maxfield, Barbara (2009-07-22). (PDF). US Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ (PDF). batcon.org. Bat Conservation International. August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
External links edit
- "Endangered Species in the Pacific Islands: Mariana Fruit Bats / Fanihi" 2018-06-30 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Pacific Islands Fish & Wildlife Office