The Marcos Japanese ODA Scandal, referred to in Japan simply as the Marukosu giwaku (マルコス疑惑), or "Marcos scandal",[1] refers to incidents of alleged corruption linked to Japanese Official Development Assistance (ODA) to the Philippines during Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos' administration.
The scandal so preoccupied the Japanese legislature in 1986 that the legislative session of that year earned the nickname of the "Marcos Diet."[2] The lessons from the Marcos corruption scandals were among the reasons why Japan created its 1992 ODA Charter.[2][3]
When the Marcoses were exiled to Hawaii in the United States in February 1986 after the People Power Revolution,[2] the American authorities confiscated papers that the Marcoses brought with them. The confiscated documents revealed that since the 1970s, Marcos and his associates embezzled 10 to 15 percent of Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund loans through commissions from about fifty Japanese contractors.[2][4]
Backgroundedit
When Ferdinand Marcos first became president in 1965, he appointed his Upsilon Sigma Phi fraternity brother and golfing buddy Roberto Benedicto as the Philippines' ambassador to Japan. Benedicto's appointment as Japanese ambassador allowed him to develop high-level contacts in Japan, and allowed him to acquire over $550 million in World War II reparations, which he allegedly used to forward his own private interests.[5][6]
Benedicto's ambassadorship also gave him insider knowledge regarding the business interests of the Japanese, which allowed him to arrange lucrative joint-venture operations between Japanese corporations and his own.[5]
In 1972, Ferdinand Marcos abolished the Philippine legislature under martial law, and took on its legislative powers as part of his authoritarian rule. Benedicto and Marcos then ratified the Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation ten days prior to a visit of Japanese Prime MinisterKakuei Tanaka, giving Japan a “most-favored nation” status. Prior to this, the Philippine legislature had refused to ratify the measure for 13 years after it was first proposed. By 1975 three years later, Japan had displaced the United States as the main source of investment in the country.[5]
Aftermathedit
The Marcos ODA scandal and other incidents of corruption were issues that the succeeding administrations of presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel V. Ramos had to address. The Japanese government discreetly requested the Philippine government to downplay the issue as it would affect the business sector and bilateral relations.[7]
The lessons from the Marcos scandals were among the reasons why Japan created its 1992 ODA Charter.[2][3]
^Hirata, K. (2002-08-16). Civil Society in Japan: The Growing Role of NGO's in Tokyo's Aid and Development Policy. Springer. ISBN9780230109162.
^ abcdeBrown, James D. J.; Kingston, Jeff (2018-01-02). Japan's Foreign Relations in Asia. Routledge. ISBN9781351678575.
^ abTsunekawa, Keiichi (February 2014). "Objectives and Institutions for Japan's Official Development Assistance (ODA) : Evolution and Challenges". JICA Research Institute Working Papers No.66. No. 66. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
^Warf, Barney (2018-12-26). Global Corruption from a Geographic Perspective. Springer. ISBN978-3-030-03478-8.
^ abcCrewdson, John (1986-03-23). "Marcos Graft Staggering:Investigators Trace Billions in Holdings". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
^"It Takes a Village to Loot a Nation: Cronyism and Corruption". Martial Law Museum. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
^Ikehata, Setsuho; Yu-Jose, Lydia, eds. (2003). Philippines-Japan Relations. Ateneo De Manila University Press. p. 591. ISBN971-550-436-1.
April 12, 2024
marcos, japanese, scandal, marcos, japanese, scandal, referred, japan, simply, marukosu, giwaku, マルコス疑惑, marcos, scandal, refers, incidents, alleged, corruption, linked, japanese, official, development, assistance, philippines, during, philippine, president, f. The Marcos Japanese ODA Scandal referred to in Japan simply as the Marukosu giwaku マルコス疑惑 or Marcos scandal 1 refers to incidents of alleged corruption linked to Japanese Official Development Assistance ODA to the Philippines during Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos administration The scandal so preoccupied the Japanese legislature in 1986 that the legislative session of that year earned the nickname of the Marcos Diet 2 The lessons from the Marcos corruption scandals were among the reasons why Japan created its 1992 ODA Charter 2 3 Contents 1 Revelations 2 Background 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 ReferencesRevelations editWhen the Marcoses were exiled to Hawaii in the United States in February 1986 after the People Power Revolution 2 the American authorities confiscated papers that the Marcoses brought with them The confiscated documents revealed that since the 1970s Marcos and his associates embezzled 10 to 15 percent of Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund loans through commissions from about fifty Japanese contractors 2 4 Background editWhen Ferdinand Marcos first became president in 1965 he appointed his Upsilon Sigma Phi fraternity brother and golfing buddy Roberto Benedicto as the Philippines ambassador to Japan Benedicto s appointment as Japanese ambassador allowed him to develop high level contacts in Japan and allowed him to acquire over 550 million in World War II reparations which he allegedly used to forward his own private interests 5 6 Benedicto s ambassadorship also gave him insider knowledge regarding the business interests of the Japanese which allowed him to arrange lucrative joint venture operations between Japanese corporations and his own 5 In 1972 Ferdinand Marcos abolished the Philippine legislature under martial law and took on its legislative powers as part of his authoritarian rule Benedicto and Marcos then ratified the Treaty of Amity Commerce and Navigation ten days prior to a visit of Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka giving Japan a most favored nation status Prior to this the Philippine legislature had refused to ratify the measure for 13 years after it was first proposed By 1975 three years later Japan had displaced the United States as the main source of investment in the country 5 Aftermath editThe Marcos ODA scandal and other incidents of corruption were issues that the succeeding administrations of presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel V Ramos had to address The Japanese government discreetly requested the Philippine government to downplay the issue as it would affect the business sector and bilateral relations 7 The lessons from the Marcos scandals were among the reasons why Japan created its 1992 ODA Charter 2 3 See also editJapan Philippines relations Stolen wealth of the Marcos familyReferences edit Hirata K 2002 08 16 Civil Society in Japan The Growing Role of NGO s in Tokyo s Aid and Development Policy Springer ISBN 9780230109162 a b c d e Brown James D J Kingston Jeff 2018 01 02 Japan s Foreign Relations in Asia Routledge ISBN 9781351678575 a b Tsunekawa Keiichi February 2014 Objectives and Institutions for Japan s Official Development Assistance ODA Evolution and Challenges JICA Research Institute Working Papers No 66 No 66 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a volume has extra text help Warf Barney 2018 12 26 Global Corruption from a Geographic Perspective Springer ISBN 978 3 030 03478 8 a b c Crewdson John 1986 03 23 Marcos Graft Staggering Investigators Trace Billions in Holdings Chicago Tribune Retrieved 2018 05 23 It Takes a Village to Loot a Nation Cronyism and Corruption Martial Law Museum Retrieved 2018 07 19 Ikehata Setsuho Yu Jose Lydia eds 2003 Philippines Japan Relations Ateneo De Manila University Press p 591 ISBN 971 550 436 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Marcos Japanese ODA scandal amp oldid 1191865991, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
