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Manteo (Native American leader)

Manteo (c. 1564 - c. 1590) was a Croatan Native American, and was a member of the local tribe that befriended the English explorers who landed at Roanoke Island in 1584. Though many stories claim he was a chief, it is understood that his mother was actually the principal leader of the tribe. This leadership would not have automatically passed down to her children as many English at the time may have assumed.

Manteo
Croatan, Algonquian peoples leader
Personal details
Bornc. 1564[1]
now North Carolina, United States
Diedc. 1590[2] (aged c. 26)
Known forRoanoke Colony, travels to England, co-operation with English settlement

In 1585 the English returned to Roanoke, arriving too late in the year to plant crops and harvest food, and Manteo helped the colonists make it through the harsh winter. He traveled to England on two occasions, in 1584 and 1585. After staying there, he was among those who sailed for the New World in 1587 along with Governor John White and his colonists, who founded the failed settlement later known as "The Lost Colony". On Sunday, August 13, 1587, Manteo was christened on Roanoke Island, making him the first Native American to be baptized into the Church of England.

Early life edit

Very little is known of Manteo's early life. He was born into the Croatan tribe, a small Native American group living in the coastal areas of what is now North Carolina. They may have been a branch of the larger Roanoke people or allied with them.[3] The Croatan lived in current Dare County, an area encompassing the Alligator River, Croatan Sound, Roanoke Island, and parts of the Outer Banks, including Hatteras Island. Manteo first entered the historical record through his encounter with English explorers in 1584, when Sir Walter Raleigh dispatched the first of a number of expeditions to Roanoke Island to explore and eventually settle the New World.

Travel to England edit

 
Thomas Harriot, who translated and learned the Carolina Algonquian language from Wanchese and Manteo.
 
The village of Secoton on Roanoke Island, painted by Governor John White c.1585

Early English encounters with the natives were friendly, and Manteo became one of the first Native Americans to travel to England. Despite the difficulties in communication, the explorers persuaded "two of the savages, being lustie men, whose names were Wanchese and Manteo" to accompany them on the return voyage to London,[4]: 63  in order for the English people to report both the conditions of the New World that they had explored and what the usefulness of the territory might be to the English.[5]: 159 [2]: 346–347 

Once safely delivered to England in September 1584,[4]: 64  Manteo and Wanchese soon caused a sensation at court. Raleigh's priority, however, was not publicity but rather intelligence about his new land of Virginia, and he restricted access to the exotic newcomers. He assigned the scientist Thomas Harriot the job of deciphering and learning the Carolina Algonquian language,[4]: 70  using a phonetic alphabet of his own invention in order to effect the translation.

Both Wanchese and Manteo were hosted at Raleigh's London residence, Durham House. Unlike Manteo, Wanchese evinced little interest in learning English and did not befriend his hosts, remaining suspicious of English motives in the New World. He soon considered himself as a captive of the English rather than as their guest.[4]: 64  By Christmas of 1584, Harriot learned to converse in Carolina Algonquian with the two Croatans. Accounts suggest that Manteo was far more co-operative than Wanchese.[4]: 73 

Harriot and Manteo spent many days in one another's company; Harriot interrogated Manteo closely about life in the New World and learned much that was to the advantage of the English settlers.[4]: 73  In addition, he recorded the sense of awe with which the Native Americans viewed European technology:

Many things they sawe with us...as mathematical instruments, sea compasses...[and] spring clocks that seemed to goe of themselves – and many other things we had – were so strange unto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that they thought they were rather the works of gods than men.[4]: 73 

Manteo and Wanchese returned to the New World in April 1585, sailing with Sir Richard Grenville's expedition in the Tiger. They reached the warm waters of the Caribbean in just 21 days.[4]: 98  The expedition was led by Sir Ralph Lane, and was accompanied by Harriot who, having mastered Carolina Algonquian, would act as translator between the local tribes and the English settlers.

Records indicate that Manteo and Wanchese traveled again to England later in the same decade. Following the voyage, Manteo, Wanchese, and the English returned to Roanoke.[5]: 179  It is speculated that Sir Walter Raleigh chose to have Manteo accompany him on his journey to England in order to better acquaint him with certain elements of English culture; specifically, so that he would be able to improve his skills in the English language and so that he might gain a deeper understanding of the Anglican Christian faith.[2]: 373 [6]: 79 

Lost Colony edit

In 1587, Manteo returned to Roanoke along with Governor John White's ill-fated expedition to plant a permanent English colony in the New World. Manteo was involved in several nighttime attacks which took place in 1587.[2]: 354–355 [6]: 188  The Native Americans had informed the English that some of their men were killed. To seek revenge, the English attempted to plot an attack on the Roanoke, who they believed had killed the English men. But, the English killed several Croatan people by mistake.[6]: 188  As a mediator between the English and the Native Americans, and due to his loyalty to the English people, Manteo was caught in the middle. He had mixed feelings about the attacks and understood the points of views of both sides.[6]: 188 

Relations with the Roanoke colonists edit

 
Engraving purported to be of Manteo, from The White Doe: the fate of Virginia Dare; an Indian legend (1901), but actually extracted from Harriot, Thomas (1590) Plate VII, captioned "A Chief Lord of the Roanoke"[7]

Manteo served as a guide and translator to the English. Manteo and the English people were able to learn about each other's language and culture. Manteo at times was also a mediating figure between the English and the Native Americans. Because of his status among the English people and his peaceful communication with them, some of the Croatan considered Manteo to be disloyal to them and a traitor at times of conflict.[6]: 204 

Wanchese and other Native Americans such as Towaye[5]: 179 [2]: 352, 357  shared relationships with Manteo and the English colonists, although Wanchese had a more negative relationship with the English colonists.[2]: 346–348 

Religion edit

 
A plaque for the christening of Manteo at Roanoke Island

Manteo is recognized as being the first Native American who became an Anglican Christian.[2]: 355  Manteo was possibly converted to Anglican Christianity by Raleigh. Some historians[who?] believe that Raleigh promoted this as a political maneuver to further Manteo's role in working with the English. Upon conversion, Manteo retained his given name.[6]: 190  Manteo may have assisted in helping the English convert other Native Americans to Christianity as well.[2]: 351  In 2008, the 125th Annual Convention of the Episcopal Diocese of East Carolina approved the commemoration of the Baptism of Manteo, along with that of Virginia Dare, to be kept on August 17 of each year.

Death and legacy edit

Following the abandonment of the settlement, Manteo was lost to history. The details related to Manteo's death are unknown. He may have left with colonists during the abandonment of the Roanoke site.[2]: 357 [6]: 188  The town of Manteo, North Carolina, is named after him.[8]

References edit

  1. ^ Brandon Fullam, 2020, Manteo and the Algonquians of the Roanoke Voyages. Jefferson, NC; McFarland & Company, p. 62.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Vaughan, Alden T. "Sir Walter Raleigh's Indian Interpreters, 1584-1618," The William and Mary Quarterly 59.2 (2002)
  3. ^ "Indian Towns and Buildings of Eastern North Carolina", Fort Raleigh National Historic Site, National Park Service, 2008, accessed 24 Apr 2010
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Milton, Giles, Big Chief Elizabeth - How England's Adventurers Gambled and Won the New World, Hodder & Stoughton, London (2000)
  5. ^ a b c Mancall, Peter C. Hakluyt's Promise: An Elizabethan's Obsession for an English America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000.
  7. ^ Harriot, Thomas (1590). A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia, of the commodities and of the nature and manners of the naturall inhabitants. Discouered by the English colony there seated by Sir Richard Greinuile Knight in the yeere 1585. Which Remained Vnder the gouernement of twelue monethes, at the speciall charge and direction of the Honourable Sir Walter Raleigh Knight lord Warden of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured and authorized by her Maiestie and her letters patents. Frankfurt: Johannes Wechel. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  8. ^ "Manteo & Roanoke Island On the Croatan & Roanoke Sounds". Outer Banks of North Carolina. 8 April 2008.

External links edit

  • Retrieved April 2011
  • Account of the Roanoke settlements Retrieved April 2011

manteo, native, american, leader, manteo, 1564, 1590, croatan, native, american, member, local, tribe, that, befriended, english, explorers, landed, roanoke, island, 1584, though, many, stories, claim, chief, understood, that, mother, actually, principal, lead. Manteo c 1564 c 1590 was a Croatan Native American and was a member of the local tribe that befriended the English explorers who landed at Roanoke Island in 1584 Though many stories claim he was a chief it is understood that his mother was actually the principal leader of the tribe This leadership would not have automatically passed down to her children as many English at the time may have assumed ManteoCroatan Algonquian peoples leaderPersonal detailsBornc 1564 1 now North Carolina United StatesDiedc 1590 2 aged c 26 Known forRoanoke Colony travels to England co operation with English settlement In 1585 the English returned to Roanoke arriving too late in the year to plant crops and harvest food and Manteo helped the colonists make it through the harsh winter He traveled to England on two occasions in 1584 and 1585 After staying there he was among those who sailed for the New World in 1587 along with Governor John White and his colonists who founded the failed settlement later known as The Lost Colony On Sunday August 13 1587 Manteo was christened on Roanoke Island making him the first Native American to be baptized into the Church of England Contents 1 Early life 2 Travel to England 3 Lost Colony 4 Relations with the Roanoke colonists 5 Religion 6 Death and legacy 7 References 8 External linksEarly life editVery little is known of Manteo s early life He was born into the Croatan tribe a small Native American group living in the coastal areas of what is now North Carolina They may have been a branch of the larger Roanoke people or allied with them 3 The Croatan lived in current Dare County an area encompassing the Alligator River Croatan Sound Roanoke Island and parts of the Outer Banks including Hatteras Island Manteo first entered the historical record through his encounter with English explorers in 1584 when Sir Walter Raleigh dispatched the first of a number of expeditions to Roanoke Island to explore and eventually settle the New World Travel to England edit nbsp Thomas Harriot who translated and learned the Carolina Algonquian language from Wanchese and Manteo nbsp The village of Secoton on Roanoke Island painted by Governor John White c 1585 Early English encounters with the natives were friendly and Manteo became one of the first Native Americans to travel to England Despite the difficulties in communication the explorers persuaded two of the savages being lustie men whose names were Wanchese and Manteo to accompany them on the return voyage to London 4 63 in order for the English people to report both the conditions of the New World that they had explored and what the usefulness of the territory might be to the English 5 159 2 346 347 Once safely delivered to England in September 1584 4 64 Manteo and Wanchese soon caused a sensation at court Raleigh s priority however was not publicity but rather intelligence about his new land of Virginia and he restricted access to the exotic newcomers He assigned the scientist Thomas Harriot the job of deciphering and learning the Carolina Algonquian language 4 70 using a phonetic alphabet of his own invention in order to effect the translation Both Wanchese and Manteo were hosted at Raleigh s London residence Durham House Unlike Manteo Wanchese evinced little interest in learning English and did not befriend his hosts remaining suspicious of English motives in the New World He soon considered himself as a captive of the English rather than as their guest 4 64 By Christmas of 1584 Harriot learned to converse in Carolina Algonquian with the two Croatans Accounts suggest that Manteo was far more co operative than Wanchese 4 73 Harriot and Manteo spent many days in one another s company Harriot interrogated Manteo closely about life in the New World and learned much that was to the advantage of the English settlers 4 73 In addition he recorded the sense of awe with which the Native Americans viewed European technology Many things they sawe with us as mathematical instruments sea compasses and spring clocks that seemed to goe of themselves and many other things we had were so strange unto them and so farre exceeded their capacities to comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done that they thought they were rather the works of gods than men 4 73 Manteo and Wanchese returned to the New World in April 1585 sailing with Sir Richard Grenville s expedition in the Tiger They reached the warm waters of the Caribbean in just 21 days 4 98 The expedition was led by Sir Ralph Lane and was accompanied by Harriot who having mastered Carolina Algonquian would act as translator between the local tribes and the English settlers Records indicate that Manteo and Wanchese traveled again to England later in the same decade Following the voyage Manteo Wanchese and the English returned to Roanoke 5 179 It is speculated that Sir Walter Raleigh chose to have Manteo accompany him on his journey to England in order to better acquaint him with certain elements of English culture specifically so that he would be able to improve his skills in the English language and so that he might gain a deeper understanding of the Anglican Christian faith 2 373 6 79 Lost Colony editIn 1587 Manteo returned to Roanoke along with Governor John White s ill fated expedition to plant a permanent English colony in the New World Manteo was involved in several nighttime attacks which took place in 1587 2 354 355 6 188 The Native Americans had informed the English that some of their men were killed To seek revenge the English attempted to plot an attack on the Roanoke who they believed had killed the English men But the English killed several Croatan people by mistake 6 188 As a mediator between the English and the Native Americans and due to his loyalty to the English people Manteo was caught in the middle He had mixed feelings about the attacks and understood the points of views of both sides 6 188 Relations with the Roanoke colonists edit nbsp Engraving purported to be of Manteo from The White Doe the fate of Virginia Dare an Indian legend 1901 but actually extracted from Harriot Thomas 1590 Plate VII captioned A Chief Lord of the Roanoke 7 Manteo served as a guide and translator to the English Manteo and the English people were able to learn about each other s language and culture Manteo at times was also a mediating figure between the English and the Native Americans Because of his status among the English people and his peaceful communication with them some of the Croatan considered Manteo to be disloyal to them and a traitor at times of conflict 6 204 Wanchese and other Native Americans such as Towaye 5 179 2 352 357 shared relationships with Manteo and the English colonists although Wanchese had a more negative relationship with the English colonists 2 346 348 Religion edit nbsp A plaque for the christening of Manteo at Roanoke Island Manteo is recognized as being the first Native American who became an Anglican Christian 2 355 Manteo was possibly converted to Anglican Christianity by Raleigh Some historians who believe that Raleigh promoted this as a political maneuver to further Manteo s role in working with the English Upon conversion Manteo retained his given name 6 190 Manteo may have assisted in helping the English convert other Native Americans to Christianity as well 2 351 In 2008 the 125th Annual Convention of the Episcopal Diocese of East Carolina approved the commemoration of the Baptism of Manteo along with that of Virginia Dare to be kept on August 17 of each year Death and legacy editFollowing the abandonment of the settlement Manteo was lost to history The details related to Manteo s death are unknown He may have left with colonists during the abandonment of the Roanoke site 2 357 6 188 The town of Manteo North Carolina is named after him 8 References edit Brandon Fullam 2020 Manteo and the Algonquians of the Roanoke Voyages Jefferson NC McFarland amp Company p 62 a b c d e f g h i Vaughan Alden T Sir Walter Raleigh s Indian Interpreters 1584 1618 The William and Mary Quarterly 59 2 2002 Indian Towns and Buildings of Eastern North Carolina Fort Raleigh National Historic Site National Park Service 2008 accessed 24 Apr 2010 a b c d e f g h Milton Giles Big Chief Elizabeth How England s Adventurers Gambled and Won the New World Hodder amp Stoughton London 2000 a b c Mancall Peter C Hakluyt s Promise An Elizabethan s Obsession for an English America New Haven Yale University Press 2007 a b c d e f g Kupperman Karen Ordahl Indians and English Facing Off in Early America Ithaca Cornell University Press 2000 Harriot Thomas 1590 A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia of the commodities and of the nature and manners of the naturall inhabitants Discouered by the English colony there seated by Sir Richard Greinuile Knight in the yeere 1585 Which Remained Vnder the gouernement of twelue monethes at the speciall charge and direction of the Honourable Sir Walter Raleigh Knight lord Warden of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured and authorized by her Maiestie and her letters patents Frankfurt Johannes Wechel Retrieved April 17 2024 Manteo amp Roanoke Island On the Croatan amp Roanoke Sounds Outer Banks of North Carolina 8 April 2008 External links editManteo at thelostcolony org Retrieved April 2011 Account of the Roanoke settlements Retrieved April 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Manteo Native American leader amp oldid 1219972731, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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