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Tony Defries

December 18, 2023

Anthony Defries (born 3 September 1943) is a British former music manager and impresario. He managed David Bowie's career during his elevation to global stardom,[1][2][3][4][5] but later fell out with him in a contract dispute. He established a rights management organisation called MainMan and helped launch the careers of Iggy Pop, Mick Ronson, Mott the Hoople, Dana Gillespie, Lou Reed, Luther Vandross and John Cougar Mellencamp. Defries and MainMan have received multiple awards for their achievements in the music industry.

Tony Defries
Defries in 2017
Background information
Birth nameAnthony Defries
Born (1943-09-03) 3 September 1943 (age 80)
OriginWatford, England
Occupation(s)
  • Former legal executive
  • music manager
  • impresario
  • technologist
  • material science
  • quantum physics researcher
  • developer
Years active1960-present
Websitemainmanlabel.com

Early life edit

One of four children born to Edward and Lily Defries, the family had a second-hand and antique business close to Shepherd's Bush Market. In 1944, children were being evacuated from London to escape the V-1 flying bombs. Defries was too young to be evacuated as his mother had two young children and was expecting another, so he was placed into foster care and returned to the family after the war. He suffered from severe asthma and attended a school for children with special needs.[6][7][8]

Career edit

Early Career and GEM Music Group edit

Defries started his career at the age of 16 in a number of junior positions at various firms of solicitors. While he was a legal executive at the lawfirm of Martin Boston & Co.[9][7] in Wigmore Street, London he advised Mickie Most in a dispute involving The Animals in 1964.[7] For some years after that he worked with Most, advising him and later working with Allen Klein on his behalf and helping Mickie set up his own independent label Rak Records, and music publishing Rak Publishing.[10][7] Defries learnt about bargaining techniques, the intricacies of master recording ownership and how to squeeze the best from every deal from Klein.[11] Because of his dealings with Most and his problem-solving abilities, he was approached by his future business partner, Laurence Myers, whose accounting firm were handling Most's accounts at the time.[7][12] Myers said "Tony was a visionary. I remember him telling me many, many, many years ago that one day everyone at home will have a laptop computer".[12]

Defries later worked with photographers to resolve their copyright and other issues, starting with Don Silverstein, an American photographer living and working in London, who had taken photographs of Jimi Hendrix. These images were being used without his permission and Defries helped him retain the rights to his images and the related revenue. Through Silverstein, Defries was approached by other photographers such as Brian Duffy, David Bailey, Terence Donovan[9] and Antony Armstrong-Jones. To best assist them, and future photographers, he helped found the Association of Fashion and Advertising Photographers (AFAP), in 1968, which later became the Association of Photographers (AOP).[13][12] Defries would later commission Brian Duffy to photograph and design the cover of Bowie's Aladdin Sane,[13][14] and Terry O'Neill to shoot the Diamond Dogs album cover. In addition MainMan commissioned rock artist Guy Peellaert to provide futuristic paintings which were ultimately used for that album.[15]

Defries and Myers worked with songwriters, composers, performers and producers, including Mike Leander, Geoff Stephens, Peter Eden, Barry Mason, Roger Cook, Mike D'abo, Donovan, Roger Greenaway, Lionel Bart, Neville Nixon,[16] Ossie Byrne and Tony Macaulay.[17] Defries was responsible for proposing and overseeing legal proceedings for Tony Macaulay in what became a landmark case against his publishers, Schroeder Music, to recover his copyrights. The case of Schroeder Music Publishing vs Macaulay was resolved in Macaulay's favour in the House of Lords,[18][19][20] setting a precedent used by many other songwriters to gain better terms.

In 1969, Defries and Myers formed the GEM Music Group, an independent music label, music publishing, rights management and personal management company. GEM's first release, on Bell Records, was "Love Grows (Where my Rosemary Goes)" performed by Edison Lighthouse, and written and produced by Tony Macaulay. It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in 1970.[21][22]

In 1970, Olav Wyper, the head of Philips UK, recommended Defries to Bowie who was dissatisfied with his manager Ken Pitt and needed help.[23][8] Defries realised Bowie's potential and Myers has said "Tony had the vision. His great ability was, far more than I did, he knew what a star David was going to be".[9][7][1] Defries had a reputation for renegotiating contracts and proceeded to extract Bowie from all his existing contracts: management, recording (Mercury) and publishing (Essex Music).[24] GEM signed an exclusive contract with Bowie in 1970 and when the Mercury contract was terminated in 1971, Defries was free to sign a record deal with RCA.[1][25] Defries would go on to sign Iggy Pop,[1] Dana Gillespie[2] and Mick Ronson with GEM.[26]

 
Defries (middle) with Dana Gillespie and David Bowie in 1971.

In 1971, Defries had decided that breaking Bowie in the US would require a permanent corporate presence and suggested to Myers that they open offices in New York. By that time, GEM had established a significant position in the UK industry and Myers was uncomfortable about risking that base in a new US venture. As a result, Defries and Myers discussed a division of the various talent GEM represented and reached a settlement which would allow Defries to keep certain artists while the rest remained with GEM. They signed an agreement where Defries would take David Bowie, Iggy Pop, Mott the Hoople, Dana Gillespie and Mick Ronson in return for a financial settlement.[7]

MainMan Group of Companies edit

Defries formed the MainMan Group of Companies in 1972,[27] with offices in New York, London and Tokyo.[1] These companies had a management structure that combined ingredients of the movie studio with those of the independent producer, record label, music publisher and management. The original MainMan team was made up of members from Andy Warhol’s The Factory and his now-famous production of his play, Pork.[28] The company’s management included Cherry Vanilla,[29] Tony Zanetta[30] and Jamie Andrews.

Defries had a zero-tolerance drug policy[1] and no unauthorised press access policy. As a strategy to control the narrative and create demand, all access public and press was denied. This was based on protocols used by the movie studios in the 1950s to make their stars famous. MainMan had their own in-house photographers, Mick Rock and Leee Black Childers, and forbade all other unauthorised photographers.[29][1][11]

A key part of Defries’ strategy with MainMan was to control the creative process of Bowie's next album, Hunky Dory, by funding it independently, before approaching RCA.[31] This gave Bowie creative freedom, without being forced to fit into any traditional record company genres[31] and co-ownership of his music copyrights. Tony Zanetta (President of MainMan, USA)[32] said "Tony threw the book out the window. He loved to take huge gambles…"[31]

After Lou Reed’s disastrous first solo album for RCA, MainMan arranged for Bowie and Mick Ronson to produce his follow-up album, Transformer.[33] Bowie and Defries invited Reed to make his first UK appearance as a surprise guest at a 'Friends of the Earth, Save the Whale Benefit Concert' with Bowie and The Spiders from Mars at the Royal Festival Hall on July 8, 1972.[34] This concert took place just two days after Bowie's performance of "Starman" on Top of the Pops.

With Bowie on the brink of stardom (Ziggy Stardust hit #5 and Hunky Dory #3 on the UK charts and hundreds of Ziggy clones attended his concerts),[35][36] Defries informed his staff "As far as RCA in America are concerned, the young man with red hair sitting at the end of this table is the biggest thing to come out of England since the Beatles. And if we get this right there’s every possibility we will be as big as the Beatles, if not bigger".[36] Defries arranged to fly over American journalists to see Bowie live in preparation for his upcoming US tour.[37]

Defries instructed Tony Zanetta to set up the MainMan office in an Upper East Side New York apartment and he employed a cavalcade of exotic characters.[38] The first North American concert date was September 22, in Cleveland for an audience of three thousand and the tour ended December 2 at Tower Theatre, Pennsylvania. After that first concert Defries had promised they would come back to play Cleveland in a bigger venue holding ten thousand people and that is exactly what they did.[39]

MainMan artists were among the best rock 'n rollers of their time,[40] and the company's culture was to treat all their artists as equals and to ensure that all their needs were met.[41] A lot of cash was spent as the artists had a high burn rate.[42][43][44] Bowie was doing very well, but "not selling anywhere near a Rolling Stones or Elton John-like level until 1975".[41]

Defries saw Mick Ronson as an extraordinary musical talent and believed he could have a solo career and together they devised a course to stardom, starting with concerts at the Rainbow Theatre.[45] According to Ronson "the question of whether those Rainbow concerts were good ones or bad is beside the point. The fact that I managed to sell the place out two nights running must mean that people thought I was worth seeing".[45] Ronson's production and arrangements of notable albums such as Hunky Dory, Ziggy Stardust and Aladdin Sane showed his skills in the studio and in live playing.[46] "Ronson made David Bowie’s new music bigger, tougher and sexier. He was the muscle in the mix,"[47] Bowie recalled, "Mick was the perfect foil for the Ziggy character, Ziggy and Mick were the personification of the rock & roll dualism".[48] Ronson, who wrote the string arrangements for both Bowie's "Life on Mars?" and Lou Reed's "Perfect Day".[49] John Mellencamp also said that Ronson helped save and arrange "Jack & Diane".[50][51]

Bowie / Defries edit

 
Left to right: Dana Gillespie, Tony Defries and David Bowie at Andy Warhol's Pork at London's Roundhouse in 1971.

At the start of their relationship, Bowie and Defries became very close friends. Bowie described their relationship as a "marriage-made-in-heaven" and said they were "very, very strong buddies", even though he understood that if they had no business together, they probably wouldn't see each other.[7][2] Defries believed that David Bowie was going to be a superstar and should be marketed under a brand name "Bowie".[7][52][2][30] Defries' determination and talent for promotion were a major contribution to Bowie's success.[3][4][30][53]

Towards the end of 1973, and after a successful world tour, Bowie was living in London and Defries in New York.[54] Bowie saw many musicians, producers and girlfriends come and go from his life, but Defries’ oversight remained constant. "It could be anything: business, what people see, girlfriends, Tony would orchestrate it all," said Ava Cherry.[55] On top of the distance between them, their friendship began to deteriorate as Bowie developed a cocaine habit. Defries’ no tolerance to drugs policy and Bowie's increase in drug use created strain and estrangement between them.[56][57][42]

The employment contract between MainMan and Bowie shared Bowie’s net royalties fifty-fifty. Although Bowie later came to resent the royalty split, "Defries helped make one key business decision that played a large role in allowing Bowie to take charge of his career: He negotiated the singer's 1970s RCA deals so the two would own the recording copyrights, a provision almost unheard of at the time. At the time, no one knew how valuable the rights to recordings would become -- or how important Bowie’s would be. According to Billboard's estimates, his recordings and publishing rights are now worth about $100 million -- and likely even more".

Due to Bowie's increased addiction to cocaine, which led to a paranoid suspicious environment on Bowie's part, Defries and Bowie could no longer work together so they came to a settlement in 1975 between RCA, Bowie, MainMan and Defries. Defries gave up personal management but retained a shared control of other aspects of Bowie's catalog and career that Bowie resented.

As Bowie and Defries co-owned the rights to everything they published and recorded together, Bowie later required a large cash injection to buy Defries out. David Pullman came up with the idea of securitising the intellectual property against future earnings.[58] Resentment by Bowie against his former friend lingered, so Pullman dealt with Bowie and Defries separately. In an interview later Pullman said "It’s like a marriage. The flipside is Tony is very savvy. I didn’t realize he’s an attorney, not just a manager. Tony didn’t have anything to say about David. They helped each other early on. Tony taught him some of the things he learned along the way about owning things."[59][60] In 1997 the Bowie Bonds began as a stock of $55 million and appeared on the cover of the Wall Street Journal.

In 2011 Defries was sued by Capitol Records for copyright infringement over misuse of Bowie material. He lost the lawsuit with damages and costs against him exceeding US$9 million.[61][62]

"In the early days," Bowie said in 2003, "all the greats like Mick Jagger and John Lennon were forever telling me the same thing: don't have anything to do with managers. They were always very adamant about that and, in hindsight, it was good advice. But it was usually just after I'd signed a contract with another one."[63]

Later career edit

In 1991, he founded IOTA Inc, a private technology research company which worked with major universities and government agencies on a range of communications and other technologies, securing a number of patents.[64][65] Defries worked with Oxford University Communications Engineering Department and leading UK optical / photonic companies and research groups on the design and development of optical wireless technology.[66][67]

In 2005 Defries founded Matter Inc, a Caltech/Stanford startup for plasmonic research and development with scientists from Stanford, California Institute of Technology and New York University to work on materials science, nanophotonics and energy related projects.[68][69][70]

Personal life edit

In 1975, his long-term girlfriend, Melanie McDonald, gave birth to his first daughter, Fleur Dominique Defries. He then married Marlene Weir in London, in 1986, and their daughter Tatiana Alexandra Defries was born in 1988.

References edit

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  63. ^ Lowe, Steve (March 2003). "Q200 – David Bowie". Q. No. 200. p. 62.
  64. ^ DeFries, Anthony; Denis, Andrew (1998). "United States Patent: 5,729,607 - March 17,1998 Non-linear digital communications system".
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  66. ^ "David Bowie, Businessman: A Deep Dive Into The Musician's Visionary Dealmaking". Billboard.
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  68. ^ "Plasmon-assisted chemical reactions startup at Caltech 2005 - Matter, Boyd, Defries, California Institute of Technology". innovation.caltech.edu.
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Sources edit

December 18, 2023
tony, defries, anthony, defries, born, september, 1943, british, former, music, manager, impresario, managed, david, bowie, career, during, elevation, global, stardom, later, fell, with, contract, dispute, established, rights, management, organisation, called,. Anthony Defries born 3 September 1943 is a British former music manager and impresario He managed David Bowie s career during his elevation to global stardom 1 2 3 4 5 but later fell out with him in a contract dispute He established a rights management organisation called MainMan and helped launch the careers of Iggy Pop Mick Ronson Mott the Hoople Dana Gillespie Lou Reed Luther Vandross and John Cougar Mellencamp Defries and MainMan have received multiple awards for their achievements in the music industry Tony DefriesDefries in 2017Background informationBirth nameAnthony DefriesBorn 1943 09 03 3 September 1943 age 80 OriginWatford EnglandOccupation s Former legal executivemusic managerimpresariotechnologistmaterial sciencequantum physics researcherdeveloperYears active1960 presentWebsitemainmanlabel wbr com Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2 1 Early Career and GEM Music Group 2 2 MainMan Group of Companies 2 3 Bowie Defries 3 Later career 4 Personal life 5 References 6 SourcesEarly life editOne of four children born to Edward and Lily Defries the family had a second hand and antique business close to Shepherd s Bush Market In 1944 children were being evacuated from London to escape the V 1 flying bombs Defries was too young to be evacuated as his mother had two young children and was expecting another so he was placed into foster care and returned to the family after the war He suffered from severe asthma and attended a school for children with special needs 6 7 8 Career editEarly Career and GEM Music Group edit Defries started his career at the age of 16 in a number of junior positions at various firms of solicitors While he was a legal executive at the lawfirm of Martin Boston amp Co 9 7 in Wigmore Street London he advised Mickie Most in a dispute involving The Animals in 1964 7 For some years after that he worked with Most advising him and later working with Allen Klein on his behalf and helping Mickie set up his own independent label Rak Records and music publishing Rak Publishing 10 7 Defries learnt about bargaining techniques the intricacies of master recording ownership and how to squeeze the best from every deal from Klein 11 Because of his dealings with Most and his problem solving abilities he was approached by his future business partner Laurence Myers whose accounting firm were handling Most s accounts at the time 7 12 Myers said Tony was a visionary I remember him telling me many many many years ago that one day everyone at home will have a laptop computer 12 Defries later worked with photographers to resolve their copyright and other issues starting with Don Silverstein an American photographer living and working in London who had taken photographs of Jimi Hendrix These images were being used without his permission and Defries helped him retain the rights to his images and the related revenue Through Silverstein Defries was approached by other photographers such as Brian Duffy David Bailey Terence Donovan 9 and Antony Armstrong Jones To best assist them and future photographers he helped found the Association of Fashion and Advertising Photographers AFAP in 1968 which later became the Association of Photographers AOP 13 12 Defries would later commission Brian Duffy to photograph and design the cover of Bowie s Aladdin Sane 13 14 and Terry O Neill to shoot the Diamond Dogs album cover In addition MainMan commissioned rock artist Guy Peellaert to provide futuristic paintings which were ultimately used for that album 15 Defries and Myers worked with songwriters composers performers and producers including Mike Leander Geoff Stephens Peter Eden Barry Mason Roger Cook Mike D abo Donovan Roger Greenaway Lionel Bart Neville Nixon 16 Ossie Byrne and Tony Macaulay 17 Defries was responsible for proposing and overseeing legal proceedings for Tony Macaulay in what became a landmark case against his publishers Schroeder Music to recover his copyrights The case of Schroeder Music Publishing vs Macaulay was resolved in Macaulay s favour in the House of Lords 18 19 20 setting a precedent used by many other songwriters to gain better terms In 1969 Defries and Myers formed the GEM Music Group an independent music label music publishing rights management and personal management company GEM s first release on Bell Records was Love Grows Where my Rosemary Goes performed by Edison Lighthouse and written and produced by Tony Macaulay It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in 1970 21 22 In 1970 Olav Wyper the head of Philips UK recommended Defries to Bowie who was dissatisfied with his manager Ken Pitt and needed help 23 8 Defries realised Bowie s potential and Myers has said Tony had the vision His great ability was far more than I did he knew what a star David was going to be 9 7 1 Defries had a reputation for renegotiating contracts and proceeded to extract Bowie from all his existing contracts management recording Mercury and publishing Essex Music 24 GEM signed an exclusive contract with Bowie in 1970 and when the Mercury contract was terminated in 1971 Defries was free to sign a record deal with RCA 1 25 Defries would go on to sign Iggy Pop 1 Dana Gillespie 2 and Mick Ronson with GEM 26 nbsp Defries middle with Dana Gillespie and David Bowie in 1971 In 1971 Defries had decided that breaking Bowie in the US would require a permanent corporate presence and suggested to Myers that they open offices in New York By that time GEM had established a significant position in the UK industry and Myers was uncomfortable about risking that base in a new US venture As a result Defries and Myers discussed a division of the various talent GEM represented and reached a settlement which would allow Defries to keep certain artists while the rest remained with GEM They signed an agreement where Defries would take David Bowie Iggy Pop Mott the Hoople Dana Gillespie and Mick Ronson in return for a financial settlement 7 MainMan Group of Companies edit Defries formed the MainMan Group of Companies in 1972 27 with offices in New York London and Tokyo 1 These companies had a management structure that combined ingredients of the movie studio with those of the independent producer record label music publisher and management The original MainMan team was made up of members from Andy Warhol s The Factory and his now famous production of his play Pork 28 The company s management included Cherry Vanilla 29 Tony Zanetta 30 and Jamie Andrews Defries had a zero tolerance drug policy 1 and no unauthorised press access policy As a strategy to control the narrative and create demand all access public and press was denied This was based on protocols used by the movie studios in the 1950s to make their stars famous MainMan had their own in house photographers Mick Rock and Leee Black Childers and forbade all other unauthorised photographers 29 1 11 A key part of Defries strategy with MainMan was to control the creative process of Bowie s next album Hunky Dory by funding it independently before approaching RCA 31 This gave Bowie creative freedom without being forced to fit into any traditional record company genres 31 and co ownership of his music copyrights Tony Zanetta President of MainMan USA 32 said Tony threw the book out the window He loved to take huge gambles 31 After Lou Reed s disastrous first solo album for RCA MainMan arranged for Bowie and Mick Ronson to produce his follow up album Transformer 33 Bowie and Defries invited Reed to make his first UK appearance as a surprise guest at a Friends of the Earth Save the Whale Benefit Concert with Bowie and The Spiders from Mars at the Royal Festival Hall on July 8 1972 34 This concert took place just two days after Bowie s performance of Starman on Top of the Pops With Bowie on the brink of stardom Ziggy Stardust hit 5 and Hunky Dory 3 on the UK charts and hundreds of Ziggy clones attended his concerts 35 36 Defries informed his staff As far as RCA in America are concerned the young man with red hair sitting at the end of this table is the biggest thing to come out of England since the Beatles And if we get this right there s every possibility we will be as big as the Beatles if not bigger 36 Defries arranged to fly over American journalists to see Bowie live in preparation for his upcoming US tour 37 Defries instructed Tony Zanetta to set up the MainMan office in an Upper East Side New York apartment and he employed a cavalcade of exotic characters 38 The first North American concert date was September 22 in Cleveland for an audience of three thousand and the tour ended December 2 at Tower Theatre Pennsylvania After that first concert Defries had promised they would come back to play Cleveland in a bigger venue holding ten thousand people and that is exactly what they did 39 MainMan artists were among the best rock n rollers of their time 40 and the company s culture was to treat all their artists as equals and to ensure that all their needs were met 41 A lot of cash was spent as the artists had a high burn rate 42 43 44 Bowie was doing very well but not selling anywhere near a Rolling Stones or Elton John like level until 1975 41 Defries saw Mick Ronson as an extraordinary musical talent and believed he could have a solo career and together they devised a course to stardom starting with concerts at the Rainbow Theatre 45 According to Ronson the question of whether those Rainbow concerts were good ones or bad is beside the point The fact that I managed to sell the place out two nights running must mean that people thought I was worth seeing 45 Ronson s production and arrangements of notable albums such as Hunky Dory Ziggy Stardust and Aladdin Sane showed his skills in the studio and in live playing 46 Ronson made David Bowie s new music bigger tougher and sexier He was the muscle in the mix 47 Bowie recalled Mick was the perfect foil for the Ziggy character Ziggy and Mick were the personification of the rock amp roll dualism 48 Ronson who wrote the string arrangements for both Bowie s Life on Mars and Lou Reed s Perfect Day 49 John Mellencamp also said that Ronson helped save and arrange Jack amp Diane 50 51 Bowie Defries edit nbsp Left to right Dana Gillespie Tony Defries and David Bowie at Andy Warhol s Pork at London s Roundhouse in 1971 At the start of their relationship Bowie and Defries became very close friends Bowie described their relationship as a marriage made in heaven and said they were very very strong buddies even though he understood that if they had no business together they probably wouldn t see each other 7 2 Defries believed that David Bowie was going to be a superstar and should be marketed under a brand name Bowie 7 52 2 30 Defries determination and talent for promotion were a major contribution to Bowie s success 3 4 30 53 Towards the end of 1973 and after a successful world tour Bowie was living in London and Defries in New York 54 Bowie saw many musicians producers and girlfriends come and go from his life but Defries oversight remained constant It could be anything business what people see girlfriends Tony would orchestrate it all said Ava Cherry 55 On top of the distance between them their friendship began to deteriorate as Bowie developed a cocaine habit Defries no tolerance to drugs policy and Bowie s increase in drug use created strain and estrangement between them 56 57 42 The employment contract between MainMan and Bowie shared Bowie s net royalties fifty fifty Although Bowie later came to resent the royalty split Defries helped make one key business decision that played a large role in allowing Bowie to take charge of his career He negotiated the singer s 1970s RCA deals so the two would own the recording copyrights a provision almost unheard of at the time At the time no one knew how valuable the rights to recordings would become or how important Bowie s would be According to Billboard s estimates his recordings and publishing rights are now worth about 100 million and likely even more Due to Bowie s increased addiction to cocaine which led to a paranoid suspicious environment on Bowie s part Defries and Bowie could no longer work together so they came to a settlement in 1975 between RCA Bowie MainMan and Defries Defries gave up personal management but retained a shared control of other aspects of Bowie s catalog and career that Bowie resented As Bowie and Defries co owned the rights to everything they published and recorded together Bowie later required a large cash injection to buy Defries out David Pullman came up with the idea of securitising the intellectual property against future earnings 58 Resentment by Bowie against his former friend lingered so Pullman dealt with Bowie and Defries separately In an interview later Pullman said It s like a marriage The flipside is Tony is very savvy I didn t realize he s an attorney not just a manager Tony didn t have anything to say about David They helped each other early on Tony taught him some of the things he learned along the way about owning things 59 60 In 1997 the Bowie Bonds began as a stock of 55 million and appeared on the cover of the Wall Street Journal In 2011 Defries was sued by Capitol Records for copyright infringement over misuse of Bowie material He lost the lawsuit with damages and costs against him exceeding US 9 million 61 62 In the early days Bowie said in 2003 all the greats like Mick Jagger and John Lennon were forever telling me the same thing don t have anything to do with managers They were always very adamant about that and in hindsight it was good advice But it was usually just after I d signed a contract with another one 63 Later career editIn 1991 he founded IOTA Inc a private technology research company which worked with major universities and government agencies on a range of communications and other technologies securing a number of patents 64 65 Defries worked with Oxford University Communications Engineering Department and leading UK optical photonic companies and research groups on the design and development of optical wireless technology 66 67 In 2005 Defries founded Matter Inc a Caltech Stanford startup for plasmonic research and development with scientists from Stanford California Institute of Technology and New York University to work on materials science nanophotonics and energy related projects 68 69 70 Personal life editIn 1975 his long term girlfriend Melanie McDonald gave birth to his first daughter Fleur Dominique Defries He then married Marlene Weir in London in 1986 and their daughter Tatiana Alexandra Defries was born in 1988 References edit a b c d e f g David Bowie Best Dressed Mainman at The Twilight Zone Ball By Nick Kent Articles reviews and interviews from Rock s Backpages Rocksbackpages com Retrieved 21 March 2023 a b c d Jones Dylan David Bowie The Oral History pp 193 194 ISBN 978 0 451 49784 0 a b Jones Dylan David Bowie The Oral History pp 195 196 ISBN 978 0 451 49784 0 a b Jones Dylan David Bowie The Oral History p 199 ISBN 978 0 451 49784 0 Jones Dylan David Bowie The Oral History p 200 ISBN 978 0 451 49784 0 Trynka Paul 2011 David Bowie Starman pp 282 283 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 a b c d e f g h i Tony DeFries Bowie s MainMan Melody Maker 18 May 1974 Michael Watts Rocksbackpages com a b Spitz Marc 2009 Bowie A Biography pp 288 289 ISBN 978 0 307 46239 8 a b c Trynka Paul 18 July 2011 David Bowie Starman pp 242 243 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Rak Publishing Website Retrieved 21 March 2023 a b Turner Steve David Bowie How to Become a Cult Figure in Only Two Years Unpublished piece for Nova 1974 Rocksbackpages com a b c Spitz Marc 2009 Bowie A Biography pp 289 290 ISBN 978 0 307 46239 8 a b Cann Kevin Duffy Chris 2014 Duffy Bowie pp 22 23 ISBN 978 1 851 49765 2 Jones Dylan David Bowie The Oral History p 36 ISBN 978 0 451 49784 0 Jones Dylan David Bowie The Oral History pp 437 438 ISBN 978 0 451 49784 0 1 dead link We Are Stardust Brevard Culture 13 January 2016 A Schroeder Music Publishing Co Ltd v Macaul Restraint Of Trade Royalty Payment Scribd com Billboard Nielsen Business Media Inc 15 July 1972 Biography Tony Macaulay Tonymacaulay com Love Grows Where My Rosemary Goes Edison Lighthouse 1970 23 November 2011 Love Grows 1 UK Charts 1970 Official Charts Trynka Paul 18 July 2011 David Bowie Starman p 241 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Trynka Paul 2011 David Bowie Starman pp 256 257 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Spitz Marc 2009 Bowie A Biography pp 340 343 ISBN 978 0 307 46239 8 Trynka Paul 18 July 2011 David Bowie Starman p 330 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Jones Dylan David Bowie The Oral History pp 298 299 ISBN 978 0 451 49784 0 Jones Dylan David Bowie The Oral History p 234 ISBN 978 0 451 49784 0 a b David Bowie Stranger in a Strange Land Michael Watts 24 February 1973 a b c Jones Dylan David Bowie The Oral History pp 255 256 ISBN 978 0 451 49784 0 a b c Trynka Paul 18 July 2011 David Bowie Starman p 290 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Trynka Paul 2011 David Bowie Starman p 305 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Trynka Paul 2011 David Bowie Starman p 340 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 David Bowie Poster Friends of The Earth Save The Whale Benefit recordmecca com 3 December 2014 Trynka Paul 2011 David Bowie Starman p 341 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 a b Trynka Paul 2011 David Bowie Starman pp 346 348 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Jones Dylan David Bowie The Oral History p 321 ISBN 978 0 451 49784 0 Trynka Paul 2011 David Bowie Starman pp 351 352 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Trynka Paul 2011 David Bowie Starman p 350 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Mick Ronson Slaughter On 10th Avenue RCA APLI 0353 Roxy Music Stranded Atco SD 7045 Michael Gross Crawdaddy July 1974 Rocksbackpages com a b Spitz Marc 2009 Bowie A Biography pp 430 431 ISBN 978 0 307 46239 8 a b Spitz Marc 2009 Bowie A Biography pp 497 498 ISBN 978 0 307 46239 8 Jones Dylan David Bowie The Oral History pp 449 450 ISBN 978 0 451 49784 0 Jones Dylan David Bowie The Oral History pp 456 457 ISBN 978 0 451 49784 0 a b Mick Ronson Taking Care Of Business Ray Fox Cumming Disc 16 November 1974 Rocksbackpages com Mick Ronson Play Don t Worry Charles Bermant Washington Post 9 March 1975 Rocksbackpages com Spitz Marc 2009 Bowie A Biography p 274 ISBN 978 0 307 46239 8 Mick Ronson Ziggy s Axeman David Sinclair Rolling Stone 24 June 1993 Rocksbackpages com Spitz Marc 2009 Bowie A Biography p 276 ISBN 978 0 307 46239 8 Wawzenek Bryan 12 April 2017 Revisiting John Mellencamp s Only No 1 Album American Fool Ultimate Classic Rock Retrieved 21 March 2023 CLASSIC TRACKS John Cougar Jack amp Diane Richard Buskin Trynka Paul 2011 David Bowie Starman p 284 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Jones Dylan David Bowie The Oral History pp 268 269 ISBN 978 0 451 49784 0 Trynka Paul 2011 David Bowie Starman pp 415 416 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Trynka Paul 2011 David Bowie Starman pp 413 414 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Trynka Pual 18 July 2011 David Bowie Starman 1st ed pp 431 432 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Trynka Paul 2011 David Bowie Starman pp 421 422 ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Spitz Marc 2009 Bowie A Biography pp 721 722 ISBN 978 0 307 46239 8 The Whole Story Behind David Bowie s 55 Million Wall Street Trailblaze Billboard Spitz Marc 2009 Bowie A Biography pp 724 725 ISBN 978 0 307 46239 8 Capitol Records LLC et al v Defries et al Law360 com Retrieved 2016 01 21 David Bowie s Ex Manager Unable to Elude his 9 5M Judgment Journal of Law and the Arts lawandarts org Retrieved 2019 01 12 Lowe Steve March 2003 Q200 David Bowie Q No 200 p 62 DeFries Anthony Denis Andrew 1998 United States Patent 5 729 607 March 17 1998 Non linear digital communications system Defries Anthony Denis Andrew 2001 United States Patent 6 178 217 January 23 2001 Nonlinear digital communications system Patft uspto gov David Bowie Businessman A Deep Dive Into The Musician s Visionary Dealmaking Billboard Tony Defries LinkedIn Optical Wireless Tech Linkedin com Retrieved 21 March 2023 Plasmon assisted chemical reactions startup at Caltech 2005 Matter Boyd Defries California Institute of Technology innovation caltech edu Broadband Solar Inc CEO Tony Defries blogspot broadbandsolar blogspot com Wellspring of Innovation Search Results Web stanford edu Retrieved 2018 11 26 Sources editKevin Cann and Chris Duffy 2014 Duffy Bowie ISBN 978 1 85149 765 2 Paul Trynka 2011 David Bowie Starman ISBN 978 0 316 13424 8 Marc Spitz 2009 Bowie A Biography eISBN 978 0 307 46239 8 Dylan Jones 2017 David Bowie The Oral History ISBN 978 0 451 49784 0 e ISBN 978 0 451 49785 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tony Defries amp oldid 1180797338, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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