Mahapadma Nanda
Mahapadma Nanda (IAST: Mahāpadmānanda; c. mid 4th century BCE), according to the Puranas, was the first Emperor of the Nanda Empire of ancient India. The Puranas describe him as Second parashuram and a son of the last Shaishunaga king Mahanandin and a Shudra woman. These texts credit him with extensive conquests that expanded the Empire far beyond the Magadha region. The different Puranas variously give the length of his reign as 28 or 88 years, and state that his eight sons ruled in succession after him.
| Mahapadma Nanda | |
|---|---|
A silver coin of 1 karshapana of King Mahapadma Nanda or his sons 4th century BCE | |
| First Nanda Emperor | |
| Reign | c. mid 4th century BCE |
| Predecessor | Mahanandin |
| Successor | Dhana Nanda |
| Issue | Dhana Nanda |
| Dynasty | Nanda |
| Father | Mahanandin |
The Buddhist texts don't mention him, and instead name the first Nanda ruler as robber-turned-king Ugrasena, who was succeeded by his eight brothers, the last of whom was Dhana Nanda.
Reign edit
According to the Puranas, Mahapadma or Mahapadma-pati (literally, "lord of the great lotus") was the first Nanda king. He was the son of the last Shaishunaga king Mahanandin and a Shudra woman.[1][2]
The Puranas describe him as ekarat (sole sovereign) and sarva-kshatrantaka (destroyer of all the Kshatriyas).[2][3] The Kshastriyas (warriors and rulers) said to have been exterminated by Mahapadma include Maithalas, Kasheyas, Ikshvakus, Panchalas, Shurasenas, Kurus, Haihayas, Vitihotras, Kalingas, and Ashmakas.[4]
The Matsya Purana assigns Mahapadma an incredibly long reign of 88 years, while the Vayu Purana mentions the length of his reign as only 28 years.[5] The Puranas further state that Mahapadma's eight sons ruled in succession after him for a total of 12 years, but name only one of these sons: Sukalpa.[6]
Various estimates of the first Nanda emperor's coronation date include:
- Indologist F. E. Pargiter: 382 BCE[7]
- Historian R. K. Mookerji: 364 BCE.[7]
- Historian H. C. Raychaudhuri: c. 345 BCE.[8]
The beginning of Nanda reign is also assigned as early as 5th century BCE.[9]
Other descriptions of the first Nanda king edit
- According to the Buddhist texts, the first Nanda king was Ugrasena, not Mahapadma.[10] According to one theory, Ugrasena was probably another name of Mahapadma.[11]
- Unlike the Puranas, which assign mixed royal-Shudra ancestry to Mahapadma, the Buddhist texts describe Ugrasena as of "unknown lineage". According to the Mahavamsa-tika, Ugrasena was a native of the frontier region: he was captured by a gang of robbers, and later became their leader.[2]
- The Greco-Roman sources call the Nanda king ruling at the time of Alexander's invasion "Agrammes", which is possibly a corruption of the Sanskrit term "Augraseniya" (literally, "son or descendant of Ugrasena").[10]
- Unlike the Puranas, the Buddhist texts describe the next eight kings as brothers - not sons - of the first Nanda king.[2] Also, according to the Buddhist tradition, the Nandas ruled for a total of 22 years. The last of these kings was Dhana Nanda.[12]
- According to the Jain texts such as Parishishtaparvan and Avashyaka sutra, which do not mention the name "Mahapadma" either, the Nanda king was the son of a courtesan by a barber.[1][13][14] They state that Nanda succeeded Udayin after his death from a rival king.[15] They further state Kalpaka, a non-violent Jain, as his chief-minister, who is believed to have sacrificed his life for peace.[15]
- The Greco-Roman sources suggest that the founder of the Nanda dynasty was a barber, who usurped the throne from the last king of the preceding dynasty.[10] Roman historian Curtius (1st century CE) states that according to Porus, this barber became the former queen's paramour thanks to his attractive looks, treacherously assassinated the then king, usurped the supreme authority by pretending to act as a guardian for the then princes, and later killed the princes.[16] The Nanda king who was the contemporary of Porus and Alexander was the son of this barber.[10]
References edit
- ^ a b H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988, p. 13.
- ^ a b c d Upinder Singh 2016, p. 273.
- ^ Mookerji 1988, p. 8.
- ^ H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988, p. 17.
- ^ Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1984, p. 23.
- ^ Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1984, p. 20.
- ^ a b K. D. Sethna 2000, p. 58.
- ^ Harihar Panda 2007, p. 28.
- ^ R. C. Majumdar (1976). Readings in political history of India: Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern. B.R. / Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9788176467841.
- ^ a b c d H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988, p. 14.
- ^ Jack Finegan (1989). An Archaeological History of Religions of Indian Asia. Paragon House. p. 60. ISBN 9780913729434.
- ^ Irfan Habib & Vivekanand Jha 2004, p. 13.
- ^ Mookerji 1988, p. 14.
- ^ Upinder Singh 2016, p. 272.
- ^ a b Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 42.
- ^ Mookerji 1988, p. 5.
Bibliography edit
- Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1984). History and Historians in Ancient India. Abhinav. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-391-03250-7.
- H. C. Raychaudhuri (1988) [1967]. "India in the Age of the Nandas / Chandragupta and Bindusara". In K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (ed.). Age of the Nandas and Mauryas (Second ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0466-1.
- H. C. Raychaudhuri; B. N. Mukherjee (1996). Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty. Oxford University Press.
- Harihar Panda (2007). Prof. H.C. Raychaudhuri, as a Historian. Northern Book Centre. ISBN 978-81-7211-210-3.
- Irfan Habib; Vivekanand Jha (2004). Mauryan India. A People's History of India. Aligarh Historians Society / Tulika Books. ISBN 978-81-85229-92-8.
- K. D. Sethna (2000). Problems of Ancient India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. ISBN 81-7742-026-7.
- Mookerji, Radha Kumud (1988) [first published in 1966], Chandragupta Maurya and his times (4th ed.), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0433-3
- Shah, Natubhai (2004) [First published in 1998], Jainism: The World of Conquerors, vol. I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1938-2
- Upinder Singh (2016). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-93-325-6996-6.